新疆“乌-昌-石”区域城市大气环境容量特征分析

随着城市的发展，大气污染呈现局地密集性特点。针对人群密集、污染严重的“乌-昌-石”区域进行分析，选取2020年“乌-昌-石”区域大气常规污染物月平均数据，通过A值法计算该区域各个城市的大气环境容量。结果显示：(1)“乌-昌-石”区域总体SO₂、CO、O₃、NO₂年排放尚在可容量范围内，PM₁₀、PM_2.5均超过该区域可以容纳的量，分别超出961.45 t/a、98.15 t/a。(2)“乌-昌-石”区域颗粒物污染十分严重，全年允许排放容量极少，全年多呈现负值或在0点基线的附近徘徊，整体形状呈“N”型，春、冬超出环境容量，呈现负值，夏秋含有部分容量，与之相反O₃污染易发生在炎热、光照强的夏季且环境容量较少，整体形状“U”型。(3)“乌-昌-石”区域城市中，SO₂污染较轻，其中乌鲁木齐市和阜康市大气环境容量相对较大；NO₂污染较为严重，其中乌鲁木齐在全年中有5个月环境容量超出允许排放的量，在非采暖季尚有部分余量；CO...     

沉淀-活性污泥-沉淀工艺处理印染废水

对印染废水采用沉淀-活性污泥-沉淀进行连续处理。结果表明：该处理工艺具有废水处理效果好、出水水质稳定、操作管理方便等优点，是处理印染废水的有效方法之一。     

安徽人口-粮食-耕地综合信息系统设计与开发

从GIS组件技术角度出发，以VB．net＋MapObjects＋ArcSDE8．3 for SQL Sever 2000为解决方案，结合数学模型，采用C／S三层架构模式，对安徽人口-粮食-耕地综合信息进行了系统设计和功能开发。该系统成功开发，将为有关部门解决人口、粮食与耕地问题提供有力的数据分析支持，从而提高管理和决策水平。     

物化-生化-深度处理工艺处理苎麻脱胶废水

苎麻脱胶废水采用物化-生化-深度处理工艺处理后，经验收监测COD去除率可达95．7％，废水水质达到《污水综合排放标准》GB8978—1996一级标准的要求。物化一生化一深度处理工艺处理苎麻脱胶废水技术可行、效果稳定。     

湖北省京山县绿色生态农业模式“稻-鸭-油”推广应用技术

通过推广配套“稻-鸭-油”模式应用技术，实行绿色生态农业生产，大量减少农药、化肥等化学品投入，农产品质量和农田生态环境都得到改善，取得了明显的三大效益。     

酸析-气浮-生化法处理高浓度印刷油墨废水

油墨废水是一种高浓度的有机废水，COD浓度最高可达15000mg／L。本文针对印染油墨废水COD浓度高的特点，提出了采用酸析-气浮进行预处理，再汇合生活污水-起进行生化处理的工艺方法，经实践证明该工艺合理可行。     

絮凝-酸析-NaClO-Fenton联合处理页岩气产出水研究

以涪陵页岩气田产出水为研究对象，研究絮凝、酸析、Fenton氧化和NaClO氧化相互协同作用下，采出水COD去除率的变化程度及规律。比较了不同组合方式下水样COD去除效果及变化规律，考察了絮凝剂、次氯酸钠和Fenton试剂的加量以及体系pH值对去除率的影响，结果表明：（1）单一絮凝或酸析条件下，最高COD去除率＜25%，在絮凝剂加量80mg/L、酸析pH为4时，絮凝-酸析协同处理COD去除率达到＞40%；（2）原始水样直接进行次氯酸钠氧化，COD最高去除率为75.01%，絮凝-酸析后进行次氯酸钠氧化，最高COD去除率为80.34%，与原始水样相比提高了5.33%，且达到相同的COD去除效果，絮凝-酸析后水样对次氯酸钠的需求量低于原始水样；（3）絮凝-酸析后水样进行Fenton氧化与原始水样直接进行Fenton氧化相比，COD去除率提高了6.07%；（4）絮凝-酸析-NaClO- Fenton协同处理，水样COD去除率达到＞90%，其中最高去除为94.17%，与絮凝-酸析-NaClO和絮凝-酸析-Fenton处理相比分别提高了13.83%和5.27%。水样首先经过絮凝-酸析预处理，达到削减后续次氯酸钠和Fenton氧化负荷、降低药剂用量目的，然后经过Fenton试剂和次氯酸钠对不同类型特征污染物选择性去除的协同作用，可达到较高的COD去除率。     

创意产业集聚区外部交往空间规划探索——“心理-行为-空间”互动视角下的实证研究

创意产业集聚区在促进创意产业发展、优化城市空间结构等方面具有重要意义，而以满足创意阶层特征和需求的创意产业集聚区内部公共空间规划的研究相对较少。从创意阶层交往的“心理-行为-空间”这一互动视角出发，选取南京具有代表性的“创意东8区”为研究对象，通过调查问卷、深入访谈和实地观察对创意阶层的“交往心理-交往行为-交往空间”进行了研究。在此基础上，从人口交往空间、中心交往空间、节点交往空间、道路交往空间等方面提出符合创意阶层心理和行为特征，并能促进交往产生的外部交往空间规划设计建议。     

絮凝-酸析-NaClO-Fenton联合处理页岩气产出水

以涪陵页岩气田产出水为对象，研究絮凝、酸析、次氯酸钠(NaClO)和Fenton氧化联合处理产出水COD的去除规律，考察了絮凝剂、NaClO、Fenton试剂的加量以及体系pH值对去除率的影响。研究结果表明：单纯絮凝或酸析处理的COD去除率<25%,絮凝-酸析处理COD去除率>40%;絮凝-酸析后再进行NaClO氧化最高COD去除率为80.34%,比原始水样直接NaClO氧化提高了5.33%,对NaClO的需求量低于直接NaClO氧化，并能达到相同的COD去除效果；絮凝-酸析后水样进行Fenton氧化与原始水样直接Fenton氧化相比，COD去除率提高了6.07%;絮凝-酸析-NaClO-Fenton联合处理COD去除率>90%,最高为94.17%,比絮凝-酸析-NaClO和絮凝-酸析-Fenton分别提高了13.83%和5.27%。页岩气产出水经絮凝-酸析预处理，能达到削减后续NaClO和Fenton氧化负荷、降低药剂用量的目的，再经过Fenton试剂和NaClO对不同类型特征污染物选择性去除的联合作用，可达到较高的COD去除率。     

主体功能区划下经济-人口协调障碍及对策研究

通过对影响我国经济-人口协调的主要因素进行分析，找出在人口系统福利与经济系统福利方面的冲突环节和发展障碍，从市场体制、人口管理体制、财税体制、领导干部政绩评价制度等方面寻找成因，提出切实可行的对策建议，为我国主体功能区经济-人口协调发展提供参考。     

Enhancing environmental integration in strategic environmental assessment (SEA): insight from sensitivity analysis

This paper explores the potential of sensitivity analysis to improve the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) process and enhance environmental integration. It applies the Sensitivity Model Prof. Vester® to the England SEA process, following two objectives: (1) establishing how different strategic environmental assessment (SEA) elements affect environmental integration; and (2) establishing the sensitivity of the SEA process in terms of response to change. The findings showed that no single element was critical to enhancing environmental integration. Several elements, acting as sources of uncertainty, leverage or stability in the process, were also identified, highlighting their potential as priority targets for process improvement. It is concluded that sensitivity analysis can supplement current expert-led approaches to SEA improvement by (1) identifying elements likely to influence environmental integration and (2) testing the likely performance of recommendations for process improvement.     

Guidelines and Techniques for Improving the NEPA Process

/ The Council on Environmental Quality's (CEQ's) principal aims in implementing the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) are (1) to reduce paperwork, (2) to avoid delay, and most importantly (3) to produce better decisions that protect, restore, and enhance the environment. This paper presents four strategies for improving the NEPA process along with tools that can be used to implement each strategy. The tools include guidelines for project management and problem definition, tips for acquiring existing information and identifying issues of public concern, worksheets on how to identify and analyze potential impacts on resources, ideas for enhancing NEPA documents, and a NEPA process checklist. The tools can be used at various stages of the NEPA process and provide a toolbox of guidelines and techniques to improve implementation of the NEPA process by focusing the pertinent information for decisionmakers and stakeholders. KEY WORDS: National Environmental Policy Act; NEPA; Environmental impact assessment; Ecosystem management     

Methodological advancements in Life Cycle Process Design: A preliminary outlook

This paper deals with the application of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology for process design, and presents the initial findings of this analysis qualitatively. The work identifies a need for a methodological development of Life Cycle Process Design (LCPD). This is underpinned by a broad literature review. The literature review shows that the application of LCA as an environmental design instrument is recognized in literature. In contrast to that there is hardly any hint which role Life Cycle Costing (LCC) could play within environmental process design. Most interesting in this line is, how LCA and LCC can be combined for environmental process design to be finally the core instruments of LCPD. The applicability of LCA and LCC within LCPD is shown on the example of a novel biorefinery process under development. Both instruments (LCA and LCC) are already applied during basic process development in this work, parallel to laboratory research. The aim is to identify potential environmental threats at an early stage of process design and also to give a hint on economic feasibility. Additionally a trade-off between environmental and economic issues can be drawn out. On the basis of this analysis the role of LCA during process development is highlighted as well as difficulties and challenges are emphasized. One of the major obstacles is data availability for LCA as well as LCC in the basic design stage of a biotechnological process. The findings of this paper serve as basis for the methodological development of LCPD. It is emphasized that conducting LCA and LCC during basic process development can reveal some relevant action areas for process engineers, which may influence technical as well as economic feasibility. The results presented have to be understood as a first outlook and provide key aspects for future research on the topic of accompanying basic process research projects with LCA and LCC to support future sustainable process design.     

A holistic framework for design of cost-effective minimum water utilization network

Water pinch analysis (WPA) is a well-established tool for the design of a maximum water recovery (MWR) network. MWR, which is primarily concerned with water recovery and regeneration, only partly addresses water minimization problem. Strictly speaking, WPA can only lead to maximum water recovery targets as opposed to the minimum water targets as widely claimed by researchers over the years. The minimum water targets can be achieved when all water minimization options including elimination, reduction, reuse/recycling, outsourcing and regeneration have been holistically applied. Even though WPA has been well established for synthesis of MWR network, research towards holistic water minimization has lagged behind. This paper describes a new holistic framework for designing a cost-effective minimum water network (CEMWN) for industry and urban systems. The framework consists of five key steps, i.e. (1) Specify the limiting water data, (2) Determine MWR targets, (3) Screen process changes using water management hierarchy (WMH), (4) Apply Systematic Hierarchical Approach for Resilient Process Screening (SHARPS) strategy, and (5) Design water network. Three key contributions have emerged from this work. First is a hierarchical approach for systematic screening of process changes guided by the WMH. Second is a set of four new heuristics for implementing process changes that considers the interactions among process changes options as well as among equipment and the implications of applying each process change on utility targets. Third is the SHARPS cost-screening technique to customize process changes and ultimately generate a minimum water utilization network that is cost-effective and affordable. The CEMWN holistic framework has been successfully implemented on semiconductor and mosque case studies and yielded results within the designer payback period criterion.     

Graphical effluent quality control for compliance monitoring: What is a violation?

Demonstration of compliance with discharge (effluent) requirements suffers because Discharge Monitoring Reports (DMRs) give neither the discharger nor the regulator information on the process mean which ensures compliance. To obtain this information, a simple graphical method is presented which takes into account process variability. This technique provides quality control specifications for the monitoring data and the process itself.     

Reject management from a Mechanical Biological Treatment plant in Bangkok, Thailand

The potential reuse of rejects from upstream and downstream process of Mechanical-Biological-Treatment (MBT) plant for the production refuse derived fuel (RDF) was investigated in the present study. Since, the rejects were characterized with the high calorific values of approximately 21 kJ/kg for upstream process and 29.5 kJ/kg for downstream process, both can be considered for RDF production. Further, heavy metal contents were also not exceeding the European standards for using it as RDF is additional benefit. But, RDF production from upstream process rejects showed maximum energy supply of 3.20 × 10⁶ MJ/d with less ash (11.8%), chlorine (0.6%) and sulfur (0.2%) contents than the downstream process rejects. Among the three potential RDF users surveyed, the cement industries showed positive interest to burn RDF in their cement kiln with the energy supply cost of <2.1 USD/GJ. Few technical, economical and safety barriers were also identified with the RDF end users and potential suggestions were discussed for thriving RDF market in Thailand.     

Technological improvements in automotive battery recycling

Recycling of automotive batteries for the recovery of secondary lead is extremely important in Brazil, for the country does not possess large reserves of this metal. Lead is one of the most widely used metals in the world, but it is highly toxic, posing risks for humans and for the environment if not utilized or treated adequately. Industrial waste containing lead in Brazil are classified by the Brazilian Residue Code (NBR—10004:2004) as hazardous. The lead recycling process employed by the recycling industry in Brazil is the pyrometallurgical process in a rotary furnace. This process consists of four stages: (1) grinding of the battery to separate plastic, electrolyte and lead plates; (2) lead reduction in a rotary furnace; (3) separation of metallic lead from slag; and (4) refining of recycled lead. The purpose of this work is to propose process improvements aimed primarily at increasing production output by reducing the loss of lead in slag and particulates, thereby providing a healthier work environment in line with Brazilian environmental and labor laws.     

Ultra-deep Desulfurization of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels: Chemistry and Process

Abstract

Recently, ultra-deep desulfurization of liquid hydrocarbon fuels is becoming very important worldwide not only because of the heightened interest for cleaner air and thus increasingly stringent environmental regulations for fuel sulfur content, but also because of the great need for making ultra-low-sulfur fuels used in hydrocarbon fuel process for fuel cell applications. This article is a selective review on chemistry and process concerning the ultra-deep desulfurization of liquid hydrocarbon fuels. The principles and problems for the existing hydrodesulfurization processes and the challenges, concepts, advantages, and disadvantages of various new approaches are discussed, including (1) sulfur compounds in liquid hydrocarbon fuels; (2) Reactivity and mechanistic aspect of various sulfur compounds; (3) Challenges in ultra-deep desulfurization processes; (4) Approaches to ultra-deep desulfurization process.     

Improving anaerobic sewage sludge digestion by implementation of a hyper-thermophilic prehydrolysis step

The present study focuses on a two-step process for treatment and stabilisation of primary sludge. The process consists of a hyper-thermophilic hydrolysis step operated at 70 degrees C and a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 2 days followed by a thermophilic (55 degrees C) anaerobic digestion step at a HRT of 13 days. A one-step anaerobic digester operated at 55 degrees C and 15 days HRT was used as a reference process. The two-step process was characterized by a 12% higher organic suspended solids removal efficiency and better pathogen reduction effect than the conventional one-step digestion. The microbial community of the digester fed with pre-treated sludge was characterised by a higher activity compared to that of the digester treating raw sludge. Moreover, the pre-treatment of the primary sludge resulted up to 48% increase of the methane potential (20.09 and 13.56mmolCH(4)g(-)VS(-1) with and without pre-treatment, respectively) and up to 115% increase of the methane production rate. Finally it was shown that the extra energy requirements for the operation of a pre-treatment step would be covered by the energy produced from the extra methane production and in addition there would be a significant energy surplus of 2.17kJd(-1) for the system tested.     

Intermittently aerated EMMC-Biobarrel (entrapped mixed microbial cell with Bio-barrel) process for concurrent organic and nitrogen removal

The PEMMC-Biobarrel (packed-bed of entrapped mixed microbial cells with Bio-barrel) process and MEMMC-Biobarrel (moving EMMC-Biobarrel) process were investigated for enhancing concurrent organic and nitrogen removal with applied intermittent aeration. For the PEMMC-Biobarrel process, the EMMC-Biobarrel carriers were employed at a packing ratio of 20%. In the MEMMC-Biobarrel process, the EMMC-Biobarrel carriers with a packing ratio of 10% were added along with the activated sludge (AS) in the bioreactor. Three different hydraulic retention times (HRTs) of 9, 6 and 4 h were applied. Aeration was provided intermittently at time schedules of 1 h air on/1 h air off, 1 h on/1.5 h off and 1 h on/2 h off. Nitrogen removal in the PEMMC-Biobarrel system was not improved by increasing the intermittent non-aeration time period. On the other hand, the MEMMC-Biobarrel process enhanced nitrogen removal with increasing non-aeration time even though the SCOD/N(TIN) ratio decreased from 6 to 4. Significant denitrification during the aeration cycle was observed in the MEMMC-Biobarrel process. The MEMMC-Biobarrel process demonstrated the most efficient organic and nitrogen removal at an HRT of 6 h with an intermittent aeration time schedule of 1 h on/2 h off. Nitrogen removal of 80% was achieved, which was about 15% higher compared to the AS system. TCOD and SCOD removal efficiencies were 80% and 75%, respectively.