西宁市近50年气候变化特征分析

利用西宁市气象观测站1961~2010年的气温和降水资料,分析了西宁市近50年的气候特征及周期变化。结果表明:50年来西宁市年平均气温呈现非连续性上升趋势,线性倾向值为0.09℃/10a,各季的变暖趋势和变暖幅度不尽相同,增幅依次为冬季、春季、秋季、夏季。50年来降水总体为波动中明显增加的趋势,增长率为16.3mm/10a,各季降水量也呈增加的趋势。西宁市降水和气温的年代分布具有明显的阶段性,显示气候变化具有阶段性、季节差异性特征。近50年来,西宁市年气温和降水变化均以27a为第1主周期。     

黄山近50年的气候变化研究

利用1956-2005年黄山风景区光明顶气象站的气象资料，分析了近50年黄山旅游风景区气温、降水、日照时数的变化特征。结果显示，黄山风景区年均温、冬季、夏季气温均呈上升趋势，冬季增温强于夏季；降水总体趋势下降；年平均日照时数也呈总体下降趋势，表明黄山风景区气候正在趋向变暖，特别是20世纪90年代以来气温升高显著，冬季增温明显，夏季降水变化加剧。     

近60年山西省气候变化趋势及其对粮食作物产量的影响

利用山西省近60年的气象数据,采用重标极差方法对该省未来的气候变化趋势进行了预测和分析,并建立了种植业生产函数的线性模型,引入气候要素与非气候要素的交互项分析非气候要素投入如何改变气候要素对粮食作物单产的影响。结果表明:未来日照时数和降水会呈下降趋势,气温会保持上升趋势,而日照时数减少、气温上升和降水减少不利于粮食增产;非气候要素投入会改变气候要素变化对粮食作物生产的影响,随着气温上升、降水减少,增加灌溉、化肥投入对玉米增产意义不大,但可显著提升小麦单产。从人工光照技术开发、推广耐旱作物品种、完善农田灌溉设施等方面给出了提升山西省粮食作物生产适应气候变化能力的建议。     

宁夏近51年气候变化特征分析

利用宁夏10个气象站1960-2010年日气温和降水资料,对宁夏气温和降水的时空变化特征进行了分析.结果显示:①宁夏整体呈现暖干化趋势,但存在区域间差异.②近51年来宁夏年平均气温呈上升趋势,冬季升温幅度大,秋季升温幅度最小.③年平均降水量总体呈现减小趋势,春季微弱增加,冬季降水量显著增加,夏季降水微弱减少,秋季降水减少明显.④通过Kriging空间差值法分析表明,年平均气温总体呈现由西南向西北递增的趋势,中、北部增温较明显；平均年总降水量总体呈现由西南向西北递减的规律,中、北部降水量减小最为明显.     

芜湖市城市化气候变化特征分析

运用R/S(Rescaled Range Analysis)方法,对芜湖市1953—2006年共54年间的气温、降水、相对湿度、日照等气象要素资料的年平均、冬季、夏季进行了分析计算。计算表明,各指标的Hurst指数均大于0.5,说明4个气象指标存在明显的Hurst现象,反映出芜湖市气候变化的特征与趋势,并预测了芜湖市气候未来的发展趋势,证明城市化已经对芜湖市气候变化产生了显著影响。     

乌兰县近35年气候变化及对生态环境的可能影响分析

利用乌兰气象观测站1981~2015年气温、降水资料,运用气候诊断分析方法,分析近35年来乌兰气温、降水变化特征。结果表明:1981~2015年间乌兰气温存在变暖趋势,年气候倾向率为0.363℃/10a;春、夏、秋、冬四个季节的气候倾向率为0.3℃/10a(秋季)~0.5℃/10a(春季)。春季增温最为明显,冬季和夏季增温较为明显,秋季增温较缓;年平均气温在1996~1997年间发生突变。年降水量主要集中在5~9月份,此时降水量(172.0mm)占年降水量(194.1mm)的88.61%,其余月份的降水量(22.1mm)仅占年降水量的11.39%。1982~1985年、1990~2003年出现降水连续偏少年份,2004~2012年为降水持续偏多年份。从20世纪80年代起,乌兰降水呈现出增多趋势,但突变检验表明:降水虽有增加趋势,但未发生突变性增加。平均气温的增加趋势,在一定程度上能够有效扩大农作物种植面积,延长农作物生长季节,增加农作物品种和产量,提高农作物品质,但也可能会增加干旱、洪涝、冰雹、雷电、雪灾等农牧业气象灾害出现机率。     

近百年来芜湖市气候变化趋势分析

通过对补充重建气候序列的分析,得出芜湖市近百年来气候变化的主要特征。研究结果表明,近百年来芜湖气候总体呈暖干变化,冬春季和年均气温具有显著增温趋势,夏季气温无明显变化;降雨量呈微弱下降趋势,主要反映在夏季降水减少。     

云南省腾冲市1971—2014年气候变化特征分析

基于云南省腾冲市气象站1971—2014年逐日气温和降水量观测数据,采用线性趋势分析、Mann-Kendall检测、Morle小波等方法分析了该市气候变化特点和及其未来变化趋势。结果表明:年平均气温、年极端最高气温、年极端最低气温、年平均最高气温、年平均最低气温均呈极显著的上升趋势,年降水量呈不显著的减少趋势,年降水日数呈显著的减少趋势;年平均气温、年极端最高(低)气温、年平均最高(低)气温自20世纪90年代以来呈显著的突变升高,年降水日数自20世纪90年代以来呈显著的突变减少。年平均气温、年极端最高(低)气温、年平均最高(低)气温、年降水量、年降水日数分别存在4年、26年、8年、14年、8年、3年、8年的主周期变化。预测结果表明,2015—2024年年平均气温仍将呈极显著的上升趋势,降水量仍呈不显著的减少趋势。     

秦皇岛市近64年气温变化特征分析

利用1954—2017年秦皇岛市气象站逐月平均气温资料,运用线性趋势、滑动平均等方法,对秦皇岛市气温变化特征进行分析。结果表明:近64 a秦皇岛平均气温呈上升趋势,趋势率为0.169℃/10 a;年平均最高气温和平均最低气温升温趋势率为0.153℃/10 a和0.156℃/10 a;不同季节升温不同,春季和冬季升温更为突出;月气温变化中3月升温趋势最大,2月次之;年极端最高气温变化范围在31.0~40.0℃,年极端最低气温变化范围-26~-8.6℃;秦皇岛观测站搬迁后气温比20世纪90年代明显下降。     

秦皇岛湿润生态环境变化

利用线性倾向分析、滑动平均和计算干燥度等方法对秦皇岛市1954-2005年降水、气温、相对湿度、蒸发量、干燥度等变化进行分析研究，结果表明：近50年秦皇岛地区气温逐渐升高，降水减少，气候干燥度普遍增大，生态环境呈干旱化趋势，南部干旱化进程较北部大，90年代后干旱化趋势增大。     

The Vegetation Coverage Dynamic Coupling with Climatic Factors in Northeast China Transect

Based on SPOT-VGT images and meteorological data, this paper applied an integrated method to investigate the vegetation dynamic and its response to climate factors during 1998-2008 in Northeast China Transect, one of 15 ecological transects listed in the International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme. The main findings are as follows: (1) The NDVI time series presented nonlinear patterns that vary with timescales. The series fluctuated greatly at the smallest timescale (20?days), showing no salient trend, whereas a trend manifested itself more and more with the increase of time scale and finally stabilized at the 320-day scale. Little difference was found between vegetation types about the NDVI periodicity, as they occurred on either a 280-day or a 290-day cycle. (2) NDVI exhibited a significant correlation with temperature, precipitation, and sunshine hours. Overall, the correlation between NDVI and temperature was the highest, followed by precipitation, sunshine hours, and relative humidity. For different vegetation types, the correlations between NDVI and climate variables diversified, increasing from desert steppe to typical steppe, meadow steppe, and forest. (3) The periodicity of temperature and precipitation occurred in either a 280-day or 290-day cycle, which was approximately coincident with that of NDVI. This further supported the significant relationship between NDVI and these two climate factors. (4) At all the time scales under examination, NDVI and temperature and precipitation are significantly, positively correlated, especially at the 160-day scale, which can be regarded as the most suitable time scale for investigating the responses of vegetation dynamics to climate factors at most stations.     

新疆精河县近56年来气候变化特征分析

利用精河县1953-2008年的气温和降水资料，通过回归分析、趋势分析和5年滑动平均法分析得出56年来该县的气温和降水总体呈上升趋势，气候呈暖湿化趋势，其中冬季增温明显，秋季降水增加较多。     

Impacts of Climate Change on Hydrology and Water Resources in the Boise and Spokane River Basins1

Jin, Xin and Venkataramana Sridhar, 2012. Impacts of Climate Change on Hydrology and Water Resources in the Boise and Spokane River Basins. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(2): 197‐220. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00605.x Abstract: In the Pacific Northwest, warming climate has resulted in a lengthened growing season, declining snowpack, and earlier timing of spring runoff. This study characterizes the impact of climate change in two basins in Idaho, the Spokane River and the Boise River basins. We simulated the basin‐scale hydrology by coupling the downscaled precipitation and temperature outputs from a suite of global climate models and the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), between 2010 and 2060 and assess the impacts of climate change on water resources in the region. For the Boise River basin, changes in precipitation ranged from ?3.8 to 36%. Changes in temperature were expected to be between 0.02 and 3.9°C. In the Spokane River region, changes in precipitation were expected to be between ?6.7 and 17.9%. Changes in temperature appeared between 0.1 and 3.5°C over a period of the next five decades between 2010 and 2060. Without bias‐correcting the simulated streamflow, in the Boise River basin, change in peak flows (March through June) was projected to range from ?58 to +106 m³/s and, for the Spokane River basin, the range was expected to be from ?198 to +88 m³/s. Both the basins exhibited substantial variability in precipitation, evapotranspiration, and recharge estimates, and this knowledge of possible hydrologic impacts at the watershed scale can help the stakeholders with possible options in their decision‐making process.     

1961—2008年新疆阿克苏地区降水、温度变化特征

利用阿克苏地区5个气象站1961—2008年的降水和温度资料,对近50 a来该地区气候变化及其趋势进行了分析。各气象站年降水量变化趋势基本一致,总体上都呈增加趋势。除库车县气象站年平均温度呈降低趋势外,其余呈上升趋势。总体上,阿克苏地区年降水量和年平均温度均呈上升趋势。     

Sensitivity of Stream flow and Water Table Depth to Potential Climatic Variability in a Coastal Forested Watershed1

Dai, Zhaohua, Carl C. Trettin, Changsheng Li, Devendra M. Amatya, Ge Sun, and Harbin Li, 2010. Sensitivity of Streamflow and Water Table Depth to Potential Climatic Variability in a Coastal Forested Watershed. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 1–13. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00474.x Abstract: A physically based distributed hydrological model, MIKE SHE, was used to evaluate the effects of altered temperature and precipitation regimes on the streamflow and water table in a forested watershed on the southeastern Atlantic coastal plain. The model calibration and validation against both streamflow and water table depth showed that the MIKE SHE was applicable for predicting the streamflow and water table dynamics for this watershed with an acceptable model efficiency (E > 0.5 for daily streamflow and >0.75 for monthly streamflow). The simulation results from changing temperature and precipitation scenarios indicate that climate change influences both streamflow and water table in the forested watershed. Compared to current climate conditions, the annual average streamflow increased or decreased by 2.4% with one percentage increase or decrease in precipitation; a quadratic polynomial relationship between changes in water table depth (cm) and precipitation (%) was found. The annual average water table depth and annual average streamflow linearly decreased with an increase in temperature within the range of temperature change scenarios (0-6°C). The simulation results from the potential climate change scenarios indicate that future climate change will substantially impact the hydrological regime of upland and wetland forests on the coastal plain with corresponding implications to altered ecosystem functions that are dependent on water.     

SENSITIVITY OF A PRAIRIE WETLAND TO INCREASED TEMPERATURE AND SEASONAL PRECIPITATION CHANGES1

ABSTRACT: We assessed the potential effects of increased temperature and changes in amount and seasonal timing of precipitation on the hydrology and vegetation of a semi-permanent prairie wetland in North Dakota using a spatially-defined, rule-based simulation model. Simulations were run with increased temperatures of 2°C combined with a 10 percent increase or decrease in total growing season precipitation. Changes in precipitation were applied either evenly across all months or to individual seasons (spring, summer, or fall). The response of semi-permanent wetland P1 was relatively similar under most of the seasonal scenarios. A 10 percent increase in total growing season precipitation applied to summer months only, to fall months only, and over all months produced lower water levels compared to those resulting from the current climate due to increased evapotranspiration. Wetland hydrology was most affected by changes in spring precipitation and runoff. Vegetation response was relatively consistent across scenarios. Seven of the eight seasonal scenarios produced drier conditions with no open water and greater vegetation cover compared to those resulting from the current climate. Only when spring precipitation increased did the wetland maintain an extensive open water area (49 percent). Potential changes in climate that affect spring runoff, such as changes to spring precipitation and snow melt, may have the greatest impact on prairie wetland hydrology and vegetation. In addition, relatively small changes in water level during dry years may affect the period of time the wetland contains open water. Emergent vegetation, once it is established, can survive under drier conditions due to its ability to persist in shallow water with fluctuating levels. The model's sensitivity to changes in temperature and seasonal precipitation patterns accentuates the need for accurate regional climate change projections from general circulation models.     

Assessment of Future Drought Conditions in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed

Impacts of climate change on the severity and intensity of future droughts can be evaluated based on precipitation and temperature projections, multiple hydrological models, simulated hydrometeorological variables, and various drought indices. The objective of this study was to assess climate change impacts on future drought conditions and water resources in the Chesapeake Bay (CB) watershed. In this study, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) and the Variable Infiltration Capacity model were used to simulate a Modified Palmer Drought Severity Index (MPDSI), a Standardized Soil Moisture index (SSI), a Multivariate Standardized Drought Index (MSDI), along with Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) climate models for both historical and future periods (f1: 2020‐2049, f2: 2050‐2079). The results of the SSI suggested that there was a general increase in agricultural droughts in the entire CB watershed because of increases in surface and groundwater flow and evapotranspiration. However, MPDSI and MSDI showed an overall decrease in projected drought occurrences due to the increases in precipitation in the future. The results of this study suggest that it is crucial to use multiple modeling approaches with specific drought indices that combine the effects of both precipitation and temperature changes.     

A COMPARISON OF DELTA CHANGE AND DOWNSCALED GCM SCENARIOS FOR THREE MOUNTAINOUS BASINS IN THE UNITED STATES1

ABSTRACT: Simulated daily precipitation, temperature, and runoff time series were compared in three mountainous basins in the United States: (1) the Animas River basin in Colorado, (2) the East Fork of the Carson River basin in Nevada and California, and (3) the Cle Elum River basin in Washington State. Two methods of climate scenario generation were compared: delta change and statistical downscaling. The delta change method uses differences between simulated current and future climate conditions from the Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research (HadCM2) General Circulation Model (GCM) added to observed time series of climate variables. A statistical downscaling (SDS) model was developed for each basin using station data and output from the National Center for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEPINCAR) reanalysis regridded to the scale of HadCM2. The SDS model was then used to simulate local climate variables using HadCM2 output for current and future conditions. Surface climate variables from each scenario were used in a precipitation‐runoff model. Results from this study show that, in the basins tested, a precipitation‐runoff model can simulate realistic runoff series for current conditions using statistically down‐scaled NCEP output. But, use of downscaled HadCM2 output for current or future climate assessments are questionable because the GCM does not produce accurate estimates of the surface variables needed for runoff in these regions. Given the uncertainties in the GCMs ability to simulate current conditions based on either the delta change or downscaling approaches, future climate assessments based on either of these approaches must be treated with caution.     

华北农牧交错带气候生产力时空变化特征——以大同市为例

以华北农牧交错带为切入点,选取晋北长城沿线大同市8个气象站点,利用线性趋势分析、5年滑动、M-K检验以及Thormthwaite模型,分析了近38年来大同市气候变化及其气候生产力的演变特征.结果表明:①近38年大同市气温呈现显著增加趋势,且在1994年发生突变.②降水量呈现不显著的减少趋势.③气候生产力呈现缓慢增加趋势,出现南部高于北部,东西方向上呈现由中心向四周递增.④暖湿气候的气候生产力呈现正距平,最适合作物生长;冷干气候的气候生产力呈现负距平,最不适合作物生长.现阶段气候暖干化趋势显著,因此研究气候变化对气候生产力有重要意义.