环境小知识

碳汇：一般是指从空气中清除二氧化碳的过程、活动、机制。“碳汇”来源于《联合国气候变化框架公约》缔约国签订的《京都议定书》,该议定书于2005年2月16日正式生效。     

排放权交易欢 美国作壁上观

控制全球气候变化的《京都议定书》中的“排放贸易机制”即温室气体排放权交易机制，是“议定书”所规定的３个“灵活机制”之一。其实质是帮助发达国家缔约方减轻其承担减排与控排温室气体义务的费用。１９９６年，二氧化碳排放权交易作为新生事物在欧洲登场了，始作俑者是英国、丹麦等一些欧盟国家。６年光阴转瞬即逝，至今已有５５００万吨二氧化碳的排放权被“卖”了出去。回首二氧化碳排放权交易历程，人们发现：二氧化碳轻飘飘，个中背景沉甸甸。１拒绝议定书，美国少支出了吗美国抛弃在全球气候变化行动中具有关键作用的《京都议定书…     

绿色书架

《全球气候变化--人类面临的挑战》国家气候变化协调小组办公室、中国21世纪议程管理中心著,商务印书馆2004年9月第1版,38.00元日前,《京都议定书》正式生效,引起媒体、公众的极大关注。《全球气候变化》一书从全球气候变化的基础知识入手,从科学角度解释了造成全球气候变化的原因,讨论了温室气体排放对全球气候变暖的影响,着重描述了气候变化对自     

《京都议定书》命悬一线

1997年通过的《京都议定书》,是作为全球范围内现存的惟一一个关于抑制全球变暖的国际公约,是世界各国为扭转全球气候变化共同迈出的第一步。然而,《京都议定书》什么时候能够生效,却因为一些大国的态度飘忽不定而命悬一线。     

前沿动态

国际动态德班大会取得重要成果《联合国气候变化框架公约》第17次缔约方会议暨《京都议定书》第7次缔约方会议近日在南非德班举行,通过了"德班一揽子决议"。决议决定建立德班增强行动平台特设工作组,实施《京都议定书》第二承诺期并启动绿色气候基金。德班增强行动平台特设工作组主要负责制定一个适用于所有《公约》缔约方的法律工具或法律成果。     

哥本哈根气候变化大会

<正>2009年12月7日~18日,《联合国气候变化框架公约》第十五次缔约方会议(又称哥本哈根联合国气候变化大会)暨《京都议定书》第五次缔约方会议,将在丹麦首都哥本哈根举行。迄今为止,已有60多个国家的国家元首、政府首脑确定出席大会     

绿色和平呼吁通过《巴厘授权》

<正>在联合国首次针对气候变化问题的高级别会议上,绿色和平中国项目与传讯总监卢思骋呼吁出席会议的世界首脑,立即采取行动应对气候变化,进一步加强《京都议定书》框架下的全球合作。     

温室气体排放税费的若干法律问题（上）

一、温室气体排放税费出台的必要性与必然性 2009年12月将在丹麦哥本哈根召开联合国气候变化峰会。在这次会议上,世界各国的首脑将对后《京都议定书》阶段温室气体排放与控制的权利和义务问题进行协商,并达成《哥本哈根议定书》。温室气体排放与控制的权利和义务涉及各国的工业和农业。     

联合国气候变化大会部长级会议开幕

《联合国气候变化框架公约》第十九次缔约方会议暨《京都议定书》第九次缔约方会议部长级会议11月19日在波兰首都华沙开幕。中国代表团团长、国家发改委副主任谢振华在会上发表讲话,阐述了中国在应对全球气候变化问题上的主张和立场,呼吁发达国家切实兑现对全球应对气候变化基金的出资承诺,称这是本次气候大会成败的关键。     

前沿动态

<正>国际动态哥本哈根气候峰会令人失望备受瞩目的《联合国气候变化框架公约》第十五次缔约方大会暨《京都议定书》第五次缔约方会议近日在哥本哈根落下帷幕。这是历史上参与人数最多、     

保护臭氧层谈判中的美欧博弈

臭氧层损耗是重要的全球环境问题之一。最早认识到臭氧层危害的美国率先在国内立法控制相关物质,然而另一大经济体——欧共体,在这一方面却行动迟缓。在保护臭氧层的国际谈判中,美欧之间相互妥协,最终达成了对氟氯烃化合物(CFCs)进行限控的《蒙特利尔议定书》。美欧之间的分歧来自国内化工业巨头的影响,国际经济变动影响外交决策。国际环境问题背后隐藏的经济关系与大国的领导作用是影响国际环境合作的主要因素。     

The cost of crop damage caused by ozone air pollution from motor vehicles

The effects of ozone air pollution on the agricultural sector are an important environmental challenge facing policy makers. Most studies of the economic impact of air pollution on agriculture have found that a 25% reduction in ambient ozone would provide benefits of at least $1–2 billion annually in the United States. This paper extends existing research by estimating the benefits of a reduction in emissions from a major source of ozone formation: motor-vehicle emissions. An agricultural production model is combined with an analysis of motor-vehicle emissions and air quality to estimate the impacts of emissions from six different motor-vehicle classes, at both the regional and national level. The benefits to the agricultural sector from completely eliminating ozone precursor emissions from motor vehicles ranges between $3·5 and $6·1 billion annually.     

Allocating anthropogenic pollutant emissions over space: application to ozone pollution management

An inventory of volatile organic compound (VOC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions is an important tool for the management of ground-level ozone pollution. This paper has two broad aims: it illustrates the potential of a geographic information system (GIS) for enhancing an existing spatially-aggregated, anthropogenic emissions inventory (EI) for Tucson, AZ, and it discusses the ozone-specific management implications of the resulting spatially-disaggregated EI. The main GIS-related methods include calculating emissions for specific features, spatially disaggregating region-wide emissions totals for area sources, and adding emissions from various point sources. In addition, temporal allocation factors enable the addition of a multi-temporal component to the inventory. The resulting inventory reveals that on-road motor vehicles account for approximately 50% of VOC and NOx emissions annually. On-road motor vehicles and residential wood combustion are the largest VOC sources in the summer and winter months, respectively. On-road motor vehicles are always the largest NOx sources. The most noticeable weekday vs. weekend VOC emissions differences are triggered by increased residential wood combustion and increased lawn and garden equipment use on weekends. Concerning the EI's uncertainties and errors, on-road mobile, construction equipment, and lawn and garden equipment are identified as sources in the most need of further investigation. Overall, the EIs spatial component increases its utility as a management tool, which might involve visualization-driven analyses and air quality modeling.     

浅析珠三角地区有机废气治理技术的开发应用

珠江三角洲地区大气污染最明显的特点就是臭氧浓度的升高导致大气氧化性增强,而挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)和氮氧化物是大气臭氧生成的重要前体物。珠三角地区工业体系发达,VOCs的生产及使用企业众多,由于VOCs的种类繁多,性质各异,排放条件多样,目前已经形成了一系列的VOCs废气实用治理技术。     

Assessment of ambient ozone effects on vegetation using snap bean as a bioindicator species

Tropospheric ozone is an air pollutant that is toxic to plants, causing visible injury to foliage and a reduction in growth and yield. The use of plant bioindicators is one approach to assess the ozone impacts in diverse geographical areas. The objective of this study was to evaluate snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) as a potential bioindicator species. Three snap bean genotypes known to exhibit a range of ozone sensitivity were grown in pots under charcoal-filtered (CF) or nonfiltered (NF) treatments in open-top chambers, or under ambient air (AA) conditions. Treatment effects on biomass were not significant at 56 days after planting (DAP), but midseason foliar injury increased in the NF and AA treatments relative to CF controls. An increase in ozone from 25 to 30 nL L(-1) in CF controls to approximately 50 nL L(-1) in the NF and AA treatments was found to suppress final pod dry weight per plant by 40 to 60% in the most sensitive genotype S156. The same treatments suppressed final pod dry weight by 20 to 30% in a moderately sensitive genotype Oregon-91, and by 10% or less in a tolerant genotype R123. An S156 to R123 yield ratio of approximately one was observed under CF conditions. The S156 to R123 yield ratio declined to 0.6 to 0.7 in the NF treatment and declined further to 0.4 to 0.5 in the AA treatment, suggesting that ozone impact was underestimated in the open-top chambers. The results suggest that a snap bean bioindicator system has the potential to detect ambient ozone effects at present-day ozone concentrations.     

气温和湿度在泸州市城区对臭氧浓度预测的运用研究

气温和湿度均为影响臭氧生成的要素,通过分析泸州市国控点数据,找出气温和湿度与臭氧浓度的关系,从而建立气温和湿度为变量的臭氧浓度预测模型.选取2019年泸州市主城区的气温和湿度数据,将气温按日最高温(Tmax)、日最低温(Tmin)和日平均气温(Tmean)划分,将湿度按四季划分,分别统计其与臭氧浓度的相关性.发现臭氧浓...     

Simulation of Halocarbon Production and Emissions and Effects on Ozone Depletion

/ This paper describes an integrated model that simulates future halocarbon production/emissions and potential ozone depletion. Applications and historical production levels for various halocarbons are discussed first. A framework is then presented for modeling future halocarbon impacts incorporating differences in underlying demands, applications, regulatory mandates, and environmental characteristics. The model is used to simulate the potential impacts of several prominent issues relating to halocarbon production, regulation, and environmental interactions, notably: changes in agricultural methyl bromide use, increases in effectiveness of bromine for ozone depletion, modifications to the elimination schedule for HCFCs, short-term expansion of CFC demand in low use compliance countries, and delays in Russian Federation compliance. Individually, each issue does not unequivocally represent a significant likely increase in long-term atmospheric halogen loading and stratospheric ozone depletion. In combination, however, these impacts could increase peak halogen concentrations and long-term integral halogen loading, resulting in higher levels of stratospheric ozone depletion and longer exposure to increased levels of UV radiation.KEY WORDS: Halocarbons; Ozone depletion; Montreal Protocol; Integrated assessment     

Choosing policy instruments for controlling ozone depleting substances in a developing context: the case of Chile

Chile ratified the Montreal Protocol in 1990 which sets out an agenda for the reduction and then elimination of ozone depleting substances (ODS); however, by 1998 the country had not yet defined a strategy to encourage greater compliance, so that in the same year the National Environmental Commission decided to examine the policy options available. This paper examines the process followed to develop this strategy. As a first step it was necessary to look at how far the implicit policy of "business as usual" could be stretched without jeopardizing Chile's compliance obligations. A second step included quantifying compliance costs and their impact on different policy instruments and so policy choice. Finally, the attitudes of decision-makers or participants were identified, by interviews with officials of the different public agents involved, in order to weigh their views about policy. A strategy was proposed, based on this information, which the Chilean regulator has used, although not in its entirety. The methodology developed could well be useful for developing-country Protocol signatories building their own appropriate compliance strategy.     

攀枝花市区及盐边县城区城市臭氧污染状况研究

攀枝花市区臭氧污染负荷逐年上升,盐边县城区近年来臭氧污染负荷均高于20%,臭氧污染已成为影响城市空气质量的重要因素。对2017年1月~2020年2月攀枝花市区和盐边县城区臭氧污染物浓度时空变化规律和相关性进行了研究,并结合攀枝花各地太阳能和天气网记录的气象数据,统计了太阳辐射强度、紫外线辐射强度、日最高气温、日平均风向、季节气候等气象要素与出现臭氧污染的概率。研究表明,攀枝花市区和盐边县城区两地春、夏季较易出现臭氧污染,春季臭氧浓度持续高值时数最多,夏季臭氧浓度持续高值影响时数次之,两地臭氧污染物浓度变化有极强相关性。此外,臭氧浓度与气象条件密切关系,当紫外辐射强度大于30W/m²时,臭氧污染的几率为5%~8%,最高日气温值29℃~36℃之间时易出现臭氧污染,攀枝花市区臭氧污染受西向气流影响最重,盐边县城区臭氧污染受南向气流影响最重,盐边城区臭氧污染主要受攀枝花市区影响。根据臭氧污染物浓度时空变化规律和气象条件,开展区域臭氧前体物排放调控,将有效改善地区环境空气质量。     

Impacts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from vehicular activities on the ambient air quality of Lagos mega city

In response to the growing concern about the contribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from vehicular activities in Lagos mega city and their effect on air quality, PAH emissions were estimated using the emission factors approach. To make these estimates, PAH emission factors were calculated from the profile ratio of four PAHs emitted from vehicle sources obtained from the European Environment Agency's emission inventory guidebook, whereas the total number of registered vehicles based on the type of fuel they use for a period of 10 years was obtained from Lagos State Bureau of Statistics. Vehicle emissions were estimated using a combination of individual emission factors, the total number of vehicles in use based on fuel type, and the average mileage covered. The average highest level of emission of PAHs of 3.542 kilograms (kg) for gasoline‐powered vehicles was obtained in 2013, whereas the average lowest level of emission of 2.679 kg was recorded for diesel‐powered vehicles in 2007. In the same manner, 2013 had highest annual average total emission of 6.384 kg, whereas the lowest annual total PAHs emission of 5.727 kg was recorded in 2007. It is therefore advised that effective control measure should be put in place by regulatory agency to prevent personnel exposure to these hazardous substances.