基于智慧旅游视角的景区网站服务功能及其评价——以华北地区10家5A级旅游景区网站为例

探讨了智慧旅游下景区网站服务功能的新要求,对景区网站5种服务功能的重要程度进行调查并计算出权重,选取华北地区10家5A级旅游景区网站,对其服务功能进行评判打分。结果显示,当前景区网站的服务功能能够满足游客的基本需要,但存在景区网站动态信息发布功能缺失、自助导游系统建设滞后、客户服务功能不受重视、电子商务应用水平参差不齐和后期技术维护与管理不到位的问题。     

安徽省旅游景区电子商务生态系统评价与分析

旅游电子商务的发展带来了对旅游景区电子商务应用的关注。在对旅游价值链和旅游产业集群研究的基础上,用电子商务生态系统观点分析了旅游景区电子商务的应用,给出旅游景区电子商务生态系统示意图,并建立评价指标,采用调查问卷形式分析这些指标的重要性的期望值排名,对安徽省18个旅游景区进行实证研究。该研究有助于从整体把握旅游景区各参与方在其中的地位和影响,对发展旅游电子商务应用有一定的实践参考价值。     

重视重庆市旅游资源的可持续利用

减少旅游景区内接待设施建设 重庆应科学地规划旅游景区的土地利用,区分风景名胜区与旅游接待区的功能,借鉴世界旅游组织为四川省等省编制的地方旅游发展规划,拆除一些风景名胜区的旅游接待设施。在风景名胜区附近的县市驻地、乡镇驻地或村落,建设旅游接待中心。 发挥市县城区、乡镇等的旅游集散地功能．扩大旅游服务功能的辐射范围,依托已有的基础设施,可取得事半功倍的效果。即使是与旅游风景区相隔离的服务接待地, 也应科学规划,建设风格应与景区一致。可以利用旅游景区内原有乡十民居,改造成为小型家庭旅舍和青年旅舍,室内现…     

文化遗产景区旅游吸引力评价及提升策略研究——以北京颐和园为例

旅游吸引力评价对文化遗产景区旅游发展具有重要的意义。构建了包括5个一级指标、16个二级指标的旅游吸引力评价体系,并以北京颐和园为例开展实证研究。结果发现:①游客对自然与人文景观的评价最高,对生态环境、知名度、旅游安全和美誉度的评价较高。②交通便捷度、景区容纳量、基础设施和旅游服务的评价一般。③景点集中度和文化旅游体验项目的评价较低。④餐饮条件、旅途耗时、购物条件和交通费用的评价最低。从持续提升资源价值和景区形象角度出发,提出继续完善接待环境和服务水平,创新打造特色旅游项目和旅游商品,重点改进餐饮服务和条件等方面的对策建议。     

旅游景区类徽标设计原则探究

旅游景区类徽标是图形标志里一种相对独立的标志类别,是伴随着旅游景区的建设与发展诞生的.它在旅游对外宣传中扮演着重要的角色,实业界也越来越重视旅游景区徽标的设计.目前大大小小、成千上万个景区景点都不具备完善的景区徽标等VI系统,笔者从其设计原则方面,通过整理分析目前所有中文类旅游徽标设计原则文献,提出了自己的观点,对旅游景区类徽标设计原则进行了探究,以期对我国旅游景区类徽标设计和旅游业的发展有所帮助.     

旅游景区游客满意度的测评指标体系研究——以连云港花果山风景区为例

旅游景区的竞争力来自于游客的满意度,游客满意度的高低深刻影响着旅游景区的发展潜力与能力.旅游景区游客满意度评价是当前旅游景区管理的研究重点和难点之一.在文献综述的基础上,从旅游景观、价格感知、餐饮服务、交通状况、住宿、娱乐、购物、游览、经营管理9个方面构建了旅游景区游客满意度测评指标体系,运用因素重要性推导模型对连云港花果山风景区进行了实证研究,得出连云港花果山风景区的急需改进因素、次要改进因素、锦上添花因素和竞争优势因素,针对急需改进因素提出了连云港花果山风景区的发展建议.     

关中汉唐帝陵旅游竞争力研究——基于均值结构方程模型

游客体验满意度是评价旅游竞景区争力的重要因子,选择汉阳陵、乾陵、昭陵3个典型景区,从游客体验视角出发,构建均值结构方程模型,对比分析关中帝陵景区的旅游竞争力。结果表明:①关中帝陵旅游景区游客的旅游资源感知、服务感知、感知价值对游客满意度具有显著的正向影响,游客总体满意度对忠诚度具有显著的正向影响。②在景区资源、游客感知价值、游客体验满意度和忠诚度方面,乾陵最具竞争力,汉阳陵次之,昭陵最差;在景区服务方面,汉阳陵竞争力最强,乾陵次之,昭陵最差。③总体上,乾陵景区综合竞争力较明显,昭陵最差。     

山地旅游发展潜力评价研究

采用层次分析法,以旅游发展潜力影响因素为基础,结合山地特征,筛选山地旅游发展潜力评价因子,构建了包括3个子系统、8大指标、35个要素的山地旅游发展潜力评价指标体系。通过德尔菲法和模糊评分法赋予各因子权重,建立山地旅游发展潜力评价模型,并以广西北部69个A级山地景区为例,对模型进行检验。结果表明:①山地旅游发展潜力评价模型具有可操作性,在宏观上可判断整体发展潜力,在微观上可追溯不同指标的作用大小;②旅游供给、需求和保障系统对山地旅游发展潜力的影响力度依次减小,权重分别为0. 43、0. 33、0. 24;③山地旅游发展较大程度依赖于资源和山地地理条件;④客源地经济背景是山地旅游发展潜力重要的影响指标,处于良好经济发展条件的山地具有旅游发展优势。     

基于规划视角的低碳景区创建研究

在全球变化形势下,低碳理念应运而生,旅游业走低碳发展的道路势在必行。旅游景区是发展旅游业的重要载体,创建低碳景区是发展低碳旅游的关键和核心。创建低碳景区是一个复杂的系统工程,而合理规划是创建低碳景区的重要前置条件。在旅游规划编制过程中,将低碳理念渗透和贯穿其中,可保证景区从初期就按照低碳景区的要求和标准来建设和发展。分析了景区规划内容体系与低碳景区构建的对应关系,从景区规划的理念、功能分区、景区设施、旅游产品和保障系统等方面提出了景区的低碳化规划要求,从而保证景区从前期开发到后期运营都朝着低碳目标迈进,促进低碳景区的有序创建。     

基于网络评论的关中汉唐帝陵游客体验感知分析

通过自编程序获取网络游客评论数据,采用ROST Content Mining软件对汉阳陵、乾陵、昭陵旅游景区的游客评论结果进行词频、语义网络、情感和满意度分析。结果表明:①游客对3个景区的评价在旅游资源方面具有共性,景区名称、地理位置、博物馆、陵墓等在前50个高频词中出现较高频次,而对特色要素、旅游设施及服务、旅游体验等方面的评论结果差异较大。②语义网络分析结果显示,3个景区均以景区名称、博物馆、陵墓为中心,且主要关联体现旅游景区资源特色和历史背景方面的词汇。③在情感方面,网络游客对3个景区评价的积极情绪远大于消极情绪,其中对汉阳陵的评价最好,乾陵次之,昭陵最差。④就景区满意度而言,游客对汉阳陵(4. 45)和乾陵(4. 39)的满意度差异不大,而对昭陵(3. 96)的满意度最低。     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Biodiversity and biotechnology

The maintenance of biodiversity is urged from many quarters and on grounds ranging from aesthetic considerations to its usefulness, particularly for biotechnology. But regardless of the grounds for preserving biodiversity, writers are generally in agreement that it should be preserved. But, in examining the various references biodiversity, such as species diversity, genetic diversity, and habitat diversity, it is apparent that we cannot aim to preserve biodiversityas such, since there are a number of conflicts in any such undertaking. In preserving one aspect of biodiversity, we damage another aspect. Five arguments which attempt to ground our moral concern for biodiversity are reviewed and critiqued, not only for their consistency but also for their power to move us to action. The final section of the paper shows how conflicts in the values of personal and environmental health can impair ethical action and especially policy formation.An earlier version of this paper was read at the conference on Agriculture, Food, and Human Values: Tradition and Change, Orlando, Florida, October 7–9, 1987.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.     

A Social Contract for Biotechnology: Shared Visions for Risky Technologies?

Future technological developmentsconcerning food, agriculture, and theenvironment face a gulf of social legitimationfrom a skeptical public and media, in the wakeof the crises of BSE, GM food, and foot andmouth disease in the UK (House of Lords, 2000). Keyethical issues were ignored by the bioindustry,regulators, and the Government, leaving alegacy of distrust. The paper examinesagricultural biotechnology in terms of a socialcontract, whose conditions would have to be fulfilled togain acceptance of novel applications. Variouscurrent and future GM applications areevaluated against these conditions. Successwould depend critically on how far a sharedvision can be found with the public. Tore-establish trust, significant changes areidentified in the planning and pursuit ofbiotechnology.