电触媒系统降解印染反渗透浓水的研究

研究一种基于电触媒系统处理印染反渗透(RO)浓水的新方法。结果表明:采用负载型金属氧化物作为催化剂,通过提高次氯酸盐的氧化能力,可有效降解印染RO浓水,COD去除率受电极材料、催化剂、电解反应时间、初始pH值和NaCl含量等影响较大。在次氯酸盐与催化剂的协同作用下,印染RO浓水的色度和COD值明显降低。在以石墨板为两极,初始pH为8~10、NaCl含量为2g/L的条件下,电解60min,1L印染RO浓水的COD值可降到100mg/L以下。     

利用炼化RO浓水再生阳离子树脂研究

对几种树脂的吸附容量开展进水浓度梯度实验.考察常见干扰因子对树脂吸附的影响情况·并使用现场水样考察了实际情况下的树脂可重复利用性,筛选出适用于本实验的树脂。使用NaCl对饱和树脂进行再生.寻找浓度和用量对树脂再生效果的影响。最终,使用炼化反渗透(RO)浓水对饱和树脂进行再生,分析得出可以使用炼化RO浓水再生树脂的结论。     

COBR工艺在锦州石化反渗透浓水处理中的应用

锦州石化公司采用COBR(高级氧化与生物氧化组合工艺)组合工艺处理反渗透(RO)浓水,论述了COBR工艺流程、基本原理、工艺控制指标以及该工艺在锦州石化公司浓水处理装置的应用经验。结果表明,该工艺在一定的控制条件下,运行平稳,对RO浓水中的COD去除效果明显:COD去除率为57%;当进水浓度升高、波动较大时,该工艺仍具有很强的抗冲击能力:当进水浓度波动较大时,通过适当调节参数,出水COD仍可维持在50mg/L左右。     

高盐度矿井废水\海水反渗透(RO)循环利用技术

由大连贝斯特环境工程设备有限公司开发的高盐度矿井废水\海水反渗透(RO)循环利用技术,适用于海水淡化及苦咸水淡化,锅炉给水及电子超纯水制备,饮用纯净水生产,废水处理及特种分离过程等。主要技术内容一、基本原理煤矿矿井废水属高盐度高硬度苦咸水、海水属高盐度水。其用于工业循环利用需深度处理。本工艺利用RO     

电厂废水“零排放”工艺应用

结合某电站废水"零排放"的设计,对高效反渗透(HERO)工艺进行了研究,探索了一种适合循环水排污水及同类型废水的高回收率的处理工艺,可以做到节水减排,并获得良好的经济性。     

低营养低温条件下双膜法水处理系统的改进

膜分离技术中的MBR与RO组合工艺具有出水水质好、占地面积小、便于自动控制、运行稳定等优点。但在运行过程中,膜会发生不同程度的污堵,如何减缓膜污染的发生及让系统稳定高效的运行是膜法水处理技术面临的主要问题。通过优化生化系统的菌群结构,提高生化出水水质,可有效减缓MBR膜污染的发生,从而使生化＋ MBR系统的整体运行效果大大增强;通过在MBR和RO之间增设汽水换热系统,可克服冬季低温对RO系统运行的影响,提高MBR ＋ RO组合工艺的产水率,节省运行能耗。     

DTRO在川西气田采出水减量化处理中的应用

试验研究了碟管式反渗透（DTRO）工艺中运行压力、进水温度及电导率对膜分离效果的影响，分析探讨了工艺对川西气田采出水生化处理产水COD、氨氮、氯化物等指标的截留分离效果。试验结果表明，当运行压力6～7ＭＰａ、进水温度24～25℃、电导率32000～40000μS/cm时，DTRO工艺对气田采出水COD、氨氮和氯化物的截留率分别达到95.54％，80％，98.78％，DTRO膜系统平均回收率达50％，减量化效果显著。同时，较单独低温多效蒸馏，热-膜耦合工艺运行成本降低19.75％，具有一定的经济效益。     

沸石负载型TiO2处理炼化反渗透浓缩水的研究

利用沸石负载型二氧化钛对炼化企业的反渗透浓缩水进行研究,考察了催化剂对浓缩水的处理效果及影响降解的因素。由实验结果可知:沸石负载型二氧化钛对反渗透浓缩水TOC降解率达到67.4%,降解浓缩水的最佳条件为:pH值为4～6,温度30～40℃,光照时间2.5h,催化剂投加量为1.5g/L。实验为浓缩水处理技术的发展提供了新的依据。     

城市生活垃圾焚烧发电技术的研究及应用

基于我国城市生活垃圾多水分、低热值的特点,某市城市生活垃圾焚烧发电项目,采用新型"顺推干燥+逆推燃烧燃尽"结构的复合式机械炉排炉。运用"SNCR脱硝+半干法脱酸+消石灰干粉喷射+活性炭喷射装置+布袋除尘器"烟气净化系统处理、炉渣有效利用+飞灰采用稳定剂+水泥固化/稳定化的灰渣处理系统,"预处理+混凝沉淀+厌氧+外置式MBR(膜生物反应器)+NF(纳滤)/RO(反渗透)"渗滤液处理系统,解决了焚烧发电产生的废气、废渣、废水问题。     

反渗透装置处理炼油污水的优化运行

通过对反渗透装置初次化学清洗时进水水质、运行情况、反渗透系统进水端和浓水端情况、保安过滤器滤芯情况分析,确定造成膜污染的主要原因,并针对这些原因采取化学清洗、运行管理等一定措施。措施实施后:反渗透运行周期均有所增加,特别是1#反渗透装置,运行周期增至2 414h,达到健康运行要求。     

EFFECTIVE WATER PRICING1

ABSTRACT: When the goal of water pricing is elevated from mere cost recovery to deriving the greatest value from scarce water and associated nonwater resources, conventional rate regimes are found to be deficient. To address the challenge of creating rates that are both efficient and budget-balancing, several theoretical and practical aspects of rate-making are considered. Purposeful selection of rate parameters for a specific billing system is demonstrated to serve efficiency and cost recovery objectives. Attention to non-accounting opportunity costs is an important system element, but these costs are often not fully borne by the utility or its customers. In situations where this issue is serious, state or federal pricing policy may be necessary.     

实验用水对总氮检测结果的影响

用RO纯水与超纯水分别作为实验用水,通过标准曲线及空白、标准样品、水样等总氮测定对比实验,发现两种实验用水的标准曲线及空白值、标准样品的检测均受控,但两种纯水对比实验显示相对于超纯水而言,RO纯水中有一定浓度的总氮,同时在水样检测中用RO纯水作实验用水测定值明显低于用超纯水作实验用水的测定值,其差值与RO纯水中总氮值相符。实验结果表明总氮检测中不能只以标准曲线、空白值和标准样品测定值作为受控标准,要考虑实验用水中硝酸根离子的影响。     

餐厨垃圾预处理工艺研究及现场应用

餐厨垃圾有机质含量大,具有较高的回收价值,资源化利用是发展的趋势,但是我国餐厨垃圾具有含水量大、杂物多、油脂提取难等特点,增加了处理的难度。研发一套餐厨垃圾预处理工艺,并对相关设备的结构尺寸进行了优化,形成了以精分选、高提油为特点的工艺技术,综合杂物拣出率达到95%以上,提油率达到98%以上。该工艺在光大国际宿迁100t/d和吴江300t/d餐厨项目进行了应用,运行效果良好,为后期餐厨项目的推广提供了技术支撑。     

Hydrochemistry of drinking water sources and water purifiers in relation to epidemiological study in Hisar,North-West India

The concern related to the drinking of reverse osmosis (RO) water containing low levels of minerals is growing day by day. This study involves the analysis of water samples from various drinking water sources in a rural site, Mirchpur village, an Indus Valley civilization site (grid location: 29° 18′ 42.3″ N, 76° 10′ 33.0″ E) of Hisar, India, along with the health survey of human subjects. The hydrochemistry of water collected from hand pumps, river canals, tube wells, submersibles, and the RO systems installed in various homes was explored for pH, EC, TH, TDS, turbidity, cations (Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺), anions (CO₃²⁻, HCO₃⁻, Cl⁻, SO₄²⁻, NO₃⁻, F⁻), and elements (Fe, Pb, Se) employing the ion chromatography, flame photometry, and ICP-AES techniques. Lead (Pb) and Selenium (Se) were detected in trace amounts (0.30–2.6 μg L⁻¹; 0.10–4.1 μg L⁻¹, respectively) in all the samples, including the samples collected from RO purifiers, but Iron (Fe) was not detected in RO samples even in trace amounts. The F-levels in hand pump water (HPW) and submersible water (SW) (1.9  and 1.7 mg L⁻¹, respectively) and TDS levels in SW (3048 mg L⁻¹) were found to be above WHO and BIS safe limits. TDS levels in the river canal (900 mg L⁻¹), tube well (1104 mg L⁻¹), hand pump (1170 mg L⁻¹), and submersible samples (3048 mg L⁻¹) were found significantly higher as compared to the RO personal water (ROPW; 216 mg L⁻¹) and RO supply water (ROSW; 90 mg L⁻¹). The collected epidemiological data reveals that 21%, 19%, 13%, and 12% of natives reported skin, kidney, hair fall, liver, and stomach issues, respectively, suspecting the crucial role of high TDS and fluoride levels in the area. This study also provides a comparison between the quality of RO and the direct supply water, along with correlation matrices for different parameters, which gives a rationale for the limitations of drinking direct supply water without any purification and RO water containing low mineral content.     

土壤和水体中PCP—Na残留的紫外线光度分析

待测样经蒸馏、乙醚萃取、氢氧化钠反萃取后,常见干扰物质均可以除去,PCP-Na溶液在波长320nm处有最大的吸收峰,其它酚类物质在该波长处不干扰测定。本法操作简便、快速、准确、经济,稳定性好。本法测定PCP-Na的回收率,在水中为100.74％,在土壤中为91.45％。     

从含油污泥中回收油技术的研究

研究从某炼厂含油污泥中回收油的问题，分析结果表明：此种油污泥含油率46.7％、含水率51.2％、含砂率1.7％。实验中分别研究了离心法、热滤法的回收油效果。最终以热滤法实现了油回收率95％、脱水率99%。确定了以热滤法作为该含油污泥回收油的方法。     

Groundwater purification by membrane technology

Hyperfiltration and nanofiltration membranes were tested with different water matrices for the removal of excess fluoride from underground water. Initially, the experiments were done with synthetic samples prepared by adding known amounts of sodium fluoride and calcium chloride in distilled water. The effect of feed water composition, pH, temperature of feed water, operating pressure, and feed water flow rate on separation efficiency of both types of membrane was studied by varying one parameter at a time and keeping all other parameters constant. Thus, the optimum operating conditions for the process were determined and after that ground water samples collected from three villages of district Gurgaon, Haryana, India (Farukhnagar, Wazirpur, and Mevka) were treated under optimum operational conditions. The mass transfer coefficient and membrane parameters were estimated for each data point using two-parameter model (Film theory and Solution-diffusion model) to study the concentration polarization on membrane surface. The nanofiltration membrane showed high percentage rejection of bivalent ions when compared to monovalent ions in a binary system. But in multicomponent system, when fluoride and calcium coexisted, the removal of fluoride was comparable to calcium removal because of the low solubility product of calcium fluoride. The results with RO membrane revealed that it removes practically all the ions present in water at high pressure, which need to be passed through a lime column to remineralize the water, to make it suitable for drinking purposes, whereas by running the system at low pressure which will further reduce the cost of operation, rejection percentage goes down to get permeate of required quality.     

相同酸体系加酸顺序对土壤重金属测定的影响

将受重金属污染土壤自然风干,筛分制备土壤样品.选择常用的土壤消解方法,研究同一酸体系下,酸加入顺序对测试结果的影响.用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定土壤中的铬、铜、镍,以加标回收率,反映较好的酸加入顺序.在相同的酸消解体系下,酸加入顺序对土壤样品中重金属元素测定有一定的影响,特别是对铬的测定影响较大.要对各元素进行准确测定,必须针对不同元素选取不同的酸加入顺序.     

Phosphorus runoff from two water sources on a calcareous soil

Phosphorus (P) in irrigation runoff may enrich offsite water bodies and streams and be influenced by irrigation water quality and antecedent soil surface conditions. Runoff, soil loss, and P fractions in runoff using reverse osmosis (RO) water or mixed RO and well water (RO/ Tap) were studied in a laboratory sprinkler study to evaluate water source effects on P transport. A top- or subsoil Portneuf silt loam (coarse-silty, mixed, superactive, mesic Durinodic Xeric Haplocalcid), either amended or not amended with manure and/or with cheese whey, with Olsen P from 20 to 141 mg kg(-1) and lime from 108 to 243 g kg(-1), was placed in 1.5 x 1.2 x 0.2-m-deep containers with 2.4% slope and irrigated three times from a 3-m height for 15 min, applying 20 mm of water. The first irrigation was on a dry loose surface, the second on a wet surface, and the third on a dry crusted surface. Surface (ca. 2 cm) soil samples, prior to the first irrigation, were analyzed for Olsen P, water-soluble P (Pws), and iron-oxide impregnated paper-extractable P (FeO-P) analyses. Following each irrigation we determined runoff, sediment, dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) in a 0.45-microm filtered sample, and FeO-P and total P in unfiltered samples. Soil surface conditions had no effect on P runoff relationships. Water source had no significant effect on the relationship between DRP or FeO-P runoff and soil test P, except for DRP in RO runoff versus water-soluble soil P (r2 = 0.90). Total P in RO runoff versus soil P were not related; but weakly correlated for RO/Tap (r2 < 0.50). Water source and soil surface conditions had little or no effect on P runoff from this calcareous soil.