STORMWATER HARVESTING IN THE URBAN WATERSHEDS OF ARID ZONES1

ABSTRACT: A representative city in an arid zone, such as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, is instrumented to determine the quantity and quality of storm runoff with a view to investigating the possibility of using it for industrial and agricultural purposes after appropriate treatments. In an urban watershed in the City of Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, quantity and quality of storm runoff had been monitored for the past six years, and the average annual runoff that can be harvested was determined. The quality of runoff is well within the range of possible reuse schemes, most notably for restricted irrigation. Treatment schemes for the harvested water are proposed.     

CONFLICTING PERSPECTWES ABOUT DETECTION LIMITS AND ABOUT THE CENSORING OF ENVIRONMENTAL DATA1

ABSTRACT: Current conventions for reporting analytical results from environmental samples brings the objectives of laboratory scientists into conflict with those of environmental scientists. The objective of chemical analyses is to provide estimates of the true composition of samples. Reported results must reflect the analytical uncertainty. Current conventions require left-censoring of those results below the Limit of Detection. The objective of statistical interpretation of environmental data is to provide estimates of the characteristics of ecosystems. Such statistical analyses are often confounded by left-censoring of analytical results. We review the different points of view and propose a compromise which recognizes these conflicting perspectives.     

SEARCHING THE WATER RESOURCES LITERATURE: INDEXING/ABSTRACTING COVERAGE FOR LEADING WATER RESOURCES JOURNALS1

ABSTRACT: The Water Resources Scientific Information Center (WRSIC) provides comprehensive indexing/abstracting for the water resources literature. To determine in one objective way the coverage of this information service from a user's point of view, an extensive sampling of the journal literature was used to determine extent to which 10 leading water resources journals are indexed and abstracted by the system. Coverage is so high that some users will want to change toward greater use of the system.     

FLOODPLAIN MANAGEMENT: SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS' ATTITUDES AND APPROACHES1

ABSTRACT: Methods of floodplain management are changing in the United States. There has been a gradual shift in emphasis from “flood control” to “management” of the floodplain. The complexities of multilevel governmental involvement in floodplain management demand an analysis of a new means to coordinate these efforts. It is the intent of this paper to discuss the role of the Corps of Engineers in this area and the problems the Corps has encountered in its endeavors. The occurrence of these problems indicates that there is a need to strengthen the federal role to ensure a comprehensive view of floodplain management.     

APPLICATION OF THE HEC-4 MONTHLY STREAM FLOW SIMULATION MODEL1

ABSTRACT: The HEC-4 monthly stream flow simulation model, developed by the Hydrologic Engineering Center, Davis, California, is used to extend the available historical stream flow records in the Central Ohio area. The principal objective of this paper is to examine the effectiveness of the HEC-4 model in generating synthetic monthly flows. Important statistical parameters are evaluated in order to relate the statistical properties of the historical and generated flows. In doing so, it is observed that the mean, standard deviation, and skewness of the generated flows are consistently larger than the corresponding estimates based on historical flows. However, results show that these statistics, as well as the lag-1 serial correlation, are generally well maintained by the generated sequences. The degree to which any statistical dissimilarities would be critical, from an engineering design point of view, is demonstrated by utilizing their low flow characteristics. Estimates of reservoir safe-yields, based on a nonsequential mass-curve analysis of the historical and generated low flows, indicate a nominal difference in this particular study.     

DEVELOPMENT OF EARTH SATELLITE TECHNOLOGY FOR THE TELEMETRY OF HYDROLOGIC DATA1

ABSTRACT The use of satellite telemetry is playing a major role in the collection of hydrologic data. Advancing technology and availability of government satellites have permitted many agencies to take advantage of new procedures for acquiring data from automated remote data collection stations. Experiments with Earth satellite technology started in the 1960's and 1970's, with the polar-orbiting National Aeronautics and Space Administration Nimbus and Landsat satellites. Subsequent advancements took place through the development phase to operational systems using the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. This satellite system supports more than 2,500 active telemetry sites, of which approximately 1,200 are Geological Survey stream-gaging stations for the collection of hydrologic data. A satellite data collection system is made up of three primary components; a small battery-operated radio, and Earth-orbiting satellite, and an Earth receive and data processing station. The data relay satellites' vast aerial view of the Earth's surface gives satellite telemetry a large advantage over ground-based systems for the collection of real-time hydrologic data for flood warning, reservoir management, irrigation water control, hydropower generation, and the operation of hydrologic stations.     

FOURIER INFERENCE: SOME METHODS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF ARRAY AND NONGAUSSIAN SERIES DATA1

Fourier inference is a collection of analytic techniques and philosophic attitudes, for the analysis of data, wherein essential use is made of empirical Fourier transforms. This paper sets down some basic results concerning the finite Fourier transforms of stationary process data and then, to illustrate the approach, uses those results to develop procedures for: 1) estimating cloud and storm motion, 2) passive sonar and 3) fitting finite parameter models to nonGaussian time series via bispectral fitting. This last procedure is illustrated by an analysis of a stretch of Mississippi River runoff data. Examples 1), 2) refer to data having the form Y(x_j, y_j, t) for j = 1, …, J and t = 0, …, T-l say, and view that data as part of a realization of a spatial-temporal process. Such data has become common in geophysics generally and in hydrology particularly. The goal of this paper is to present some new statistical procedures pertinent to problems in the water sciences, equally it is to illustrate the genesis of those procedures and how their properties may be approximated.     

COPPER, TECHNOLOGY AND DEPENDENCE IN ZAIRE: TOWARDS THE DEMYSTIFICATION OF THE NEW WHITE MAGIC

In the past, the dependence of developing country producers of minerals was thought to be related to lack of capital and lack of personnel. At present, this dependence is maintained by the “new white magic” of technology. Examining the concrete case of copper in Zaire, this article deals with three broad aspects of technological dependence: in the provision of technical personnel for the mining enterprises, in the processing of minerals, and in marketing. In each case, it can be shown that the potential independence of Zaire is considerably greater than what has actually been achieved to date. Moreover, a major barrier to the achievement of more effective national control over the copper industry is the misperception on the part of Zaire of certain key aspects of the industry. A clearer view of the reality of the copper sector would show that national control can in fact be realized. Autrefois on pensait que la dépendence des pays en développement producteurs de minéraux était liée au manque de capitaux et de cadres. De nos jours, cet état de dépendance est alimenté par la “nouvelle magie blanche” de la technologie. En examinant le cas concret du cuivre au Zaïre cet article présente trois grandes lignes de cette dépendance technologique en matière de personnel technique des entreprises minières, de traitement des minéraux et de leur commercialisation. Dans chaque cas, on peut démontrer que les chances d'indépendance du Zaïre sont sensiblement plus élevées qu'elles ne l'ont été jusqu‘à présent. De plus, la perception erronée qu'a le Zaïre de certains aspects clefs de son industrie constitute un obstacle majeur à la réalisaton d'un contrôle national plus efficace de l'industrie du cuivre. Une vue plus claire des réalités du secteur du cuivre démontrerait qu'un contrôle national peut effectivement être mis en place. En el pasado se pensaba que la dependencia de los países en desarrollo productores de minerales estaba relacionado a la falta de capital y personal capacitado. Al presente esta dependencia se mantiene gracias a la “magia blanca de la tecnología.” Al examinar el caso concreto del cobre en Zaire, este artículo trata tres aspectos amplios de dependencia tecnológica: en el personal técnico de las compañías mineras, en el proceso de minerales y en el mercadéo. En cada caso se puede demostrar que el potencial para la independencia tecnológica de Zaire es considerablemente mayor que la que se ha alcanzado al presente. Sin embargo, la mayor barrera para obtener un control nacional más efectivo de la industria de cobre es la falsa percepción de parte de Zaire sobre ciertos aspectos claves de la industria. Una visión más clara de la realidad del sector cuprífero podría mostrar que su control nacional es posible de conseguir.     

ECOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT PROBLEMS CAUSED BY HEATED WASTE WATER DISCHARGE INTO THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT1

Discharge of heated waste water may affect the entire aquatic ecosystem–the interrelated biological, chemical, physical system–and, if the temperature change is large, may destroy the capacity of the ecosystem to serve a variety of beneficial purposes. However, it is possible to discharge heated waste water in carefully controlled amounts without seriously degrading the aquatic ecosystem. There are four basic alternatives which are open to us with regard to the heated waste water problem which we may choose singly or in various combinations: (1) Placing all heated, waste water in streams, lakes, and oceans without regard to the effects. Thus considering the environmental damage as a necessary consequence of our increased power demand. (2) Using, but not abusing, existing ecosystems. This means regulating the heated waste water discharge to fit the receiving capacity of the ecosystem. (3) Finding alternative ways to dissipate or beneficially use waste heat. (4) Modifying ecosystems to fit the new temperature conditions. We are all dependent upon a life-support system which is partly industrial and partly ecological. Unfortunately, we have reached a stage of development where the non-expandable, ecological portion of our life-support system is endangered by the expanding industrial portion. Optimal function and full beneficial use of both portions of our life-support system will only be possible if a variety of disciplines and diverse points of view can cooperate and work together effectively. Since wastes in amounts that are acceptable taken one at a time may be lethal collectively, environmental management should be on a regional basis.     

THE ENERGY SCENE IN INDIA

The Indian energy scene has undergone a distinct change during the last three decades. In overall terms the reliance on traditional (non-commercial) forms of energy has declined gradually and the share of modern commercial forms of energy has steadily increased. The preference towards commercial forms of energy has resulted in rapid growth of demand, and the growth rate of commercial energy consumption has outpaced the overall growth of the economy. While India has been able to manage oil supplies without much difficulty through indigenous production and imports, there have been balance of payments problems due to the steep increase in the import bill. An overall energy strategy has been formulated for the Sixth Five-Year Plan which will ensure adequate supplies of energy to meet short-term energy requirements while keeping in view the long-term perspective. The plan envisages achieving a balance between energy supplies and demand in the short and medium term by accelerating exploitation of domestic conventional energy resources and managing demand through appropriate measures. In the long term, exploitation of new and renewable energy resources is the basis of energy development strategy. La situation énergétique en Inde a subi une transformation distincte durant ces trois dernières décennies. En termes généraux, la dépendance vis-à-vis des formes traditionnelles d'énergie (non-commerciales) a diminué graduellement et les formes commerciales modernes d'énergie se sont accrues d'une manière constante. La préférence pour les formes commerciales d'énergie a eu pour résultat l'accroissement rapide de la demande et le taux de croissance de la consommation énergétique commerciale a surpassé la croissance totale de l'économie. Alors que I Inde a été capable de s'approvisionner en pétrole sans trop de difficulté par des moyens de production indigéne et d'importations, des problèmes de balance de paiements sont survenus à cause de l'augmentation aiguë de la facture énergétique. Une stratégie globale en matière d'énergie a été formulée pour inclusion dans le sixième plan quinquennal, ce qui assurera des approvisionnements en energie adéquats pour faire face aux exigences énergétiques à court terme tout en gardant en vue les objectifs à long terme. Le plan envisage d'atteindre un équilibre entre l'offre et la demande en matière d'énergie à court et moyen termes en accélérant l'exploitation des ressources énergétiques conventionnelles du pays et en contrölant la demande par des mesures appropriées. A long terme, la base de la stratégie du développement en matière d'énergie consiste en l'exploitation des ressources énergétiques nouvelles et renouvelables. La escena energética de la India a sufrido un cambio marcado durante las últimas tres décadas. En general la dependencia en la energia no comercial a declinado gradualmente mientras que el uso de recursos de energia comercial ha aumentado continuamente. Esto ha generado una rápida tasa de creamiento de la demanda de energia comercial que supera la tasa de crecimiento económico. A pesar de que la India pudo satisfacer sus necesidades de petróleo mediante producción propia e importaciones hay problemas en la balanza de pagos. Se ha formulado estrategia general para el Sexto Plan Quinquenal que asegurará el suministro en el corto plazo sin descuidar la perspectiva a largo plazo. El plan prevee obtener el balance de la oferta y la demanda en el corto y mediano plazo mediante una exploración acelerada y una apropiada administración de la demanda. Para el largo plazo, la explotación de recursos nuevos y renovables de energia es la base de la estrategia de desarrollo energético.     

社区参与旅游发展运行框架的初步研究

社区参与旅游发展是旅游可持续发展宏观系统中不可或缺的机制。提出了社区参与旅游的新目标观、新组织观、新系统观等理念,并尝试运用区域经济学的理论,对社区参与旅游发展运行框架进行了新的探讨,旨在为我国社区参与的有效实施和社区旅游的可持续发展提供借鉴。     

Assessing the influence of urban geometry on noise propagation by using the sky view factor

The impact of traffic noise can be prevented by suitable planning measures. This study analyses the relationship between urban geometry and traffic noise, recognizing that the arrangement of buildings and streets greatly influences urban noise. The study was carried out in Braga, a medium-sized Portuguese city, by selecting locations with different urban geometries. At each site, the equivalent continuous sound level was measured. Furthermore, the urban geometry was evaluated by using the sky view factor, a parameter which shows the degree of sky obstructed by buildings. Results show an inverse proportionality between noise and the sky view factor. The highest noise levels were found in areas with a low sky view factor. The results also indicate that the sky view factor is a parameter which can potentially be used in research on urban noise.     

论佛教折射的环保理念与环保实践

综观人类历史，宗教与现实生活联系紧密，在各类社会问题的解释与解决中一直发挥着不可小觑的作用。随着全球环境问题的日益突出，佛教中所体现的环保理念日益引起人们的重视。本文试从佛教环保理念的思想渊源入手，围绕自然观、生命观和理想观等内容来探讨佛教与其环保实践问题。     

涉及电动振动台选型的结构与技术的评价和分析

通过振动台系统组成部分（振动台体，磁场电源和功率放大器）涉及的结构与技术的分析，对振动台系统技术指标的先进性，结构设计的合理性及振动台用于振动试验的准确性和安全性的评价提供依据，可供选择振动台系统参考。     

EVAPOTRANSPIRATION MEASUREMENT AND ESTIMATION OF THREE WETLAND ENVIRONMENTS IN THE UPPER ST. JOHNS RIVER BASIN,FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT: Accurate estimates of evapotranspiration from areas dominated by wetland vegetation are needed in the water budget of the Upper St. Johns River Basin. However, local data on evapotranspiration rates, especially in wetland environments, were lacking in the project area. In response to this need, the St. Johns River Water Management District collected evapotranspiration field data in Fort Drum Marsh Conservation Area over the period 1996 through 1999. Three large lysimeters were installed to measure the evapotranspiration from different wetland environments: sawgrass (Cladium jamaicense), cattail (Typha domingensis), and open water. In addition, pan evaporation was measured with a standard class “A” pan. Concurrently, meteorological data including rainfall, solar radiation, wind speed, relative humidity, air temperature, and atmospheric pressure were collected. By comparing computed evapotranspiration rates with those measured in the lysimeters, parameters in the Penman‐Monteith, the Priestley‐Taylor, and Reference‐ET methods, and evaporation pan coefficients were estimated for monthly and seasonal cycles. The results from the data collected in this study show that mean monthly evapotranspiration rates, computed by the different methods, are relatively close. From a practical point of view, results indicate that the evaporation pan can be used equally well as the more complex and data‐intensive methods. This paper presents the measured evapotranspiration rates, evaporation pan coefficients, and the estimated parameter values for three different methods to compute evapotranspiration in the project area. Since local data on evaporation are often scarce or lacking, this information may be useful to watershed hydrologists for practical application in other project regions.     

Are Scientists Right and Non-Scientists Wrong? Reflections on Discussions of GM

The aim of this article is to further our understanding of the “GM is unnatural” view, and of the critical response to it. While many people have been reported to hold the view that GM is unnatural, many policy-makers and their advisors have suggested that the view must be ignored or rejected, and that there are scientific reasons for doing so. Three “typical” examples of ways in which the “GM is unnatural” view has been treated by UK policy-makers and their advisors are explored. These are the Government’s position (DEFRA Report), the account of the Nuffield Council on Bioethics, and the position of Nigel Halford, a scientist with an advisory role to the Government. I show that their accounts fail to mount a convincing critique. Then, I draw on an empirical research project held during  2003–2004 at the University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne in the north east of England. Scientists met with non-scientists in a range of facilitated one-to-one conversations (“exchanges”) on various environmental issues, one of which was on GM. Our findings show that some scientists who rejected the “GM is unnatural” view struggled to do so consistently. Their struggle is interpreted in terms of a conflict between a so-called “scientific” worldview, and a different worldview that underlies the concerns of those who held the “GM is unnatural” view. This worldview is explored further by an examination of their concerns. What distinguishes this worldview from the “scientific” worldview is that the instrumentalization of the nonhuman world is questioned to a larger extent. I conclude that, because the underlying concerns of those who held the “GM is unnatural” view were not with GM as such, yet with a worldview that was considered to be problematic, and of which many GM applications were held to be expressions, policy-makers and their advisors should reflect on the critical worldview of those who claim that GM is unnatural if they want to engage seriously with their concerns.     

高校科学管理的几点思考

高校深入学习实践科学发展观活动的开展，要求在加强教育教学管理工作中逐步确立科学发展观，以系统的管理理论为基础，坚持以人为本、凸显观念创新和机构创新的管理思想，切实提高高校党政领导驾御全局、领导学校可持续快速发展的能力。     

VIEWS OF NATURE AND SELF-DISCIPLINE: EVIDENCE FROM INNER CITY CHILDREN

Children growing up in the inner city are at risk of academic underachievement, juvenile delinquency, teenage pregnancy, and other important negative outcomes. Avoiding these outcomes requires self-discipline. Self-discipline, in turn, may draw on directed attention, a limited resource that can be renewed through contact with nature. This study examined the relationship between near-home nature and three forms of self-discipline in 169 inner city girls and boys randomly assigned to 12 architecturally identical high-rise buildings with varying levels of nearby nature. Parent ratings of the naturalness of the view from home were used to predict children's performance on tests of concentration, impulse inhibition, and delay of gratification. Regressions indicated that, on average, the more natural a girl's view from home, the better her performance at each of these forms of self-discipline. For girls, view accounted for 20% of the variance in scores on the combined self-discipline index. For boys, who typically spend less time playing in and around their homes, view from home showed no relationship to performance on any measure. These findings suggest that, for girls, green space immediately outside the home can help them lead more effective, self-disciplined lives. For boys, perhaps more distant green spaces are equally important.     

基于生态自然观的中国世界遗产地保护和旅游开发模式

从生态自然观的角度,剖析了世界遗产地保护与旅游开发的辩证关系,提出世界遗产地保护和旅游开发的两种模式:人工自然化模式和生态自然化模式。分析认为,人工自然化仍是目前中国世界遗产旅游开发和保护的主导模式,而以生态自然观为指导,采取生态自然化开发模式才是实现中国世界遗产地保护和旅游开发协调的最佳途径和发展方向。