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1.
Birgit Reger Patrick Sheridan Dietmar Simmering Annette Otte Rainer Waldhardt 《Environmental management》2009,43(6):1026-1038
Farmland habitat diversity in marginal European landscapes changed significantly in the past decades. Further changes toward
homogenization are expected, particularly in the course of European agricultural policy. Based on three alternative transfer
payment schemes, we modeled spatially explicit potential effects on the farmland habitat diversity in a marginal European
landscape. We defined (1) a scenario with direct transfer payments coupled to production, (2) a scenario with direct transfer
payments decoupled from production, and (3) a scenario phasing out all direct transfer payments. We characterized habitat
diversity with three indices: habitat richness, evenness, and rarity. The habitat pattern in 1995 served as reference for
comparison. All scenarios predicted a general trend of homogenization of the farmland habitat pattern, yet to a differing
extent. Transfer payments coupled to production (Scenario 1) favored the abandonment of agricultural production, particularly
in low-productive areas and arable land use in more productive areas. Habitat richness and habitat evenness had intermediate
values in this scenario. Decoupling transfer payments from production (Scenario 2) supported grassland as most profitable
farming system. This led to a grassland-dominated landscape with low values of all habitat diversity indices. Phasing out
transfer payments (Scenario 3) resulted in complete abandonment or afforestation of agricultural land and extremely low values
in all habitat diversity indices. Scenario results indicate that transfer payments may prevent cessation of agricultural production,
but may not counteract homogenization in marginal landscapes. Conserving high farmland habitat diversity in such landscapes
may require support schemes, e.g., Pillar Two of EU Common Agricultural Policy. 相似文献
2.
Regina Lindborg Marie Stenseke Sara A.O. Cousins Jan Bengtsson Åke Berg Tomas Gustafsson N. Erik Sjödin Ove Eriksson 《Journal of environmental management》2009,90(2):499-508
Agriculture is the major land use at a global scale. In addition to food production, multifunctionality of landscapes, including values and ecosystem services like biodiversity, recreation and culture, is now focus for management. This study explores how a scenario approach, involving different stakeholders, may help to improve landscape management for biodiversity conservation. Local farmers and executives at the County Administrative Board were invited to discuss rural development and conditions for farmland biodiversity in two Swedish landscapes. The potential biodiversity for three future land use scenarios for the two landscapes was discussed: nature conservation, outdoor recreation and energy production, and compared with current and historical landscapes in each region.Analyses of habitat areas, connectedness and landscape diversity suggested that the energy and recreation scenarios had a negative impact on farmland biodiversity, whereas the nature conservation scenario, the current and historically reconstructed landscapes had a higher potential for biodiversity. The farmers appreciated the nature conservation scenario, but also the energy production scenario and they highlighted the need of increased subsidies for management of biodiversity. The farmers in the high production area were less interested in nature quality per se. The executives had similar opinions as the farmers, but disagreed on the advantages with energy production, as this would be in conflict with the high biodiversity and recreational values. The local physical and socio-economical conditions differ between landscapes and potentially shaped the stakeholders emotional attachment to the local environment, their opinions and decisions on how to manage the land. We stress the importance of incorporating local knowledge, visions and regional prerequisites for different land uses in conservation, since site and landscape specific planning for biodiversity together with a flexible subsidy system are necessary to reach the conservation goals within EU. 相似文献
3.
On the choice of farm management practices after the reform of the Common Agricultural Policy in 2003 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) was fundamentally reformed in 2003. From 2005, farmers will receive decoupled income support payments instead of production premiums if basic standards for environment, food safety, animal health and welfare are met. Farmers are likely to adjust production and management practices to the new policy framework. We describe how this reform fits into the EU strategy of making agricultural production more environmentally friendly by concentrating on the financial aspects of the reforms. Using an agricultural sector model for Austria, we show that the reform will further decrease agricultural outputs, reduce farm inputs, lessen nitrogen surpluses and make environmentally friendly management practices more attractive for farmers. 相似文献
4.
Landscape Planning for Agricultural Nonpoint Source Pollution Reduction III: Assessing Phosphorus and Sediment Reduction Potential 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Riparian buffers have the potential to improve stream water quality in agricultural landscapes. This potential may vary in
response to landscape characteristics such as soils, topography, land use, and human activities, including legacies of historical
land management. We built a predictive model to estimate the sediment and phosphorus load reduction that should be achievable
following the implementation of riparian buffers; then we estimated load reduction potential for a set of 1598 watersheds
(average 54 km2) in Wisconsin. Our results indicate that land cover is generally the most important driver of constituent loads in Wisconsin
streams, but its influence varies among pollutants and according to the scale at which it is measured. Physiographic (drainage
density) variation also influenced sediment and phosphorus loads. The effect of historical land use on present-day channel
erosion and variation in soil texture are the most important sources of phosphorus and sediment that riparian buffers cannot
attenuate. However, in most watersheds, a large proportion (approximately 70%) of these pollutants can be eliminated from
streams with buffers. Cumulative frequency distributions of load reduction potential indicate that targeting pollution reduction
in the highest 10% of Wisconsin watersheds would reduce total phosphorus and sediment loads in the entire state by approximately
20%. These results support our approach of geographically targeting nonpoint source pollution reduction at multiple scales,
including the watershed scale. 相似文献
5.
Qiu Z 《Environmental management》2003,32(3):299-311
Conservation buffers have the potential to reduce agricultural nonpoint source pollution and improve terrestrial wildlife habitat, landscape biodiversity, flood control, recreation, and aesthetics. Conservation buffers, streamside areas and riparian wetlands are being used or have been proposed to control agricultural nonpoint source pollution. This paper proposes an innovative strategy for placing conservation buffers based on the variable source area (VSA) hydrology. VSAs are small, variable but predictable portion of a watershed that regularly contributes to runoff generation. The VSA-based strategy involves the following three steps: first, identifying VSAs in landscapes based on natural characteristics such as hydrology, land use/cover, topography and soils; second, targeting areas within VSAs for conservation buffers; third, refining the size and location of conservation buffers based on other factors such as weather, environmental objectives, available funding and other best management practices. Building conservation buffers in VSAs allows agricultural runoff to more uniformly enter buffers and stay there longer, which increases the buffers capacity to remove sediments and nutrients. A field-scale example is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of the within-VSA conservation buffer scenario relative to a typical edge-of-field buffer scenario. The results enhance the understanding of hydrological processes and interactions between agricultural lands and conservation buffers in agricultural landscapes, and provide practical guidance for land resource managers and conservationists who use conservation buffers to improve water quality and amenity values of agricultural landscape. 相似文献
6.
Protected areas (PAs) are cornerstones of biodiversity conservation, but small parks alone cannot support wide-ranging species,
such as the tiger. Hence, forest dynamics in the surrounding landscapes of PAs are also important to tiger conservation. Tiger
landscapes often support considerable human population in proximity of the PA, sometimes within the core itself, and thus
are subject to various land use activities (such as agricultural expansion and road development) driving habitat loss and
fragmentation. We synthesize information from 27 journal articles in 24 tiger landscapes to assess forest-cover dynamics in
tiger-range countries. Although 29% of the PAs considered in this study have negligible change in overall forest cover, approximately
71% are undergoing deforestation and fragmentation. Approximately 58% of the total case studies have human settlements within
the core area. Most changes—including agricultural expansion, plantation, and farming (52%), fuelwood and fodder collection
(43%), logging (38%), grazing (38%), and tourism and development (10%)—can be attributed to human impacts largely linked to
the nature of the management regime. This study highlights the need for incorporating new perspectives, ideas, and lessons
learned locally and across borders into management plans to ensure tiger conservation in landscapes dominated by human activities.
Given the increasing isolation of most parks due to agricultural, infrastructural, and commercial developments at the periphery,
it is imperative to conduct planning and evaluation at the landscape level, as well as incorporate multiple actors and institutions
in planning, instead of focusing solely on conservation within the PAs as is currently the case in most tiger parks. 相似文献
7.
Reducing Nitrogen Export from the Corn Belt to the Gulf of Mexico: Agricultural Strategies for Remediating Hypoxia 下载免费PDF全文
Eileen McLellan Dale Robertson Keith Schilling Mark Tomer Jill Kostel Doug Smith Kevin King 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2015,51(1):263-289
SPAtially Referenced Regression on Watershed models developed for the Upper Midwest were used to help evaluate the nitrogen‐load reductions likely to be achieved by a variety of agricultural conservation practices in the Upper Mississippi‐Ohio River Basin (UMORB) and to compare these reductions to the 45% nitrogen‐load reduction proposed to remediate hypoxia in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM). Our results indicate that nitrogen‐management practices (improved fertilizer management and cover crops) fall short of achieving this goal, even if adopted on all cropland in the region. The goal of a 45% decrease in loads to the GoM can only be achieved through the coupling of nitrogen‐management practices with innovative nitrogen‐removal practices such as tile‐drainage treatment wetlands, drainage–ditch enhancements, stream‐channel restoration, and floodplain reconnection. Combining nitrogen‐management practices with nitrogen‐removal practices can dramatically reduce nutrient export from agricultural landscapes while minimizing impacts to agricultural production. With this approach, it may be possible to meet the 45% nutrient reduction goal while converting less than 1% of cropland in the UMORB to nitrogen‐removal practices. Conservationists, policy makers, and agricultural producers seeking a workable strategy to reduce nitrogen export from the Corn Belt will need to consider a combination of nitrogen‐management practices at the field scale and diverse nitrogen‐removal practices at the landscape scale. 相似文献
8.
Maintaining the Conservation Value of Shifting Cultivation Landscapes Requires Spatially Explicit Interventions 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Fallow vegetation within landscapes dominated by shifting cultivation represents a woody species pool of critical importance
with considerable potential for biodiversity conservation. Here, through the analysis of factors that influence the early
stages of fallow vegetation regrowth in two contrasting forest margin landscapes in Southern Cameroon, we assessed the impact
of current trends of land use intensification and expansion of the cultivated areas, upon the conservation potential of shifting
cultivation landscapes. We combined the analysis of plot and landscape scale factors and identified a complex set of variables
that influence fallow regrowth processes in particular the characteristics of the agricultural matrix and the distance from
forest. Overall we observed a decline in the fallow species pool, with composition becoming increasingly dominated by species
adapted to recurrent disturbance. It is clear that without intervention and if present intensification trends continue, the
potential of fallow vegetation to contribute to biodiversity conservation declines because of a reduced capacity, (1) to recover
forest vegetation with anything like its original species composition, (2) to connect less disturbed forest patches for forest
dependent organisms. Strategies to combat biodiversity loss, including promotion of agroforestry practices and the increase
of old secondary forest cover, will need not only to operate at a landscape scale but also to be spatially explicit, reflecting
the spatial pattern of species reservoirs and dispersal strategies and human usage across landscapes. 相似文献
9.
Agricultural landscapes illustrate the impact of human actions on physical settings, and differential human pressures cause
these landscapes to change with time. Our study explored changes in the terraced landscapes of Nisyros Island, Greece, focusing
on the socioeconomic aspects during two time periods using field data, cadastral research, local documents, and published
literature, as well as surveys of the islanders. Population increases during the late 19th to early 20th centuries marked a significant escalation of terrace and dry stone wall construction, which facilitated cultivation on 58.4%
of the island. By the mid-20th century, the economic collapse of agricultural activities and consequent emigration caused the abandonment of cultivated
land and traditional management practices, dramatically reducing farm and field numbers. Terrace abandonment continued in
recent decades, with increased livestock grazing becoming the main land management tool; as a result, both farm and pasture
sizes increased. Neglect and changing land use has led to deterioration and destruction of many terraces on the island. We
discuss the socioeconomic and political backgrounds responsible for the land-use change before World War II (annexation of
Nisyros Island by the Ottoman Empire, Italy, and Greece; overseas migration opportunities; and world transportation changes)
and after the war (social changes in peasant societies; worldwide changes in agricultural production practices). The adverse
landscape changes documented for Nisyros Island appear to be inevitable for modern Mediterranean rural societies, including
those on other islands in this region. The island’s unique terraced landscapes may qualify Nisyros to become an archive or
repository of old agricultural management techniques to be used by future generations and a living resource for sustainable
management. 相似文献
10.
Industrialized agriculture currently substitutes many of the ecological functions of soil micro-organisms, macroinvertebrates, wild plants, and vertebrate animals with high cost inputs of pesticides and fertilizers. Enhanced biological diversity potentially offers agricultural producers a means of reducing the cost of their production. Conservation of biodiversity in agricultural landscapes may be greatly enhanced by the adoption of certain crop management practices, such as reduced pesticide usage or measures to prevent soil erosion. Still, the vast monocultures comprising the crop area in many Canadian agricultural landscapes are often of limited conservation value, thus the inclusion of appropriate wildlife habitat in and around arable lands is a fundamental prerequisite for the integration of wild species within agricultural landscapes. This review of current literature considers the potential for non-crop areas within agricultural landscapes to be reservoirs of agronomically beneficial organisms including plants, invertebrates, and vertebrate species. Non-crop habitats adjacent to crop land have been identified as significant for the maintenance of plant species diversity, for the conservation of beneficial pollinating and predatory insects, and as essential habitat for birds. A key component for enhancement of biodiversity is the reintroduction of landscape heterogeneity by (1) protection and enhancement of key non-crop areas, (2) smaller fields and farms, and (3) a greater mixture of crops, through rotation, intercropping and regional diversification. The benefits of increased biodiversity within arable lands are reviewed for various species groups. In the Canadian context, any serious attempt to derive significant agronomic benefit from increased biodiversity will require considerable changes in the agricultural programs and policies which shape mainstream industrialized agriculture. The problems of crop depredation by vertebrate species, weed and insect competition, which still represent significant impediments to the creation and proper management of wildlife habitat, are also discussed. 相似文献
11.
Jordan NR Slotterback CS Cadieux KV Mulla DJ Pitt DG Olabisi LS Kim JO 《Environmental management》2011,48(1):1-12
Increasingly, total maximum daily load (TMDL) limits are being defined for agricultural watersheds. Reductions in non-point
source pollution are often needed to meet TMDL limits, and improvements in management of annual crops appear insufficient
to achieve the necessary reductions. Increased adoption of perennial crops and other changes in agricultural land use also
appear necessary, but face major barriers. We outline a novel strategy that aims to create new economic opportunities for
land-owners and other stakeholders and thereby to attract their voluntary participation in land-use change needed to meet
TMDLs. Our strategy has two key elements. First, focused efforts are needed to create new economic enterprises that capitalize
on the productive potential of multifunctional agriculture (MFA). MFA seeks to produce a wide range of goods and ecosystem
services by well-designed deployment of annual and perennial crops across agricultural landscapes and watersheds; new revenue
from MFA may substantially finance land-use change needed to meet TMDLs. Second, efforts to capitalize on MFA should use a
novel methodology, the Communicative/Systemic Approach (C/SA). C/SA uses an integrative GIS-based spatial modeling framework
for systematically assessing tradeoffs and synergies in design and evaluation of multifunctional agricultural landscapes,
closely linked to deliberation and design processes by which multiple stakeholders can collaboratively create appropriate
and acceptable MFA landscape designs. We anticipate that application of C/SA will strongly accelerate TMDL implementation,
by aligning the interests of multiple stakeholders whose active support is needed to change agricultural land use and thereby
meet TMDL goals. 相似文献
12.
C. Stoate A. Bldi P. Beja N.D. Boatman I. Herzon A. van Doorn G.R. de Snoo L. Rakosy C. Ramwell 《Journal of environmental management》2009,91(1):22-46
The impacts of agricultural land use are far-reaching and extend to areas outside production. This paper provides an overview of the ecological status of agricultural systems across the European Union in the light of recent policy changes. It builds on the previous review of 2001 devoted to the impacts of agricultural intensification in Western Europe. The focus countries are the UK, The Netherlands, Boreal and Baltic countries, Portugal, Hungary and Romania, representing a geographical spread across Europe, but additional reference is made to other countries. Despite many adjustments to agricultural policy, intensification of production in some regions and concurrent abandonment in others remain the major threat to the ecology of agro-ecosystems impairing the state of soil, water and air and reducing biological diversity in agricultural landscapes. The impacts also extend to surrounding terrestrial and aquatic systems through water and aerial contamination and development of agricultural infrastructures (e.g. dams and irrigation channels). Improvements are also documented regionally, such as successful support of farmland species, and improved condition of watercourses and landscapes. This was attributed to agricultural policy targeted at the environment, improved environmental legislation, and new market opportunities. Research into ecosystem services associated with agriculture may provide further pressure to develop policy that is targeted at their continuous provisioning, fostering motivation of land managers to continue to protect and enhance them. 相似文献
13.
Biodiversity Conservation,Ecosystem Services and Livelihoods in Tropical Landscapes: Towards a Common Agenda 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Trade-offs between ecosystem conservation and agricultural production can more easily be addressed by shifting the view from
the plot scale to the scale of the landscape and integrating biodiversity friendly land use systems into development strategies.
The provision of ecosystem services such as watershed protection and carbon sequestration by natural and complex agro-ecosystems
can play an important role in making such integrated landscape approaches viable. This special issue brings together papers
that were presented at a symposium on agroforestry and landscape scale conservation at the Second World Agroforestry Congress
in Nairobi in August 2009. It is divided into two sections focusing on: (1) the biological mechanisms and implications of
landscape scale conservation strategies as influenced by land use, especially agroforestry; and (2) the economic drivers and
public policies that determine to a large extent the success of agroforestry-based landscape conservation strategies. The
contributions provide evidence both for the potential and limitations of agroforestry in landscape scale conservation and
development strategies and highlight the importance of economic incentives and policies to promote integrated landscape solutions.
This introductory paper summarizes and discusses the contributions and concludes with policy recommendations and research
needs. 相似文献
14.
It is usually inappropriate to define rectangular land areas or administrative units as the extent for quantifying landscapes
that possess hierarchical structure. As a functional unit established by geophysical relationships, the watershed is one of
many natural scales in the hierarchical landscape. We examined the dynamics of the Yashiro watershed of Japan at the landscape
level using pattern metrics based on Landsat thematic mapper (TM) imagery from 1985 to 1998. This watershed provides important
habitats for the hooded crane (Grus monachus), a vulnerable species. While its world population has remained stable, the number wintering at Yashiro has declined in recent
years. Changes in landscape metrics reveal that the spatial pattern within the watershed underwent homogenization due to depopulation
of local people and shifts in local energy requirements and forest management policy at Yashiro. Specific changes include:
a decrease in bare land area from 6.2% to 1.0% of the landscape, increased forest cover from 69.2% to 76.1%, reduction in
patch number from 1194 to 616 and enlarged mean patch size, and a decrease in total edge from 223,740 m to 158,040 m. The
rate of change in landscape metrics indicates a rapid change towards homogeneity in the landscape since 1990. The temporal
changes in hooded crane populations corresponded to the changes in landscape. An alternative explanation has been proposed
that decline of the species is influenced by landscape dynamics affecting both habitat selection and food resources. Conservation
at the watershed scale is suggested to be complementary to the current conservation measures of the species. 相似文献
15.
Complex ecological issues like depredation and its management are determined by multiple factors acting at more than one scale and are interlinked with complex human social and economic behaviour. Depredation by wild herbivores can be a major obstacle to agricultural community support for wildlife conservation. For three decades, crop and fence damage, competition with livestock for native rangeland and tame pasture, and depredation of stored feed by elk (Cervus elaphus canadensis) have been the cause of conflict with agricultural producers in the Cypress Hills, Alberta and Saskatchewan. Tolerance of elk presence on private lands is low because few benefits accrue to private landowners; rather they largely perceive elk as a public resource produced at their expense. Government management actions have focused on abatement inputs (e.g., population reduction; fencing) and compensation, but incentives to alter land use patterns (crop choice and location) in response to damages have not been considered. Nor has there been information on spatial structure of the elk population that would allow targeted management actions instead of attempting to manage the entire population. In this study we analysed the spatial structure of the Cypress Hills elk population, the distribution of the elk harvest in relation to agricultural conflicts, developed models of the spatial patterns of conflict fields, and evaluated compensation patterns for damage by wild herbivores. We propose modifications to current abatement and compensation programs and discuss alternative approaches involving changes to agricultural land use patterns that may reduce the intensity of conflicts with elk, and increase the acceptance capacity of landowners. 相似文献
16.
Simoneta Negrete-Yankelevich Luciana Porter-Bolland José Luis Blanco-Rosas Isabelle Barois 《Environmental management》2013,52(1):45-60
Land degradation is a serious problem in tropical mountainous areas. Market prices, technological development, and population growth are often invoked as the prime causes. Using historical agrarian documents, literature sources, and historical population data, we (1) provide quantitative and qualitative evidence that the land degradation present at Sierra de Santa Marta (Los Tuxtlas, Mexico) has involved a historical reduction in the temporal, spatial, and diversity scales, in which individual farmers make management decisions, and has resulted in decreased maize productivity; and (2) analyze how these three scalar changes can be linked to policy, population growth, and agrarian history. We conclude that the historical reduction in the scales of land use decision-making and practices constitutes a present threat to indigenous agricultural heritage. The long-term viability of agriculture requires that initiatives consider incentives for co-responsibility with an initial focus on self-sufficiency. 相似文献
17.
Förster M Helms Y Herberg A Köppen A Kunzmann K Radtke D Ross L Itzerott S 《Environmental management》2008,41(4):584-598
The use of renewable energy in Europe offers the possibility of reducing greenhouse gas emissions, and contributes to energy
security and independence. With the reform of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and a variety of recently introduced national
directives supporting renewable energy sources in the European Union, the economic attractiveness of bioenergy production
has distinctly increased. This article combines an economic evaluation of biomass production with site-related natural conditions
of the Havelland region, situated in the north-east area of Germany. Two methods for evaluating site-specific potential biomass
yields were compared. For three example biomass crops, evaluations of yield estimations at agricultural lots for site-optimized
suitability (SOS) and conventional suitability (CS) were carried out. Both modelling approaches were compared. The results
of the GIS modelling indicate that the financial support for increasing the use of renewable energy with the German feed-in
system, called Erneuerbare-Energien-Gesetz (EEG), will possibly lead to an increased cultivation of crops with high biomass
output. This monocultural orientation of farming practices and the negative effects on the ecosystem could act in opposition
to other environmental initiatives of the EU. The outputs of the SOS analysis show that high biomass production could be integrated
into environmental policy proposals. Therefore, new EU policy should take modified subsidies into consideration in order to
avoid developing conflicts between small-scale changes in landscape ecosystems caused by large-scale transformations in energy
policy. 相似文献
18.
19.
Klaus Mittenzwei Gudbrand Lien Wendy Fjellstad Eva Øvren Wenche Dramstad 《Journal of environmental management》2010,91(4):861-868
Protected Landscapes (PLs) are increasingly used in Norway to conserve cultural (human modified) landscapes. In many cases the maintenance of agricultural activities in PLs is required to preserve landscape character. Whilst research exists on land conservation policies in general, the particular effects of PL on management and adjustment of the farms involved have not received attention in the literature. We present results from a questionnaire sent to owners of agricultural land within PLs in Norway. Whilst landowners were divided upon the effects of PLs on farm management, the economic situation of the farm was little affected. Furthermore, changes in farm management after the establishment of a PL did not seem to have been driven by the establishment of the PLs per se. Most importantly, farm management changes were related to potential options to develop the farm and its land. A statistical model showed that PL-farms did not differ significantly from farms outside PL in the development of their land use or animal husbandry. Our findings thus indicate that the establishment of PL played a minor role as a driving force of changes in farm management and farm income. 相似文献
20.
We compared measures of ecosystem state across six adjacent land-tenure groups in the intact tropical savanna landscapes of
northern Australia. Tenure groups include two managed by Aboriginal owners, two national parks, a cluster of pastoral leases,
and a military training area. This information is of relevance to the debate about the role of indigenous lands in the Australian
conservation estate. The timing and frequency of fire was determined by satellite imagery; the biomass and composition of
the herb-layer and the abundance of large feral herbivores by field surveys; and weediness by analysis of a Herbarium database.
European tenures varied greatly in fire frequencies but were consistently burnt earlier in the dry season than the two Aboriginal
tenures, the latter having intermediate fire frequencies. Weeds were more frequent in the European tenures, whilst feral animals
were most abundant in the Aboriginal tenures. This variation strongly implies a signature of current management and/or recent
environmental history. We identify indices suitable for monitoring of management outcomes in an extensive and sparsely populated
landscape. Aboriginal land offers a unique opportunity for the conservation of biodiversity through the maintenance of traditional
fire regimes. However, without financial support, traditional practices may prove unsustainable both economically and because
exotic weeds and feral animals will alter fire regimes. An additional return on investment in Aboriginal land management is
likely to be improved livelihoods and health outcomes for these disadvantaged communities. 相似文献