土地利用变化对成都市生态系统服务价值的影响

在引入Costanza的生态系统服务价值理论基础上,参照中国陆地生态系统单位面积服务功能价值表,尝试以生态系统服务价值为评价指标定量评价成都市土地利用总体规划(1997-2010年)对区域生态环境的影响.结果表明,成都市的生态系统服务功能价值将从1996年的115.06亿元增加到2010年的115.99亿元,净增加值为0.93亿元.土地利用变化的生态价值呈上升趋势,表明该市的土地利用规划基本是合理的,其实施对区域生态环境的改善具有一定的促进作用.     

流域水生态系统服务价值评估研究——以黄山市新安江为例

为全面认识新安江水资源价值,本文对河流生态系统的各项服务功能开展了定量评价。本文按照联合国千年评估对生态系统的划分方法(供给、调节、文化与支持4项服务),结合新安江流域水生态系统的特征和结构,建立了15项评估指标体系。以2013年为基准年,对新安江水生态系统服务功能及其生态经济价值进行评价。结果显示:新安江水生态系统服务总价值为73.72亿元,其中,提供产品功能价值9.58亿元、调节功能价值11.77亿元、支持功能价值24.13亿元、文化服务功能价值28.24亿元,分别占总价值的13.0%、16.0%、32.7%、38.3%。新安江单位面积提供的生态系统服务价值为0.41亿元/km~2,高于黄山市单位面积GDP产值0.28亿元/km~2。研究认为,新安江流域水生态系统对支持和保护当地经济发展具有重要作用,研究结果以期为新安江水资源有效管理和区域生态环境保护及水环境补偿提供生态学依据。     

基于生态绿当量模式的生态资产核算研究——以抚仙湖流域为例

生态资产是以货币的形式来度量生态系统为人类社会提供物资和生态服务的价值,核算一个区域的生态资产实际上就是评估一个区域的可持续发展能力。生态绿当量依据"服务功能相当、服务价值相当"的理论,以森林生态系统生态资产为参考标准,能简单、高效、可计量地核算出区域的生态资产价值。通过生态绿当量模式,核算了云南省抚仙湖流域1992—2014年间的生态资产价值。结果表明:1抚仙湖流域1992年、1996年、2001年、2006年、2010年、2014年生态资产价值分别为161.44亿元、162.02亿元、160.56亿元、160.49亿元、160.52亿元、160.45亿元,总体呈逐年下降趋势;2抚仙湖提供的生态价值占总资产价值的90%,湖泊在维持生态稳定方面起着非常重要的作用。     

玛纳期河流域土地类型及利用生态设计

对一个流域的资源开发与生态环境协调发展研究,本文在划分玛纳斯河流域土地类型的基础上,分析了土地类型的结构,演化规律、利用优势及限制因子.通过系统优化分析,对玛纳斯河流域土地利用进行了生态设计。     

御临河流域河流湿地生态系统服务价值评价

御临河流域河流湿地具有非常重要的生态服务功能,包括直接使用价值和间接使用价值。直接使用价值有物质生产功能、水资源服务、旅游休闲功能、科研文化功能等,间接使用价值包括气体调节功能、水分调蓄功能及河岸带湿地污染净化功能的价值等。本研究采用市场价值法、碳税法、影子工程法、类比法及旅行费用法对御临河流域河流湿地生态系统服务价值进行了初步估算,其生态系统服务总价值为4.39亿元人民币,是2000年该流域GDP的28.52%。研究结果表明,御临河流域河流湿地生态系统的服务价值是不容忽视的。在进行流域规划管理时必须重视自然生态系统的潜在价值,才能保证流域生态系统的健康及可持续发展。     

渭干河流域土地利用及生态系统服务价值变化研究

为研究土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响,参照相关研究成果,根据土地利用变化对渭干河流域的生态系统服务价值进行了估算。结果表明,1999—2007年研究区土地利用发生了较大变化,水域面积减速和建设用地面积增速最快;研究区的生态系统服务价值减少了34.58亿元;生态系统各单项服务价值呈减少趋势,水源涵养与土壤形成和保护所占比例最大;敏感性指数小于1,研究结果可信。     

基于土地利用变化的沂河流域生态服务价值研究

以沂河流域为例,在ARCGIS10.2中解译沂河流域2005年和2015年遥感影像,得到两期土地利用数据。并分析了2005—2015年沂河流域土地利用及其变化情况,以Costanza生态服务价值计算方法为参考,分析了沂河流域生态服务价值变化情况。结果表明:研究区耕地面积显著减少,但生态服务总价值却从2005年的2 338 964万元上升到2015年的2 427 039万元,上升了约3.77%,这主要是由于林地面积的增加带来的较高的生态服务价值。     

新疆孔雀河流域生态综合治理分区探讨

孔雀河流域及其沿河荒漠河岸林是塔里木河流域及其下游"绿色走廊"的重要组成,在区域生态安全保障与绿洲经济稳定发展中具有重要作用。近几十年,在人类活动为主的扰动下,流域生态系统退化显著,基于流域各生态系统服务功能与具体特征,实施孔雀河流域分区生态综合治理具有实际的意义。这项工作基于多年研究认识,结合孔雀河各区域生态环境问题以及解决措施与途径,将其分为三个生态保育治理分区:1博斯腾湖湖泊-湿地生态保育区;2孔雀河上、中游胡杨林生态恢复治理区;3孔雀河下游荒漠河岸林生态保育恢复区。针对每个分区各自特征制定相应的生态保育对策,旨在因地制宜地对孔雀河流域实施有效的生态修复与保育。     

土地利用及生态系统服务价值变化研究——以长海县为例

以辽宁省长海县为研究区,选取2002年、2006年、2009年和2013年遥感影像数据与土地利用数据,参照已有的生态系统服务价值研究成果,基于长海县的实际情况进行适当调整后,对长海县的生态系统服务价值进行了初步估算。结果表明:12002—2013年,长海县的土地利用变化非常明显,主要表现在建设用地面积增幅和未利用地面积减幅明显,建设用地土地利用动态度为1.12%;2长海县2002—2013年的生态系统服务价值趋于减少,11年间减少了591.99万元;3长海县生态系统单项服务功能价值多数呈减少趋势,水源涵养和废物处理所占比例最多;4长海县各地类敏感性指数小于1,生态系统服务价值随着价值系数变化的变化量小,对其敏感性小。     

基于生态服务价值的土地利用变化影响分析——以包头市为例

以包头市为例,根据包头市1996—2006年土地利用变更数据,利用Costanza生态系统服务价值计算方法和中国陆地生态系统单位面积服务价值表,研究了包头市近十年来土地利用变化对生态系统服务价值的影响。研究表明,包头市1996—2006年间生态系统服务价值从189.49亿元增加到192.34亿元,生态系统服务价值上升了2.85亿元,价值变化率为1.48%,说明包头市土地利用环境整体朝着有利的方向发展,但是各单项生态系统服务功能的发展还不十分平衡。     

UTILIZATION OF REMOTE SENSING IN RIVER BASIN STUDIES1

ABSTRACT: Remote sensing techniques have the potential for significantly reducing the level of effort in a river basin water quality study. An immediate requirement exists, however, for the formulation of the proper methodology for the application of remote sensing to this problem area. A general methodology is proposed for conduct of river basin water quality studies. The primary advantage offered by the proposed methodology is a technique for rapid evaluation of the water quality conditions of a river basin. Remote sensing techniques are a fundamental part of the methodology. The proposed methodology consists of two phases. Phase I deals with the study of the water resource characteristics of the basin as a system and identification of “critical areas.” Phase II of the methodology involves the detailed study of the critical areas by means of computerized water quality simulation models.     

干旱区绿洲土地覆盖变化遥感应用研究--以新疆于田绿洲为例

从人地关系理论出发以土地利用变化为切入点通过野外调查和遥感动态监测对干旱区绿洲土地覆盖变化规律进行了研究.在考察数据和对遥感图像的分类结果的评价的基础上对干旱区绿洲土地利用/土地覆盖空间动态变化进行规律性分析提出只有协调人地关系、加强区域地理建设才是使干旱区绿洲地区避免荒漠化的唯一道路.     

Catastrophic flood and forest cover change in the Huong river basin,central Viet Nam: A gap between common perceptions and facts

Recent catastrophic floods in Viet Nam have been increasingly linked to land use and forest cover change in the uplands. Despite the doubts that many scientists have expressed on such nexus, this common view prompted both positive forest protection/reforestation programs and often-unwarranted blame on upland communities for their forest management practices. This study discusses the disparity between public perceptions and scientific evidences relating the causes of catastrophic floods. The former was drawn on the results of a questionnaire and focus groups discussions with key informants of different mountainous communities, whereas the latter was based on GIS and remote sensing analysis of land cover change, including a statistical analysis of hydro-meteorological data of the Huong river basin in Viet Nam. Results indicate that there is a gap between the common beliefs and the actual relationship between the forest cover change and catastrophic floods. Undeniably, the studied areas showed significant changes in land cover over the period 1989–2008, yet, 71% of the variance of catastrophic flood level in the downstream areas appeared related to variance in rainfall. Evidences from this study showed that the overall increasing trends of catastrophic flooding in the Huong river basin was mainly due to climate variability and to the development of main roads and dyke infrastructures in the lowlands. Forest management policies and programs, shaped on the common assumption that forest degradation in the upland is the main cause of catastrophic flood in the downstream areas, should be reassessed to avoid unnecessary strain on upland people.     

气候遥感解译法在区域气候研究中的应用

运用遥感手段进行气候资源普查和生态气候类型的划分,是现代应用气候的一种新的研究方法,也是遥感技术应用的一个新领域。研究实践证明,遥感技术对于下垫面气候研究具有独特的功能,特别是对地方气候分析提供了新的内容和手段。本文以内蒙古兴安盟科右中旗和突泉县为列,对气候遥感解译法进行初步分析和概述,以促进该研究法在区域气候研究中更广泛地推广和应用。     

基于RS的农业生产方式变化对区域景观生态的影响分析——以新疆玛纳斯县农业为例

21世纪初的玛纳斯县域土地利用面临新的政策和技术背景,采用遥感技术对2000年和2005年玛纳斯县域人类主要活动区各类景观进行比对分析,发现研究区内耕地、城镇景观面积出现大幅增长,林地、草地景观面积显著下降,“农林”、“农草”争水、争地的矛盾逐渐激化,水资源的供需处于“紧平衡”状态,区域景观生态系统的多样性、稳定性降低。分析表明农业产业组织形式的创新和农业节水灌溉技术的突破是玛纳斯县域景观生态变化的关键因子。     

水利水电工程建设对荒漠河岸林草的影响分析研究

以新疆喀什噶尔河流域克孜河卡拉贝利水利枢纽工程为例,采用水均衡模型计算方法,从工程建成后区域荒漠河岸林草耗水量变化、荒漠河岸林草区地下水位变化情况、工程建成后洪水过程变化等方面分析工程建设对工程影响区荒漠河岸林草的影响。评价结果显示,工程建成后,与现状相比荒漠河岸林草植被的耗水量有所增加,区域平均地下水埋深仍能维持现状,在河岸林草生长和繁殖的6-9月,区域地下水位较现状略有上升,可满足大部分荒漠河岸林草植被的正常生长需求,水库对5年一遇标准以下洪水不调蓄,不会对荒漠河岸林草的繁衍存活产生明显不利影响。     

基于RS与GIS的规划用地生态适宜性评价

利用遥感影像获取研究区土地利用类型,并运用GIS空间分析功能,分析了影响开发区规划用地生态适宜性的7个因子,并以此对生态适宜性进行综合评价,得到了定量化的评价结果,为区域规划奠定了基础。     

Effects of Land‐Use and Land‐Cover Change on Evapotranspiration and Water Yield in China During 1900‐20001

Abstract: China has experienced a rapid land‐use/cover change (LUCC) during the 20th Century, and this process is expected to continue in the future. How LUCC has affected water resources across China, however, remains uncertain due to the complexity of LUCC‐water interactions. In this study, we used an integrated Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model (DLEM) in conjunction with spatial data of LUCC to estimate the LUCC effects on the magnitude, spatial and temporal variations of evapotranspiration (ET), runoff, and water yield across China. Through comparisons of DLEM results with other model simulations, field observations, and river discharge data, we found that DLEM model can adequately catch the spatial and seasonal patterns of hydrological processes. Our simulation results demonstrate that LUCC led to substantial changes in ET, runoff, and water yield in most of the China’s river basins during the 20th Century. The temporal and spatial patterns varied significantly across China. The largest change occurred during the second half century when almost all of the river basins had a decreasing trend in ET and an increasing trend in water yield and runoff, in contrast to the inclinations of ET and declinations of water yield in major river basins, such as Pearl river basin, Yangtze river basin, and Yellow river basin during the first half century. The increased water yield and runoff indicated alleviated water deficiency in China in the late 20th Century, but the increased peak flow might make the runoff difficult to be held by reservoirs. The continuously increasing ET and decreasing water yield in Continental river basin, Southwest river basin, and Songhua and Liaohe river basin implied regional water deficiency. Our study in China indicates that deforestation averagely increased ET by 138 mm/year but decreased water yield by the same amount and that reforestation averagely decreased ET by 422 mm/year since most of deforested land was converted to paddy land or irrigated cropland. In China, cropland‐related land transformation is the dominant anthropogenic force affecting water resources during the 20th Century. On national average, cropland expansion was estimated to increase ET by 182 mm/year while cropland abandonment decreased ET by 379 mm/year. Our simulation results indicate that urban sprawl generally decreased ET and increased water yield. Cropland managements (fertilization and irrigation) significantly increased ET by 98 mm/year. To better understand LUCC effects on China’s water resources, it is needed to take into account the interactions of LUCC with other environmental changes such as climate and atmospheric composition.     

河长制在促进完善流域生态补偿机制中的作用研究

河长制平台在促进完善流域生态补偿机制方面具有非常重要的作用,是实现流域水环境可持续管理的关键突破口。本研究梳理了完善流域生态补偿机制的必要性,分析了利用河长制平台完善流域生态补偿机制的可行性,并以跨界断面监测为技术衔接点,以完善跨界断面的设置、考核指标和考核目标作为突破点,利用河长制的高位推动、组织体系和部门联动,从技术方法、监测体系和补偿方式三个方面提出了完善流域生态补偿机制的建议:一是发挥河长制科技支撑作用,完善流域生态补偿技术方法;二是发挥河长制部门协同作用,完善流域生态补偿监测体系;三是发挥河长制统筹兼顾作用,完善流域生态补偿方式。     

A regional framework for establishing recovery criteria

Effective assessments of aquatic ecosystem recovery require ecologically sound endpoints against which progress can be measured. Site-by-site assessments of end points and potential recovery trajectories are impractical for water resource agencies. Because of the natural variation among ecosystems, applying a single set of criteria nationwide is not appropriate either. This article demonstrates the use of a regional framework for stratifying natural variation and for determining realistic biological criteria. A map of ecoregions, drawn from landscape characteristics, formed the framework for three statewide case studies and three separate studies at the river basin scale. Statewide studies of Arkansas, Ohio, and Oregon, USA, streams demonstrated patterns in fish assemblages corresponding to ecoregions. The river basin study in Oregon revealed a distinct change at the ecoregion boundary; those in Ohio and Montana demonstrated the value of regional reference sites for assessing recovery. Ecoregions can be used to facilitate the application of ecological theory and to set recovery criteria for various regions of states or of the country. Such a framework provides an important alternative between site-specific and national approaches for assessing recovery rates and conditions.