一种四电极电导率传感器的研制与实验

采用高温共烧结技术制备将工作电极与激励电极热压并一次共烧成一体的电导敏感芯体,测量范围0~200μS/cm,精度小于±1.5%FS。介绍了该电导传感器的测量原理、电路方案、封装结构及工艺流程。通过对其进行性能实验,验证该传感器具有测量精度高的特定,并考核了传感器的长期稳定性。     

水中氧化还原电位测定方法的比较研究

针对目前测定水中氧化还原电位常用的铂电极直接测定法和去极化法,主要在方法原理、测定仪器、实验操作、准确度和测试时效等方面对这两种测定方法进行分析和比较研究。实验结果表明:直接法对于复杂介质样品测定时间长,测量不稳定且误差大;去极化法优点突出,对于复杂介质样品的测定时间较短,在保证数据准确的同时又提高了工作效率。     

氨电极测定空气中氨的方法研究

本文对氨电极测定空气中氨的方法进行了研究，确定了最佳分析条件。分析方法的精密度，其平均变异系数为４７％；平均回收率为９９８％，测定结果与纳氏试剂比色法无显著性差异，该方法适用于空气中氨的测定。     

对离子选择电极法测定氟化物时电极清洗方法的改进

离子选择电极法测定氟化物时,电极清洗采用ｐＨ为４～５的配性溶液,省时、省力,且不影响电极性能及测定结果。     

锑电极测试油田污水pH值方法的试验研究

为了在线测试中原油田污水水质改性后碱性废水的ｐＨ值,进行了锑电极酸度计测试油田污水ｐＨ值方法的试验研究。该酸度计主要由刮板电机、清洗刮板、温度测量电极、锑电级、参比电极、防护罩等组成。室内实验中锑电极测定两种标准缓冲液的ｐＨ值,当温度小于６０℃时,最大绝对误差为０．２３;温度为７０℃时为０．４６。在采油二厂濮二联合站进行半年的现场监测对比实验,相对于标准电极,该电极测量的最大绝对误差为０．３２,相对误差３．９％,比玻璃电极和复合电极精密度略低,但能够满足现场监测要求,且寿命较长。     

用于生态补偿监测的酸性高锰酸盐指数分析方法的改进

采用一种新的标定方法,即取蒸馏水后直接放入沸水浴中加热30min,再加硫酸和草酸钠标准使用溶液,然后用高锰酸钾溶液滴定。通过新旧方法准确度、精密度和实际样品的对比实验,结果表明改进后的标定方法与国标中的标定方法的测定结果无显著性差异。精密度的相对标准偏差为0.2%,准确度的相对误差小于5%,具有较高的精密度和准确度,确定该标定方法可以使用。     

饮用水中氟浓度测定方法改进及影响因素分析

提出了一种测定水中氟化物电极的洗涤方法,实验结果表明:利用稀盐酸代替蒸馏水对氟电极和参比电极进行洗涤,可以缩短电极的洗涤时间,提高工作效率3～4倍.同时对用稀盐酸洗涤电极法测定水中氟化物浓度的影响因素进行了分析.     

电导率法测定平流沉淀池停留时间的研究

对电导率法测定平流沉淀池的停留时间进行研究并进行了实际应用,与传统的Cl-浓度测定法相比,电导率法简便易行,准确度也较高。     

氯离子选择性电极法测定钻井废水氯离子含量

利用氯离子选择性电极测定钻井废水中的氯离子含量，分别用两种方法对钻井废水进行了预处理，氯离子在0-250mg/L的范围内线形关系良好，相关系数为0.9968,并且重现性和选择性良好、精密度与准确度较理想。     

石油开发废水中氯化物的测定──氯离子选择电极法

用氯离子选择电极法测定油田废水中氯化物是一种新方法。通过电极响应平衡速度试验、干扰消除试验、方法适应性试验等，探讨了温度对能斯特斜率的影响；ＰＨ对测定值的影响；总离子强度调节缓冲溶液（ＴＩＳＡＢ）的选择。本方法分析速度快，测定浓度范围宽，操作简便，成本低，值得推广。     

On-farm measurement of electrical conductivity for the estimation of ammonium nitrogen concentration in pig slurry

Pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) slurry (PS) is commonly applied as fertilizer to agricultural fields. Knowledge of PS nitrogen content is essential for good management, but PS nitrogen content is highly variable, not only between farms but also within a farm. Laboratory analysis of animal slurries is often expensive and impractical for routine farmer use. Therefore, when slurry is spread on land, its fertilizer value is generally unknown, resulting in the risk of pollution. In this work, two rapid and suitable for field use methods for determining PS ammonium N (NH(4)+-N) concentration (Quantofix and conductimetry) are evaluated. The electrical conductivity of a dilution 1 PS:9 distilled water had better results than Quantofix, did not need reagents, and gave a direct value of NH(4)+-N concentrations (range, 1.0-7.6 kg NH(4)+-N m(-3)). The conductimetry method allows the use of alternative waters with EC <1.9 dS m(-1) for dilution. This method is being introduced to farmers in northeast Spain to improve PS management and has been well received due to its low cost and ease of use.     

重碳酸型地下水矿化度测定方法的探讨——以洛阳市浅层地下水为例

矿化度是地下水化学成份测定的重要指标，在环境监测中，用重量法测定矿化度是目前普遍采用的方法。其缺点主要为费时，繁琐，耗电。本文通过测定洛阳市地下水的电导率，分析对比电导率与矿化度的关联，并进一步用回归方程确定电导率与矿化度之间的数量关系，探索出用电导率法间接测定地下水矿化度，具有快速，经济，准确的优点。     

ASSESSMENT OF HYDRAULIC PROPERTIES IN AN UNCONFINED ALLUVIAL AQUIFER NEAR GRAND ISLAND,NEBRASKA1

ABSTRACT: A method is presented to analyze time-drawdown data from one or more observation wells for the calculation of four hydraulic parameters for unconfined aquifers: vertical hydraulic conductivity, horizontal hydraulic conductivity, storage coefficient, and specific yield. The hydraulic parameter results are further analyzed for reliability and the possible ranges of the actual parameter values. After verification using a theoretical example, the method was used to analyze pumping test data from 22 observation wells in an unconfined alluvial aquifer near Grand Island, Nebraska. Results indicate that this method can be used to efficiently calculate the four hydraulic parameters in this type of aquifer. The method can also identify the impact of measurement errors on the parameter estimates, and provide ranges of the actual parameter values. The parameter values calculated using this method were compared to those determined using other theories. It is found that this method is very useful for calculating the hydraulic properties from pumping test data and for analyzing the parameter reliability.     

ESTIMATING AQUIFER PARAMETERS FROM A HORIZONTAL WELL PUMPING TEST IN AN UNCONFINED AQUIFER1

ABSTRACT: A pumping test on a phreatic glacial till aquifer was performed near Ames, Iowa, in November 1990. The head in a horizontal well was pumped down rapidly and then held constant for the duration of the 30-hour test. Throughout the test, the flow rate at the pumped well and the head at an adjacent vertical observation well were recorded. The pumping test data were used to determine the hydraulic conductivity and specific yield of the aquifer. The results indicate a hydraulic conductivity of 2.23 × 10^?5 cm/s and a representative specific yield of 0.03. Hydraulic conductivity was calculated by a simple integration of Darcy's Law after extrapolating the data to steady state. Specific yield was determined by use of several methods from the literature and a new method proposed by the author. The results show that specific yield increases with time, and that each method is within an order of magnitude of the others.     

SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF CONDUCTWITY AS APPLIED TO DISTRIBUTED PARAMETER INFILTRATION MODELS1

ABSTRACT: Two infiltration models, called VVSIM (variable variance stochastic infiltration model) and EVVSIM (enhanced variable variance stochastic infiltration model), are developed in this study. A distributed parameter infiltration model can estimate the amount of infiltration over a field area by computing the infiltration over zones of the field area. Hydraulic conductivity is the most important parameter determining infiltration in simulations by infiltration models. The performance of an infiltration model depends on how well the model accommodates the complicated spatial distribution of hydraulic conductivity. The two proposed models include the effects of spatial correlation of the conductivity distribution. Virtual conductivity fields are generated using the turning bands method. Monte Carlo simulations show that the proposed models give infiltration estimates more accurate than those obtained by the other models employed.     

Development and Integration of a Groundwater Simulation Model to an Open Geographic Information System

This study presents the implementation of a spatial decision support system (SDSS) named ARENA. The program has been developed based on object‐oriented concepts using the Java programming language. The SDSS is made up of a groundwater simulation tool coupled to an open geographic information system (open GIS). Both the open GIS and groundwater simulation package share common spatial and nonspatial entities during the modeling process. A dedicated interface provides direct access to the GIS data without the need of external files. The finite element method is used to solve the partial differential equation that governs groundwater flow. The system implementation is presented by depicting the main classes and coupling procedures. A study case demonstrates the applicability of the simulation tool.     

Managing Uncertainty in Runoff Estimation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National Stormwater Calculator

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency National Stormwater Calculator (NSWC) simplifies the task of estimating runoff through a straightforward simulation process based on the EPA Stormwater Management Model. The NSWC accesses localized climate and soil hydrology data, and options to experiment with low‐impact development (LID) features for parcels up to 5 ha in size. We discuss how the NSWC treats the urban hydrologic cycle and focus on the estimation uncertainty in soil hydrology and its impact on runoff simulation by comparing field‐measured soil hydrologic data from 12 cities to corresponding NSWC estimates in three case studies. The default NSWC hydraulic conductivity is 10.1 mm/h, which underestimates conductivity measurements for New Orleans, Louisiana (95 ± 27 mm/h) and overestimates that for Omaha, Nebraska (3.0 ± 1.0 mm/h). Across all cities, the NSWC prediction, on average, underestimated hydraulic conductivity by 10.5 mm/h compared to corresponding measured values. In evaluating how LID interact with soil hydrology and runoff response, we found direct hydrologic interaction with pre‐existing soil shows high sensitivity in runoff prediction, whereas LID isolated from soils show less impact. Simulations with LID on higher permeability soils indicate that nearly all of pre‐LID runoff is treated; while features interacting with less‐permeable soils treat only 50%. We highlight the NSWC as a screening‐level tool for site runoff dynamics and its suitability in stormwater management.     

PERMEABILITY OF AIR AND IMMISCIBLE ORGANIC LIQUIDS IN POROUS MEDIA1

ABSTRACT: The conductivity of air, mineral oil (relative viscosity 77), and a light nontoxic oil (relative viscosity 4.7) was measured in three porous media: a sand, loamy sand, and a silt loam. The measurements were made over a range of water contents for each porous medium. Small volumes of air were present as well as significant amounts of water during most of the oil conductivity measurements. The results were compared to two methods for calculating conductivities of immiscible fluids in water-wet porous media. A new equation that accounts for swelling and for the gas slippage effect in very small pores was formulated for use with these methods The observed conductivities, spanning seven orders of magnitude, agree reasonably well with calculated values. Only three soil parameters are required to calculate the conductivities: (1) the saturated conductivity of water, (2) the saturated conductivity of the immiscible fluid of interest, and (3) a pore size index value that is obtained from an estimate from the water release curve of the porous material. Remediation of organic liquid spills is briefly discussed to illustrate the practical applications of gas phase conductivities, as well as those for immiscible organic liquid phases. It is concluded that, in light of spatial variation under field conditions, the method presented for calculating values of three-phase conductivities will be useful in the management of immiscible organic liquid spills and leaks.     

Influence of data preprocessing on the quantitative determination of nutrient content in poultry manure by near infrared spectroscopy

With increasing concern over potential polltion from farm wastes, there is a need for rapid and robust methods that can analyze livestock manure nutrient content. The near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) method was used to determine nutrient content in diverse poultry manure samples (n=91). Various standard preprocessing methods (derivatives, multiplicative scatter correction, Savitsky-Golay smoothing, and standard normal variate) were applied to reduce data systemic noise. In addition, a new preprocessing method known as direct orthogonal signal correction (DOSC) was tested. Calibration models for ammonium nitrogen, total potassium, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus were developed with the partial least squares (PLS) method. The results showed that all the preprocessed data improved prediction results compared with the non-preprocessing method. Compared with the other preprocessing methods, the DOSC method gave the best results. The DOSC method achieved moderately successful prediction for ammonium nitrogen, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus. However, all preprocessing methods did not provide reliable prediction for total potassium. This indicates the DOSC method, especially combined with other preprocessing methods, needs further study to allow a more complete predictive analysis of manure nutrient content.