SNCR脱硝技术在循环流化床锅炉上的应用

分析了循环流化床锅炉特性和SNCR烟气脱硝技术的特点,通过CFD计算分析,对烟气和还原剂喷射混合过程进行了研究,得到了较理想的SNCR脱硝流场设计结果。在某75t/h循环流化床锅炉SNCR烟气脱硝工程上的初步应用结果表明,SNCR烟气脱硝效率可达55%以上,系统简捷、性能可靠,是循环流化床锅炉进行NOx控制的理想选择。     

高硫燃料烟气干式超净工艺技术应用

广州石化2×420t/h燃烧高硫石油焦燃料CFB锅炉采用DSC-M烟气干式超净技术,对原有的LJD干法脱硫除尘净化系统进行升级改造,并新增SNCR和COA协同脱硝装置,升级后的净烟气排放均满足最新"50355+530"超净要求。实践证明,循环流化床(CFB)锅炉配套DSC-M烟气干式超净技术是一种投资省、综合净化效益高的烟气超净路线,在燃烧高硫燃料的CFB炉具有广阔的应用前景和推广意义。     

一种改善SNCR窗口温度的新工艺

SNCR脱硝工艺在循环流化床锅炉的脱硝改造上的应用十分广泛,但由于有些锅炉温度过低,如不采取特殊措施就无法满足环保要求。文章简要介绍了NOx脱除的机理,通过在烟气中加入CH_4,可改善SNCR的反应条件,提高反应效率。     

烧结烟气脱硫净化工程的最适宜技术选择

对冶金企业带式烧结机烟气净化工程所采用的技术路线进行了全面论述。根据烧结烟气有别于锅炉烟气的特点,强调贯彻"一机多效,协同减排"的原则,不可能照搬火电厂传统湿式脱硫和干式脱硝工艺,从当前的技术和经济发展水平出发,烧结烟气净化工程的最适用技术应当首选新型干法和半干法流程,如CFB(循环流化床法)、SDA(旋喷干燥法)和NID(新型一体化),此外,AC(活性炭/焦吸附法)和EBA(电子束-氨法)工艺也值得重视。对于大型带式烧结机,有必要采用烟气分割技术,有选择地实施部分烟气净化处理,既经济高效又可实现协同净化。     

影响循环流化床（CFB）锅炉脱硫效率的因素及解决办法探讨

通过对影响循环流化床（CFB）锅炉脱硫效率的因素进行分析,根据近年有关单位的研究和国内CFB电厂的生产实践,提出循环流化床锅炉通过采取合理控制燃烧温度、循环物料量和床层物料量的优化设计、气相停留时间及固相停留时间的优化设计、采用合理的石灰石粒度、采用带有外置床的CFB锅炉等措施,可在较低的钙硫比情况下使脱硫效率达到94%以上。     

SNCR烟气脱硝工艺在不同炉型上的应用

选择性非催化还原(SNCR)烟气脱硝工艺的效率完全依赖于温度窗口,不同炉型的适用性差别较大。结合多个工程案例,描述了SNCR工艺在循环流化床锅炉、煤粉炉、链条炉及其它炉型上的脱硝效果,分析了各种影响因素,为SNCR工艺在不同炉型中的应用提供了参考。     

烟气循环流化床脱硫脱硝一体化技术中试研究

选择KMnO4和NaClO作为脱硝添加剂主料,在烟气循环流化床脱硫的基础上,对高含NOx浓度的玻璃窑炉烟气进行中试试验。结果表明,强氧化性添加剂KMnO4和NaClO用于循环流化床脱硫脱硝一体化具有很好的效果,脱硝效率最大可达67.2%,并具有较好的持续性。对脱硝效率的影响因素进行分析,结果表明:增大添加剂的使用量可以提高脱硝效率;两种不同的添加剂具有不同的脱硝效应,其中使用NaClO为主料的添加剂短期效果较好,使用KMnO4为主料的添加剂持续效果更好。     

循环流化床锅炉用电除尘器的技术措施

一、循环流化床锅炉烟尘的基本特点循环流化床锅炉（CirculatingFluidized－BedBoiler，简称为CFB）燃煤适应性强，炉内喷钙脱硫率高达90％以上，由于炉内温度较低，NOx很少形成，排放可基本达标。另外，它能在低负荷下正常运行，特别适用于中、小型机组、热电厂和调峰机组使用。正因为如此，它被称为环保节能型新式锅炉。目前世界上正在大力推广应用。但由于炉内掺钙脱硫而较大幅度地降低了烟气中SO2的含量，同时烟尘中钙的化合物含量大量增加，这都导致烟尘比电阻增高。由于掺钙和脱硫，增加了大量的粉尘，使得烟气的含尘量大幅度地…     

TDB高效电袋组合除尘器在CFB锅炉的应用

通过分析TDB高效电袋组合除尘器在鄂尔多斯某热电生产中心3×440t／h循环流化床（CFB）锅炉安装运行后的显著除尘效果,介绍了除尘器选型的依据和过程,以及除尘设备的结构和特点、关键技术、运行状况等,为大型流化床锅炉选用除尘器提供了借鉴。     

影响循环流化床锅炉石灰石脱硫效率的因素分析

循环流化床锅炉不仅燃烧效率高、燃料适应性广、负荷调节性能好;而且脱硫效率高、运行成本低、设施简单可靠,近年来得到了快速发展.本文研究了循环流化床炉内脱硫机理,分析了影响脱硫效率的主要因素,对提高循环流化床脱硫效率和石灰石利用率,减少锅炉烟气二氧化硫排放浓度,降低脱硫剂的消耗量具有指导意义,在流化床脱硫系统设计、优化运行...     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

Biodiversity and biotechnology

The maintenance of biodiversity is urged from many quarters and on grounds ranging from aesthetic considerations to its usefulness, particularly for biotechnology. But regardless of the grounds for preserving biodiversity, writers are generally in agreement that it should be preserved. But, in examining the various references biodiversity, such as species diversity, genetic diversity, and habitat diversity, it is apparent that we cannot aim to preserve biodiversityas such, since there are a number of conflicts in any such undertaking. In preserving one aspect of biodiversity, we damage another aspect. Five arguments which attempt to ground our moral concern for biodiversity are reviewed and critiqued, not only for their consistency but also for their power to move us to action. The final section of the paper shows how conflicts in the values of personal and environmental health can impair ethical action and especially policy formation.An earlier version of this paper was read at the conference on Agriculture, Food, and Human Values: Tradition and Change, Orlando, Florida, October 7–9, 1987.     

A Social Contract for Biotechnology: Shared Visions for Risky Technologies?

Future technological developmentsconcerning food, agriculture, and theenvironment face a gulf of social legitimationfrom a skeptical public and media, in the wakeof the crises of BSE, GM food, and foot andmouth disease in the UK (House of Lords, 2000). Keyethical issues were ignored by the bioindustry,regulators, and the Government, leaving alegacy of distrust. The paper examinesagricultural biotechnology in terms of a socialcontract, whose conditions would have to be fulfilled togain acceptance of novel applications. Variouscurrent and future GM applications areevaluated against these conditions. Successwould depend critically on how far a sharedvision can be found with the public. Tore-establish trust, significant changes areidentified in the planning and pursuit ofbiotechnology.