工业燃煤锅炉大气污染物控制技术（续）

工业燃煤锅炉大气污染物控制技术（续）ＰＯＬＬＵＩＯＮＣＯＮＴＲＯＬＦＯＲＩＮＤＵＳＴＲＩＡＬＣＯＡＬ－ＦＩＲＥＤＢＯＩＬＥＲＳ（ｃｏｎｔ．）三、ｓｏ２排放控制煤中含硫量多少决定ＳＯ２的排放量，因为只有一小部分硫在燃烧后仍残留在煤灰中。目前工业锅炉ＳＯ...     

成都市春季大气飘尘目标变换因子分析

对成都市大气飘尘（ＳＭＰ〈１０μｍ）用目标变换因子分析（ＴＴＦＡ）作源解析。结果表明，主要排放源及其贡献为，道路交通尘（１６．８％），冶金尘（１９．２％），垃圾与草木焚烧烟尘（２４．８％），燃煤飞灰（５４．３％），大气尘污染以煤烟为主。     

燃煤锅炉的烟尘排放情况的物料衡算法研究

燃煤锅炉产生的烟尘量与燃料的成分、锅炉的燃烧方式及除尘率有直接的关系,锅炉的燃烧方式分为层式燃烧和悬浮式燃烧,不同燃烧方式的产尘量有很大区别,通过物料衡算方法,尝试对使用不同燃烧方式的工业锅炉和电厂锅炉排放的烟尘量进行定量分析和计算,该法得到的数据较准确,一般接近监测得到的平均数据.     

工业燃煤锅炉大气污染物控制技术

工业燃煤锅炉大气污染物控制技术ＰＯＬＬＵＴＩＯＮＣＯＮＴＲＯＬＦＯＲＩＮＤＵＳＴＲＩＡＬＣＯＡＬ－ＦＩＲＥＤＢＯＩＬＥＲＳＳｉｇｎｉｆｉｃａｎｔｐｒｏｇｒｅｓｓｈａｓｂｅｅｎｍａｄｅｉｎｃｏｎｔｒｏｌｌｉｎｇａｉｒｐｏｌｌｕｔｉｏｎ（ｅ．ｇ．ｐａｒｔ...     

二重源解析技术在西宁市PM_（10）来源解析中的应用研究

在西宁市（青海大学、振兴、朝阳、马坊、颐豪、开发区、多巴）采样点采集大气PM10环境样品,针对西宁市颗粒物主要排放源采集土壤尘、建筑水泥尘、燃煤尘等排放源PM10样品,应用二重源解析技术得到了西宁市PM10源解析结果,六类污染源的年总贡献值213.6μg/m3,其中燃煤尘、建筑水泥尘、土壤风沙尘和机动车尾气尘对PM10的年分担率达到了83.2%。     

中药川附子痕量砷的测定

本文报道了以ＨＮＯ３ － ＨＣｌＯ４ 混酸消化、Ｈ２ＳＯ４ － ＫＩ－ Ｔｅ（ Ⅳ） 体系极谱法测定中药川附子中的砷。该方法使样品消化过程的砷损失大为减少并简化了分析过程。样品中砷含量在０－２ ～０－６μｇ·ｇ－ １ ,回收率８４ ％ ～１０８ ％ 。     

采用新型载体的好氧流化床的动力学研究

本文以稀释的味精废水为基质,对采用新型载体ＬＳＡＲ的好氧生物流化床进行动力学研究,求得动力学参数分别为γｍａｘ＝８．８１（ｇＣＯＤ／ｇｖｓ．ｄ）,Ｋｓ＝０２８９（ｇＣＯＤ／Ｌ）,Ｋｄ＝０．０４６ｄ＾－１,Ｙ＝０．１６（ｇｖｓ／ｇＣＯＤ）。其值基本处于文献的报导之内,说明以ＬＳＡＲ为载体的好氧微生物膜具有较好的活性,ＬＳＡＲ作为好氧流化床载体是可行的。     

双最大吸收光度法测定水中（Zn^2^＋）

在ＰＨ７ＨＡｃ—ＮａＡｃ溶液中，锌Ｚｎ２＋与５—Ｂｒ—ＰＡＤＡＰ反应，显色液由黄色变红色。本文依据有色溶液吸光度（Ａ）与入射波长（λ）及显色物质浓度（Ｘ）数学关系研究双最大吸收光度定量法测定水中锌。该方法可将黄色褪色和红色生色双重定量联合起来定量Ｚｎ２＋，分析灵敏度较高。实验表明，ＲＳＤ≤２％，检出限０．０１ｕｇ／ｍＬ，加标回收率９７．５％—１０５％。     

UASB反应器内部三组分离器的试验研究

根据上流式厌氧污泥床（ＵＡＳＢ）反应器的三相分离的作用原理，设计出了结构简单的三相分离器装置。通过小型装置的试验，证实了该装置气固液分离是充分的。当污泥回流缝在２．０～３．０厘米，沉降室进口污泥浓度在１６～２４ｇ／ｌ（ｓｓ）时，固液分离效率的仍高达８７．８％，示踪试验结果是平均留时间θｃ＝０．７８７，推流偏差系数θｐｆ＝０．４７０。进一步说明此装置的结构形式和尺寸是合理的，另外，通过试验还表明了采     

从抽提叶绿素后的蚕沙中提取叶蛋白

本文分析了从抽提叶绿素后的蚕沙中提取叶蛋白的工艺条件。结果表明：以０７％ＮａＯＨ作提取剂,料比１∶７,于６０℃搅拌提取６ｈ,叶蛋白的提取率为８４１２％;再用（１＋１）ＨＣｌ调ｐＨ值为３５,即得叶蛋白沉淀。按上述工艺条件,叶蛋白得率（以蚕沙干物计）为１００９％,蛋白质含量为７６６８％,提高了蚕沙的综合利用价值     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

Effect of Light on Biodegradation of Estrone, 17β‐Estradiol,and 17α‐Ethinylestradiol in Stream Sediment

Biodegradation of [A‐ring ¹⁴C] Estrone (E1), 17β‐estradiol (E2), and 17α‐ethinylestradiol (EE2) to ¹⁴CO₂ was investigated under light and dark conditions in microcosms containing epilithon or sediment collected from Boulder Creek, Colorado. Mineralization of the estrogen A‐ring was observed in all sediment treatments, but not epilithon treatments. No difference in net mineralization between light and dark treatments was observed for ¹⁴C‐E2. Net mineralization of ¹⁴C‐E1 and ¹⁴C‐EE2 was enhanced in light treatments. Extents of ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rates of mineralization were significantly greater for E2 than E1 under dark conditions, but were comparable under light conditions. These results indicate substantial differences in the uptake and metabolism of E1 and E2 in the environment and suggest biorecalcitrance of E1 relative to E2 in light‐limited environments. The extent of ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rate of mineralization for EE2 in dark treatments were less than half of that observed for E2 and generally lower than for E1, consistent with previous reports of EE2 biorecalcitrance. However, ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rates of mineralization were comparable for EE2, E2, and E1 under light conditions. These results indicate photoactivation and/or phototransformation/photodegradation processes can substantially enhance heterotrophic biodegradation of estrogens in sunlit environments and may play an important role in estrogen transport and attenuation.     

Bioremediation of Soils by Plant–Microbe Systems

Abstract

Sustainable ecosystems can be designed to eliminate environmental toxins and reduce pathogen loads through the direct and indirect consequences of plant and microbial activities. We present an approach to the bioremediation of disturbed environments, focusing on petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) contaminants. Treatment consists of incorporating a plant-based amendment to enhance ecosystem productivity and physiochemical degradation followed by the establishment of plants to serve as oxidizers and foundations for microbial communities. Promising amendments for widespread use are entire plants of the water fern Azolla and seed meal of Brassica napus (rapeseed). An inexpensive byproduct from the manufacture of biodiesel and lubricants, rapeseed meal is high in nitrogen (6% wt/wt), stimulates >100-fold increases in populations of resident Streptomyces species, and suppresses fungal infection of roots subsequently cultivated in the amended soil. Synergistic enzymatic and chemical activities of plant and microbial metabolism in root zones transform and degrade soil contaminants. Emphasis is given to mechanisms that enable PHC functionalization via reactive molecular species.     

Provincial development plans in Zimbabwe: an analysis of their content,structure and methodology

Zimbabwean provincial plans were instituted to help in the achievement of the national goal of the creation of an egalitarian, socialist and integrated society. The national goal itself was adopted as an antithesis to the dualist society characterised by spatial, economic, social, politican and technological inequalities that Zimbabwe inherited from colonialism. This meant that provincial plans had to play both a functional (or growth allocating/distribution) and a territorial (or redistribution) role.

This paper reviews their role in achieving the national goal by examining their functions, content, structure and methodology. The paper concludes that because of their nature, provincial plans are not suitable tools for the achievement of the national goal.