基于CVM与SBE的兰州市黄河风情线美学特征分析

黄河风情线是集兰州市黄河与两岸绿化带、沿线自然与人文景观为一体的带状旅游风景区。基于CVM与SBE结合景观指数,对黄河风情线的4个研究区自然性、多样性、连续性等美学特征进行量化分析。结果表明:①黄河风情线4个研究区的平均补偿意愿分别为21. 28元/a、19. 77元/a、16. 69元/a、20. 09元/a;②游客对不同研究区的同一美学特征补偿意愿有所不同;③基于CVM与SBE对4个研究区美学特征的定量分析,结果既存在一致性,也存在差异性。根据对风情线美学特征的分析,无论是对未修建的沿线景点规划建设,还是对已建成景点的维护整修都具有现实的指导意义。     

基于TCM的旅游资源游憩价值评估——以世界文化遗产宏村为例

古村落是一种独特的人文旅游资源,对其游憩价值进行量化评估可为景区(点)的旅游开发和资源保护提供科学依据.基于问卷调查,利用经典的资源价值评估方法--旅行费用法对宏村古村落旅游资源2008年的国内游憩价值进行了核算,结果为23593.14万元,在此基础上对TCM的核算过程进行了评价.     

基于空间分析法的滨水游憩资源分布特征研究——以兰州市黄河风情线为例

以兰州市黄河风情线为例,运用核密度估计法和最近邻指数方法,对其游憩资源空间分布总体特征和不同类别游憩资源空间分异特征进行了分析。结果表明:(1)黄河风情线游憩资源分布呈现"小集中、大分散"的空间格局。(2)黄河风情线游憩资源总体是以城关区段为"单核心"的集聚空间结构,不同行政区游憩资源分布集聚度不同,东段游憩资源分布呈片区密集状分布,西段游憩资源则为组团离散状分布。(3)4类游憩资源区域分异:自然风光类和人文历史类游憩资源为资源主导型分布模式,休闲健身类游憩资源因受到政策引导和规划建设而呈相对均匀分布态,购物餐饮类游憩资源则为市场主导型集聚分布在城市繁华商圈中。     

黄河故道线性文化遗产旅游价值评价与开发研究

线性文化遗产保护是对线形或带状的特殊文化资源集合进行有效保护的一种新形式.我国境内拥有着丰富的线性文化遗产资源,准确评价线文化性遗产资源的旅游价值,对文化遗产的有效保护与合理开发具有重要意义.构建了线性文化遗产资源的旅游价值评价体系,并对黄河故道线性文化遗产旅游价值进行了评价,得出其旅游价值为79.88,属于相对较高的级别,发展潜力较大,具有开发价值.从强化中心点、规划旅游区、构建遗产网络和深化区域合作方面对黄河故道线性文化遗产的旅游开发进行了设想.     

基于CVM的黄河兰州段水环境恢复价值评估

分析了黄河兰州段近3年的水环境污染状况,并以条件价值评估法(CVM)为依据,设计问卷并调查了兰州市居民对黄河兰州段水环境恢复的支付意愿(WTP),估算出2007年黄河兰州段水环境恢复价值为1.79亿元.针对黄河兰州段水污染提出了治理黄河兰州段环境的几点措施和建议.     

甘肃国家级自然保护区旅游资源的游憩价值评估

旅游资源经济价值的量化能促进资源的合理开发和保护利用，对旅游资源价值的评估是监测旅游资源的保护与可持续开发利用效果的理论基础。以甘肃国家级自然保护区为研究对象，运用游憩费用法对甘肃国家级自然保护区旅游资源的游憩价值进行了评估，计算出其游憩总价值。这些结果可为甘肃国家级自然保护区的旅游资源管理决策和旅游资源补偿提供一定的参考。     

ZTCM和CVM在自然资源游憩价值评估中的结合应用——以青海湖景区为例

自然游憩资源作为环境资源的一种,其价值评估的重要性日益凸显。旅行费用法(TCM)与条件估值法(CVM)作为目前最经典、体系最完善的两种游憩价值评估方法,其有效结合运用将能更全面地反映旅游者的偏好。以青海湖景区为例,将其游憩价值分为使用价值与非使用价值两部分进行研究。分区旅行费用法(ZTCM)和条件估值法(CVM)结合评估结果为13.09亿元,单独采用CVM评估结果为9.98亿元,两者比值约为1.31,接近1,与已有研究相比,两者间差距较小。研究结果期望能帮助景区以新的视角审视和处理环境资源开发与保护之间的关系,并为其生态补偿提供依据,实现景区的可持续发展。     

青海黄河大峡谷区生态旅游可持续发展策略

开发黄河大峡谷区生态旅游可丰富青海旅游产品体系,优化产品结构.在分析与评价青海省黄河大峡谷区域旅游资源的基础上,分析了青海黄河大峡谷区生态旅游发展现状、存在问题以及其制约因素,有针对性地提出了青海省黄河大峡谷区域的生态旅游开发策略:以优先保护生态与适度开发旅游为原则,科学制定旅游功能布局与空间结构,加强旅游景区体系建设,发展多元化旅游产品体系,积极完善旅游交通体系建设,加强旅游服务基础设施建设与管理,严格保护旅游生态环境,鼓励社区参与峡谷区域的旅游开发等.     

基于CVM的传统聚落景观低碳价值评估研究——以湖南上甘棠村为例

传统聚落景观具有低碳存在价值、遗产价值、利用价值和其他潜在价值等。以湖南上甘棠村为例,基于问卷调查和CVM方法对其传统聚落低碳价值进行了评估。结果显示,以2011年末全国城镇就业人口为总人口样本,结合问卷调查获得的支付意愿率,上甘棠村传统聚落景观低碳总价值为108.89亿元,其中低碳景观存在价值为37.89亿元、低碳景观遗产价值为27.98亿元、低碳景观利用价值为30.16亿元、其他潜在低碳价值为12.85亿元。     

流域水生态系统服务价值评估研究——以黄山市新安江为例

为全面认识新安江水资源价值,本文对河流生态系统的各项服务功能开展了定量评价。本文按照联合国千年评估对生态系统的划分方法(供给、调节、文化与支持4项服务),结合新安江流域水生态系统的特征和结构,建立了15项评估指标体系。以2013年为基准年,对新安江水生态系统服务功能及其生态经济价值进行评价。结果显示:新安江水生态系统服务总价值为73.72亿元,其中,提供产品功能价值9.58亿元、调节功能价值11.77亿元、支持功能价值24.13亿元、文化服务功能价值28.24亿元,分别占总价值的13.0%、16.0%、32.7%、38.3%。新安江单位面积提供的生态系统服务价值为0.41亿元/km~2,高于黄山市单位面积GDP产值0.28亿元/km~2。研究认为,新安江流域水生态系统对支持和保护当地经济发展具有重要作用,研究结果以期为新安江水资源有效管理和区域生态环境保护及水环境补偿提供生态学依据。     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

Biodiversity and biotechnology

The maintenance of biodiversity is urged from many quarters and on grounds ranging from aesthetic considerations to its usefulness, particularly for biotechnology. But regardless of the grounds for preserving biodiversity, writers are generally in agreement that it should be preserved. But, in examining the various references biodiversity, such as species diversity, genetic diversity, and habitat diversity, it is apparent that we cannot aim to preserve biodiversityas such, since there are a number of conflicts in any such undertaking. In preserving one aspect of biodiversity, we damage another aspect. Five arguments which attempt to ground our moral concern for biodiversity are reviewed and critiqued, not only for their consistency but also for their power to move us to action. The final section of the paper shows how conflicts in the values of personal and environmental health can impair ethical action and especially policy formation.An earlier version of this paper was read at the conference on Agriculture, Food, and Human Values: Tradition and Change, Orlando, Florida, October 7–9, 1987.     

A Social Contract for Biotechnology: Shared Visions for Risky Technologies?

Future technological developmentsconcerning food, agriculture, and theenvironment face a gulf of social legitimationfrom a skeptical public and media, in the wakeof the crises of BSE, GM food, and foot andmouth disease in the UK (House of Lords, 2000). Keyethical issues were ignored by the bioindustry,regulators, and the Government, leaving alegacy of distrust. The paper examinesagricultural biotechnology in terms of a socialcontract, whose conditions would have to be fulfilled togain acceptance of novel applications. Variouscurrent and future GM applications areevaluated against these conditions. Successwould depend critically on how far a sharedvision can be found with the public. Tore-establish trust, significant changes areidentified in the planning and pursuit ofbiotechnology.