基于水质响应系数的浅水湖泊水环境容量计算方法

根据湖泊污染物迁移转化机理、质量守恒原理,提出浅水湖泊污染物浓度场稳定判别方法。根据湖泊浓度场稳定后水质控制点污染物浓度与各入湖河道污染物通量的响应关系,构建多入湖河流水质响应系数矩阵,并采用线性规划法求解浅水湖泊各入湖河道水环境容量。与常规方法相比,该方法充分考虑了多入湖河流入湖污染物通量的叠加影响,提高了湖泊水环境容量的计算精度。     

宽带随机振动试验条件的加速因子

研究基于疲劳损伤等效的宽带随机振动试验条件的加速因子。首先回顾了基于窄带模型的随机振动试验条件的加速因子表达式,然后应用随机振动疲劳损伤的频域估计方法——基于窄带模型的修正方法（WL方法、α0.75方法和TB方法等）,得到了宽带随机振动试验条件加速因子计算的通用表达式。数值模拟分析表明,基于窄带模型的加速因子表达式对于比例载荷的宽带随机振动也是适用的,而对于非比例载荷,则需要应用文中提出的通用表达式才可以获得宽带随机振动的加速因子。     

含藻河流中生化需氧重(BOD_5)水质模拟方法的研究

含丰富藻类的河流由于藻类的光合作用与呼吸作用导致水中的溶解氧变化十分复杂且昼夜的变幅很大。使生化需氧量BOD_5的模拟所需采用的BOD_5—DO耦合模型的求解十分困难。本文根据在绵远河与石亭江的实际研究中采用了罗宾斯模型并作了合理的简化。利用藻类在夜间只有呼吸作用的特点进行溶解氧平衡计算以确定模型参数。在水质模拟中对模拟值与实测值作了比较,可看出模拟精度较好,因此本方法是适用和可取的。     

极值理论在重金属污染土壤修复中的应用

为了准确预测重金属污染地块不同区域内重金属的最大值,以便于后续筛选重金属修复技术、确定重金属修复药剂使用量等提供依据,采用极值理论方法对某重金属砷污染地块三块区域内的重金属砷浓度数据进行极值分布的统计分析,对比不同分布形式对重金属砷浓度数据拟合的效果。结果表明:广义极值分布可以很好地描述重金属砷浓度数据的分布情况,通过K-S检验、作图法和P-P散点图法验证得出广义极值分布形式对重金属砷浓度数据拟合效果最好,通过广义极值分布形式的表达式可以计算得出A、B和C区不同概率下重金属浓度的最大值。     

基本农田指标分解的熵权系数法研究

针对基本农田指标分解的问题，应用熵权系数法的基本原理，综合考虑评价对象的多种指标，提出对基本农田指标分解的多指标综合评价的熵权系数方法，克服了以往基本农田指标分解的只注重几个简单指标而造成结果的偏差。以济南市基本农田指标分解为例，进行了具体的评价计算。     

改进AHP法定权的浦东新区水质对比系数评价

层次分析法定权近应用较广，但也存在计算复杂，不易掌握，受人为主观影响较大，权重不稳定等问题。本文提出的改进ＡＨＰ法以地面水环境质量分级标准为依据建立三标度比较矩阵计算水环境指标的权重，克服上述了不足，并把计算出的权重值应用到浦东新水质的对比系数评价中，评价结果与实际情况较为吻俣。     

基于Kriging模型的载人航天某装置结构优化设计研究

对于处在振动环境中的载人航天某装置复杂结构,设计过程中存在最小化质量、同时最大化一阶整体振动频率的多目标优化问题,可以利用多目标遗传算法(NSGA-II)求解得到Pareto最优解集,但利用NSGA-II进行求解计算量大,对于复杂结构更甚。为了节省计算时间,提出基于Kriging代理模型的复杂结构多目标优化设计方法,首先通过拉丁超立方采样获得样本点,然后通过样本点创建Kriging模型,最后利用多目标遗传算法求解代理模型得到Pareto最优解集,方便设计师从中选择最优解,优化结果表明本文所述方法合理有效。     

湿热海洋工程钢结构涂料实证评价关键技术及应用

针对湿热海洋工程钢结构涂料面临高温、高湿、高盐和强辐照的严酷环境,现有的评价技术已无法满足对涂料实际耐久性能的有效评价。通过对钢结构涂料大气区、飞溅区等区域实证测试平台的搭建,利用优化涂层阻抗监测探头的设计,改良对涂层失效行为的监测技术,并将结合实证测试试验方法和结果,制定涂料实证评价关键技术,为湿热海洋钢结构防腐技术提供有力保障。     

新型环保硅酸盐钝化液对多元合金渗层耐蚀性的影响

传统铬酸盐钝化剂含有Cr⁶⁺，毒性较高且危害环境，使用受到严格限制。近年来硅酸盐、钼酸盐、稀土盐等无机盐钝化技术得到推广应用。其中，硅酸盐钝化液具有稳定性好、工艺简单、无毒无污染等特点，在电镀锌、热浸镀锌及多元合金共渗等工业领域得到广泛研究。本论文通过正交试验研究了硅酸盐钝化液的配比及钝化工艺对多元合金渗层耐蚀性的影响。结果表明，常温钝化形成的硅酸盐钝化膜可以显著改善渗层的表面状态，提高渗层的耐碱性、耐中性盐雾性能及低频阻抗值和容抗弧半径，当硅酸盐钝化液与水的配比为1∶1，浸泡时间为3 min，固化温度为100℃，固化时间为60 min时，钝化膜具有最佳的耐蚀性。     

屏蔽电缆电磁脉冲屏蔽效能表征参数研究

屏蔽电缆广泛应用于电力系统,而其极易遭受雷电电磁脉冲（Lightning Electromagnetic Pulse, LEMP）的干扰。其雷电电磁脉冲耦合是工程电磁防护的一个重要研究内容。采用三同轴时域测量方法实际测量了某型同轴电缆芯线的电磁脉冲响应,计算了屏蔽层转移阻抗;利用FDTD、Agrawal耦合模型和转移阻抗一阶近似模型分析了雷电通道近区架空屏蔽电缆芯线上的感应电压。根据分析结果讨论了雷电电磁脉冲分析中转移阻抗的近似描述方法。     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Effect of Light on Biodegradation of Estrone, 17β‐Estradiol,and 17α‐Ethinylestradiol in Stream Sediment

Biodegradation of [A‐ring ¹⁴C] Estrone (E1), 17β‐estradiol (E2), and 17α‐ethinylestradiol (EE2) to ¹⁴CO₂ was investigated under light and dark conditions in microcosms containing epilithon or sediment collected from Boulder Creek, Colorado. Mineralization of the estrogen A‐ring was observed in all sediment treatments, but not epilithon treatments. No difference in net mineralization between light and dark treatments was observed for ¹⁴C‐E2. Net mineralization of ¹⁴C‐E1 and ¹⁴C‐EE2 was enhanced in light treatments. Extents of ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rates of mineralization were significantly greater for E2 than E1 under dark conditions, but were comparable under light conditions. These results indicate substantial differences in the uptake and metabolism of E1 and E2 in the environment and suggest biorecalcitrance of E1 relative to E2 in light‐limited environments. The extent of ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rate of mineralization for EE2 in dark treatments were less than half of that observed for E2 and generally lower than for E1, consistent with previous reports of EE2 biorecalcitrance. However, ¹⁴CO₂ accumulation and rates of mineralization were comparable for EE2, E2, and E1 under light conditions. These results indicate photoactivation and/or phototransformation/photodegradation processes can substantially enhance heterotrophic biodegradation of estrogens in sunlit environments and may play an important role in estrogen transport and attenuation.     

Bioremediation of Soils by Plant–Microbe Systems

Abstract

Sustainable ecosystems can be designed to eliminate environmental toxins and reduce pathogen loads through the direct and indirect consequences of plant and microbial activities. We present an approach to the bioremediation of disturbed environments, focusing on petroleum hydrocarbon (PHC) contaminants. Treatment consists of incorporating a plant-based amendment to enhance ecosystem productivity and physiochemical degradation followed by the establishment of plants to serve as oxidizers and foundations for microbial communities. Promising amendments for widespread use are entire plants of the water fern Azolla and seed meal of Brassica napus (rapeseed). An inexpensive byproduct from the manufacture of biodiesel and lubricants, rapeseed meal is high in nitrogen (6% wt/wt), stimulates >100-fold increases in populations of resident Streptomyces species, and suppresses fungal infection of roots subsequently cultivated in the amended soil. Synergistic enzymatic and chemical activities of plant and microbial metabolism in root zones transform and degrade soil contaminants. Emphasis is given to mechanisms that enable PHC functionalization via reactive molecular species.     

Energetics and environmental costs of agriculture in a dry tropical region of India

The present article, based on a study of five village ecosystems, assesses the energy efficiency of rain-fed agriculture in a dry tropical environment and the impact of agricultural activity on the surrounding natural ecosystems. Agronomic yield is insufficient to meet the food requirement of the human population, hence 11.5%–49.7% of the required amount of food grains are imported from the market. Energy requirements of five studied agroecosystems are subsidized considerably by the surrounding forest in the form of fodder and firewood. Natural ecosystems supply about 80%–95% of fodder needs and 81%–100% of fuelwood needs. The output-input ratio of agriculture indicated that, on average, 4.1 units of energy are expended to obtain one unit of agronomic energy. Of this, 3.9 units are supplied by the natural ecosystem. In addition, 38% of the extracted firewood is marketed. The illegal felling and lopping of trees result in ever-increasing concentric circles of forest destruction around the villages and together with excessive grazing results in savannization. The forests can be conserved by encouraging fuelwood plantations (0.7 ha/ha cultivated land) and developing village pastures (1.6 ha/ha cultivated land) and reducing the livestock numbers. Agricultural production in the region can be stabilized by introducing improved dry farming techniques such as intercropping, planned rainwater management, and adequate use of fertilizers.     

WHAT DO WE MEAN BY “METROPOLITAN WATER MANAGEMENT INSTITUTIONS?”1

ABSTRACT The term “institution” and several variants are used frequently in the literature on metropolitan water management. The state-of-the art investigation on which this paper is based revealed that 1) many uses of the term do not include careful definitions; 2) many users of the term seemed unaware of the general, theoretical literature on the subject of institutions; 3) there was little consistency among uses, either in the practical literature dealing with water or in the conceptual literature dealing with theories of institutions or institutionalization; 4) some usages were without significant meaning; 5) in many cases the term was used as a kind of “black box” to account for behavioral, societal, or managerial factors; 6) the term was often used as a synonym for “organization”. This latter use is frequently found in federal reports, including National Water Commission studies, and is most unfortunate because it tends to slight significant social-psychological factors. A suggested definition is: “An institution is the structured result or outcome of a process by which values are articulated, arranged, and communicated, having continuity over time, and influencing behavior of persons who did not necessarily participate in formulating those values (norms).”     

Waste minimisation in practice

One of the major hindrances to waste minimisation on a construction site is the difficulty in establishing a methodology and using this methodology to benchmark future construction projects. This paper introduces SMARTWaste, a software tool that has been used to audit, reduce and target waste arisings on a construction site. This tool tries to link the construction process and the waste hierarchy. That is reducing waste on a construction site rather than landfilling it. Three applications of the SMARTWaste software will be discussed using case studies from three different types of construction. An evaluation of these case studies shows that, by implementing a waste minimisation scheme on-site, you can improve material recovery for reuse. Also, by using the waste arisings as a benchmark you can reduce your waste arisings on future sites. Application of SMARTWaste or a similar waste minimisation tool on a wider basis could reduce waste arisings and could result in a built environment that consumed less natural resources and energy, and also produced less pollution and waste. Such a built environment would be environmentally and socially more responsive and responsible.     

COMPARISON OF TRACE ELEMENT CONCENTRATIONS IN TISSUE OF COMMON CARP AND IMPLICATIONS FOR MONITORING1

Common carp (Cyprinus carpio) collected from four sites in the Red River of the North in 1994 were analyzed for arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), selenium (So), and zinc (Zn). Concentrations differed among liver, muscle, and whole body. Generally, trace element concentrations were the greatest in livers while concentrations in whole bodies were greater than those in muscle for Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn, and concentrations in muscle were similar to whole body for As and Se. Concentrations of Cr were lower in liver than either muscle or whole body. Correlations between liver and whole body concentrations were stronger than those between liver and muscle concentrations, but the strongest correlations were between muscle and whole body concentrations. Examination of tissue concentrations by collection sites suggested that, for a general survey, the whole body may be the most effective matrix to analyze.     

Macroalgal Introductions by Hull Fouling on Recreational Vessels: Seaweeds and Sailors

Macroalgal invasions in coastal areas have been a growing concern during the past decade. The present study aimed to assess the role of hull fouling on recreational yachts as a vector for macroalgal introductions. Questionnaire and hull surveys were carried out in marinas in France and Spain. The questionnaires revealed that the majority of yacht owners are aware of seaweed introductions, usually undertake short range journeys, dry dock their boat at least once a year, and use antifouling paints. The hull survey showed that many in-service yachts were completely free of macroalgae. When present, fouling assemblages consisted mainly of one to two macroalgal species. The most commonly found species was the tolerant green seaweed Ulva flexuosa. Most of the other species found are also cosmopolitan and opportunistic. A few nonnative and potentially invasive Ceramiales (Rhodophyta) were found occasionally on in-service yachts. On the basis of the information gathered during interviews of yacht owners in the surveyed area, these occurrences are likely to be uncommon. However they can pose a significant risk of primary or secondary introductions of alien macroalgal species, especially in the light of the increase in yachting activities. With large numbers of recreational yachts and relatively rare occurrences of nonnative species on hulls, comprehensive screening programs do not seem justified or practical. The risks of transferring nonnative species may, however, be minimized by encouraging the behaviors that prevent fouling on hulls and by taking action against neglected boats before they can act as vectors.