中国城市水资源可持续度的省域差异分析

中国正处在城市化快速发展阶段,而水资源短缺逐渐成为城市迅速发展的制约"瓶颈".为科学衡量城市水资源的保障程度,建立了城市水资源可持续度模型,并以全国31个省级区域为例进行了分析.结果显示,在充分考虑经济发展、城市建设等多重目标的基础上,全国各省域城市水资源可持续度可分为高可持续、中可持续、低可持续、亚可持续等4类区域,且结果与给水资源的赋存状况存在一定差异.     

大连市水资源承载力动态研究

区域水资源承载力是进行区域生态建设和确定社会经济发展规划的基础。介绍了基于主成分分析理论的区域水资源承载力评价方法,建立了反映大连市水资源承载力的指标评价系统,并对大连市2001—2008年的水资源承载力进行了定量分析。研究结果表明,近年来大连市水资源承载力逐年减弱,水资源已经成为制约大连市社会经济与生态环境协调发展的主要因素。针对这种现状,提出了大连市水资源可持续利用的若干对策。     

浅析基于科学发展观的太仓市水资源保护措施

本文以江苏省太仓市为实例，结合当今国内快速城市化地区水资源的保护现状，吸取了美国等发达国家对于城市水资源保护的先进理念和科学方法，有针对性地提出了基于科学发展观的当地水资源保护的有效措施，可供类似地区借鉴。     

山西省水资源承载力及可持续发展对策研究

山西省水资源总量偏低,水资源供需矛盾失衡已成为影响当前全省社会经济可持续发展的硬约束。通过对山西省水资源承载力的分析,阐明区域水资源、经济和人口之间的相互关系,可使该区域及早制定有效的水资源调控规划和保护措施,实现经济与环境的协调与可持续发展。选取总人口、国内生产总值、固定资产投资、工业用水、人均生活用水等指标构建评价指标体系,采用变异系数法确定指标的权重并运用多目标决策的TOPSIS法对山西省11个地市的水资源承载力进行综合评价。基于评价结果对其原因进行分析,提出山西省及各地市的水资源合理优化配置和区域社会经济可持续发展的建议。     

山东省统筹城乡人口布局发展研究

探讨了建国后山东城乡人口布局的历史演变特征,分析了自然因子和人文因子对城乡人口空间布局的影响,对城乡人口年龄结构、经济结构和文化素质结构进行了比较分析。通过分析得出,建国以后山东城乡人口布局在城市化进程中不断优化,特别是改革开放以后,城乡人口布局演变加快,说明经济快速发展成为推动城乡人口布局变动的主要因素。     

干旱区水资源承载力空间布局研究——以新疆为例

为了了解干旱区水资源承载力空间分布特征,以因子分析法为基础,建立干旱区水资源承载力评价指标体系,通过综合评价模型来探析水资源承载力空间布局。结果表明:新疆水资源综合承载力间布局呈"南弱北强、东弱西强"的分布格局,且水资源支持力、水资源经济承载力、农业承载力、农村承载力、城镇承载力、生态承载力六个因子空间布局呈现区域差异性。未来干旱区要关注水资源承载力区域协同治理,通过协调好干旱区水资源系统与周边水资源系统之间的关系、干旱区水资源系统内部各区域关系,因地制宜、精准施策的同时,倡导水资源环保意识、推广科学用水新观念来缓解水资源承载力恶化。     

我国城市单元水资源开发战略与水环境保护对策研究

通过对我国北方城市延吉市的剖析,提出我国城市合理开发水资源保护水环境的对策,即实行地表水和地下水资源的联合调度;加强水利建设,多种渠道开发水资源,提高区域供水能力;对地下水资源强化科学管理,限量开采,维持采补平衡;实施节水工程;制定切实可行的水域污染治理方案规划;建设以保护水源为主体的生态保护区,开展区际合作;进行区域生态水文过程的修复与重建等。     

快速城市化时期的能源基础危机探讨——以山东省为例

能源日益成为城市和区域发展的瓶颈。利用SPSS回归聚类分析和定性分析相结合，以中国能源消耗规模最大的山东省为研究对象，总结山东能源危机现状特征。山东的能源危机不仅仅是能源自身的问题，目前已经演化成为区域经济健康发展的瓶颈、环境污染的源头、城市化健康发展的障碍、区域差距扩大的诱因。它映射和引致了经济、社会、环境和生态等一系列关联效应，其影响已从区域层面扩大到全国乃至世界层面。要保障21世纪山东快速城市化进程的能源供给，改变经济增长方式是基础，多元化、优质化的能源战略是关键，集约紧凑型的城市化战略是必然选择，同时必须建立科学的能源监管和预警机制。     

化隆县五镇饮用水源地保护

随着城市化进程的加快和经济的快速发展,城市水资源面临着可持续利用的严峻挑战。分析化隆县城镇水资源的现状和问题,并提出今后应从开源、节流、治污、结构调整和完善管理等方面着手,促进城镇水资源的可持续利用,进而保障城市经济社会的可持续发展。     

城市化及其对大气环境的影响

中国城市化的快速发展与能源消耗的迅速增加,给中国城市带来了众多大气环境问题。城市化不仅造成了如热岛效应等城市周边气候的变化,还带来了酸雨频发、空气颗粒物污染加重和汽车尾气污染严重等城市环境问题。对此,应当从科学编制城市发展规划,合理调整经济结构,加强环境管理与污染治理,增加城市绿化面积等方面入手,改善城市大气环境。     

城市化对水源系统的影响--以南京市为例

随着城市化进程的推进,人类对自然的干扰日益加剧,城市水源系统也因此受到影响,带来了诸如地表水质恶化、地面蒸散发减少、径流系数增大、地下水质变差和地面沉降等一系列问题.城市化发展通过影响水量平衡中的一个或多个因子,进而影响到整个水源系统.通过对南京市域多年水质、降水量等数据的分析可见,南京自城市化发展以来,地表水质下降明显、降水量和暴雨频率有增大的趋势、地下水也受到较大程度污染.为尽可能减轻城市化带来的负面影响,保护、恢复和重建城市水源系统是南京城市可持续发展的一个重要课题,应建立健全城市湿地有效保护机制,建立市区雨污分流和有效的雨水收集机制,尽可能地实现中水回用.在秦淮河的治理中,应在减少源头污染的同时,利用水体的自然净化能力,生态治污.     

AN INTEGRATED APPROACH TO WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT OF THE TEHRAN REGION IN IRAN1

ABSTRACT: In this paper, a system approach to water resources development in Tehran Metropolitan Area, with its complex system of water supply and demands, is discussed. Water resources in this region include water storage in the Lar, Latyan, and Karaj reservoirs, the Tehran aquifer, as well as water discharge in local rivers and in drainage channels (mainly supplied by urban runoff and wastewater). This study consists of three phases of long‐term water resources planning and management in the Tehran metropolitan area. In each phase, a different level of details among different components of the system is considered. In the first phase, optimal operating policies for Tehran reservoirs and a decision support system are developed. In the second phase, interactions between surface and ground water resources as well as surface runoffs and wastewater disposal in different subareas are investigated. The water table fluctuations as a result of implementing sewerage collection project was also simulated. In the last phase, long‐term scenarios for water resources and agricultural development in the Southern part of Tehran are defined, and the effects of each scenario on the quality and quantity of surface and ground water resources are studied.     

重庆市应用湖库水水源热泵系统条件分析

通过对重庆市气候条件、湖库水水资源状况以及湖库水水温和水质分析,结果显示:重庆地区采用传统空气源热泵系统已不适宜,而采用水源热泵系统具有较高的节能优势。丰富的湖库水水资源量以及重庆市建筑沿湖库水而建特点,为在重庆市开展湖库水水源热泵系统创造便利条件;湖库水水温和水质基本能满足地表水水源热泵系统的水源要求;湖库水藻类易爆发,因此发展湖库水水源热泵主要解决的水质问题是藻类的堵塞问题。     

LEGAL AND POLICY ASPECTS OF GEOTHERMAL RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT1

Deep within the earth there exist immense reservoirs of energy in the form of heat-commonly referred to as geothermal resources. Unfortunately, most of these resources are at such depths that it is unlikely they will be recoverable in the foreseeable future. Nevertheless, the lure of seemingly inexhaustible amounts of relatively clean energy continues to hold a fascination for man. In certain limited situations man has already been able to tap these reservoirs and harness the energy to his own uses. More of this activity can be expected in the future. While geothermal energy will chiefly be used to produce electric power, persons responsible for water resources management must concern themselves with geothermal resources for water, and water law concepts will continue to play an important role in the development of this resource.     

Beijing's Water Resources: Challenges and Solutions

Beijing's local water resources have been overexploited and the ecological and environmental pressures exceed the carrying capacity of this densely populated megacity. This article examines the current status of Beijing's water resources with respect to its industrial, residential, and eco‐environmental water usage and the challenges it may face in the near future. The article describes the context of water uses, the steps taken by Beijing to alleviate the water shortage problems, and challenges to Beijing's abilities to meet its urgent and future water needs. A multipronged strategy is proposed that aims at both the present problems and the anticipated future challenges. In particular, engineering and institutional approaches for Beijing's successful transition from overexploitation to sustainable utilization of water resources are explained. Actions include reasonable water utilization, water conservation, reclaimed wastewater, and importing water from neighboring areas. We conclude that Beijing must take additional steps in water resource management to ensure its sustainable development that involves continued urbanization sprawls and population growth. Future water resource management strategies should focus on strengthening water demand management through water conservation, efficient interbasin water transfers, use of nontraditional water resources, strategically reserving water supply, and promoting rehabilitation of the eco‐environments.     

EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON WATER RESOURCES IN THE DELAWARE RWER BASIN1

ABSTRACT: The effects of potential climate change on water resources in the Delaware River basin were determined. The study focused on two important water-resource components in the basin: (1) storage in the reservoirs that supply New York City, and (2) the position of the salt front in the Delaware River estuary. Current reservoir operating procedures provide for releases from the New York City reservoirs to maintain the position of the salt front in the estuary downstream from freshwater intakes and ground-water recharge zones in the Philadelphia metropolitan area. A hydrologic model of the basin was developed to simulate changes in New York City reservoir storage and the position of the salt front in the Delaware River estuary given changes in temperature and precipitation. Results of simulations indicated that storage depletion in the New York City reservoirs is a more likely effect of changes in temperature and precipitation than is the upstream movement of the salt front in the Delaware River estuary. In contrast, the results indicated that a rise in sea level would have a greater effect on movement of the salt front than on storage in the New York City reservoirs. The model simulations also projected that, by decreasing current mandated reservoir releases, a balance can be reached wherein the negative effects of climate change on storage in the New York City reservoirs and the position of the salt front in the Delaware River estuary are minimized. Finally, the results indicated that natural variability in climate is of such magnitude that its effects on water resources could overwhelm the effects of long-term trends in precipitation and temperature.     

塔里木河流域水资源利用与生态农业发展

从生态学角度分析塔里木河流域丰富的自然资源条件与恶劣的气候条件之间的突出矛盾,得出水资源的占有和利用是流域生态改善和农业发展之储多要素中最大限制因子的结论,从而决定了农业发展的根本出路是发展生态农业。必须根据生态脆弱指数采取有力措施保证生态用水;只有因地制宜地建立高效输水、灌溉节水、结构科学、布局合理、资源配置优化、整体功能强的高产优质高效的良性循环的农业生产模式,才能切实有地促进自然生态与生态农业的持续、协调发展。     

长江中游地区水资源产业化开发研究

长江中游地区对丰富的水资源进行产业化开发可实现振兴经济的目的,其中售水、水电、水运、水域农业和水上旅游业是主要开发领域。水资源产业化开发的利益关系由合理的收费与价格体系进行协调。     

GROUND WATER IN PERSPECTIVE1

ABSTRACT. Owing to their enormous capacity, ground-water reservoirs are at least equal in importance to the ground water itself. As regulators of water movement in the hydrological cycle, these reservoirs surpass all lakes combined, natural and manmade. While many aquifers are not well understood, data on many others are adequate for long-range broad-scale planning. An example is the basalt aquifer of the Snake River Plain in Idaho. However, the area has managerial problems which concern the time, the place and the feasibility of manipulations of water. All continents of the world contain great aquifers. For every huge aquifer, however, hundreds of smaller ones occur, and even these contain astonishing amounts of water. Aquifers in the Ohio River Basin of the United States are good examples. Management of total water resources is a difficult problem at many places. But many problems could be met and many water shortages alleviated or eliminated by use of aquifers, not merely as sources of water, but as reservoirs for management of water.     

APPLYING GRADIENT PROJECTION AND CONJUGATE GRADIENT TO THE OPTIMUM OPERATION OF RESERVOIRS1

The recent versions of nonlinear programming techniques such as the conjugate gradient and the gradient projection algorithms are used to obtain the optimal operating conditions of a multiple reservoirs system with multiple purposes. These algorithms are compared with other techniques in the literature. The conjugate gradient method incorporates the advantages of both the generalized Newton-Raphson, also known as the quasilinearization technique, and the gradient approach while avoiding their major drawbacks. To illustrate the technique, a water resources system with three reservoirs and a tabular objective function is solved by the two algorithms.