膨润土-天然纳米材料在环保和荒漠化治理中的应用

本文概略介绍了天然纳米材料－膨润土在国内外环境保护和荒漠化治理中的应用概况及前景。     

农用矿物的特点及应用机理分析

农用矿物是指经简单加工后可直接用于农业生产的矿物,它主要用于制造天然肥料、土壤改良剂、复混肥、饲料添加剂、农药、菌肥载体、作物生长调节剂等。本文着重从肥料、土壤改良、饲料生产三方面对农业矿物的特点和应用机理进行了分析和探讨。１天然肥料矿物资源作为农用...     

吸附法处理含铬废水的研究

天然沸石、膨润土基材经镁铝等修饰并活化而制的ＦＭＡ，ＢＭＡ吸附剂处理含铬废水，铬的去除率可达９９％。     

TiO2改性柱撑膨润土吸附副品红的性能研究

以钠基膨润土为原料，制备了4种二氧化钛（TiO2）改性柱撑膨润土，并探讨了膨润土的改性方法、投土量、吸附时间、温度及pH值等因素对吸附副品红性能的影响。结果表明：4种TiO2改性柱撑膨润土对副品红的吸附效果明显好于原土；未经煅烧的TiO2改性柱撑膨润土的吸附效果要明显优于经高温煅烧过的柱撑膨润土；掺杂钇的TiO2改性柱撑膨润土的吸附性能略好于未经掺杂的柱撑膨润土；膨润土投土量、吸附时间、温度和pH值均会对柱撑膨润土的吸附效果产生影响；20℃时，4种柱撑膨润土对溶液中副品红的吸附等温线均符合Langrnuir吸附等温方程。     

膨润土造浆性能及加工工艺研究——以信阳膨润土为例

文章介绍了开发信阳膨润土使之成为钻井（探）用膨润土的研究过程。本文首先对具有代表性的膨润土进行了性能普查和评价，在此基础上添加复合碱对其进行升级改造，并对改造后的膨润土进行了室内评价，最后初步设计了一套膨润土生产流程     

膨润土及膨润土负载纳米铁对印染废水中罗丹明B的降解性能研究

印染行业的快速发展使得印染废水的治理成为环保行业面临的巨大难题.为了探究膨润土和膨润土负载纳米铁(B-nZVI)对印染废水中罗丹明B的去除效果.采用液相还原法制备了膨润土负载纳米铁材料.通过改变溶液初始浓度、投加量、溶液pH和温度等实验条件,从多环境因子角度研究膨润土和膨润土负载纳米铁对于罗丹明B的去除效果.实验结果表...     

膨润土的改性及其在废水处理中的应用

简单介绍了膨润土的结构和基本性质，重点探讨了膨润土的改性方法、改性机理及改性膨润土在废水处理中的应用，指出目前膨润土在废水处理中存在的问题，并展望了其应用前景。     

膨润土防渗初步试验研究

根据膨润土隔水性能，通过室内小试研究，为膨润土作为防渗工程材料提供设计参数，同时，也为探明膨润土对油田废水的防渗性能提供可借鉴的依据。     

膨润土的羟基铝改性及对染料工业废水的处理研究

通过对膨润土的羟基铝改性实验大大提高了膨润土对染料废水的处理效率。实验结果表明:改性膨润土对变色酸有很好的去除效果,对H酸有较好的去除效果,对T酸处理效果一般,对吐氏酸几乎没有效果。     

膨润土预处理紫外线吸收剂废水的效果研究

紫外线吸收剂废水是一种高浓度难降解废水。以成本低廉的钙基膨润土为处理剂,通过静态试验,研究不同用量的膨润土对pH值不同的两种紫外线吸收剂废水的化学需氧量去除率(COD)的影响,探讨膨润土作为紫外线吸收剂废水预处理剂的可行性。实验表明:钙基膨润土的加入能明显调节紫外线吸收剂废水的酸碱性,使强酸性废水的pH上升、中性废水的pH基本保持不变。同时,当污水为强酸性体系时,膨润土对污水COD的去除率更高,处理效果更好。在50℃下用5g/L的膨润土重复处理8次,废水化学需氧量去除率最高可达89.2%。结果说明:利用廉价易得的钙基膨润土预处理紫外线废水是一种高效、低成本的处理方式。     

山西省饮用天然矿泉水有益元素分析

山西省地下热水及饮用天然矿泉水资源丰富,分布广泛。本文分析了山西省地下热水的物理与化学特征,同时对地下热水与饮用天然矿泉水中的有益元素及其来源进行了探讨     

Production of bio-fertilizer by biotransformation of poultry waste enriched with molasses and algae

This research work consists on valorizing poultry waste by biotransformation into biofertilizers, associating this agro-industrial waste with algae (abundant natural resources) and molasses (a by-product of the sugar refining industry) ensuring a good contribution of nutritional chemical elements and obtaining a balanced formulation. A total of seven different formulations of the above three components, were examined in a simplex centroid design. A fungal inoculum of Aspergillus niger was used as a fermentation agent for better quality of biotransformation. The monitoring of this biotransformation is ensured during 15 days by following the evolution of physicochemical and microbiological parameters and, to understand the bioconversion of the simple compounds of the biofertilizer mixture such as short aliphatic chains, sugar, and amino acids into soluble mineral compounds, a Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis was carried out before and after biotransformation. Finally, germination and fertilization tests were performed to evaluate the efficiency of the final product on a barley crop. The overall results of the present study showed that the mixture which contained 68.75% poultry waste, 12.5% molasses, and 18.75% algae presented the better microbiological and chemical safety criteria required for a good biofertilizer according to NF U44-551 standard.     

Drying of granulated wood ash by flue gas from saw dust and natural gas combustion

At the district heating plant of Kalmar, Sweden an on-line unit for production of granulated wood ash for nutrient recycling on forest soils is being applied. Currently, the granules are dried by hot air from an oil-fired burner. The objective of this work was to investigate how drying by flue gas affects the hardening of granules, or impacts their chemical composition and properties. Ninety-six granule samples were treated by flue gas from natural gas combustion in a laboratory pilot scale flue gas generator. CO₂, CO, O₂, C₃H₈ and NO concentrations were varied during the experiment. Additionally, some samples were treated by flue gas from combustion of sawdust at the heating plant in Kalmar. Drying by flue gases did not affect the chemical composition of granules, but minor effects were seen in their mineralogy. The carbonate content was slightly higher in granules treated with flue gas from natural gas combustion compared to the granules dried by hot air only, when measured by wet chemical methods. Results from XRD analysis imply that the calcite content is higher and the portlandite and arcanite content slightly less in granules treated with flue gas from sawdust combustion compared to the granules dried by hot air only. The results from this investigation showed no negative effects on ash granule composition or physical structure by the use of a flue as a drying medium.     

贡嘎山东麓海螺沟的温泉资源

海螺沟作为冰川旅游区已于1987年10月正式向国内外开放。温泉对该区来说是非常重要的旅游资源,也是主要能源之一,对它的研究具有重大旅游和经济价值。本文研究了海螺沟温泉的成因、水化学特性、微量成分的浓度和分布及其毒性指标等,并在此基础上对其作出评价。从温泉的产出条件、化学组成、物理性状和未受污染等因素综合分析,认为海螺沟温泉是保持原始本底的受活动构造控制的深成热矿泉水,可浴可饮、可综合利用。     

废弃聚合物钻井液化学脱水处理技术的实验研究

在分析废弃聚合物钻井液组成的基础上，对采用化学固液分离无害化处理方法进行了实验研究。以部分水解聚丙烯酰胺（ＨＰＡＭ）、聚电解质Ａ为絮凝剂和混合酸为凝聚剂的复合絮凝剂配方，可以彻底破坏ＨＰＡＭ类型废弃钻井液的胶体体系，使废浆液絮凝脱水。通过３口井废钻井液样品的絮凝试验，加药剂后废浆液自然脱水率为２５％～３５％，１３．３ｋＰａ压差下抽滤出水率为５１％～６０％，絮凝残渣无再造浆能力。     

Plant-available and water-soluble phosphorus in soils amended with separated manure solids

Physical, chemical, or biological treatment of animal liquid manure generally produces a dry-matter rich fraction (DMF) that contains most of the initial phosphorus (P). Our objective was to assess the solubility and plant availability of P from various DMFs as a function of soil P status. Eight different DMFs were obtained from liquid swine (LSM) and dairy cattle (LDC) manures treated by natural decantation, anaerobic digestion, chemical flocculation, composting, or mechanical separation. The DMFs were compared with mineral P fertilizer in a pot experiment with oat ( L.) grown in four soils with varied P-fixing capacities and P saturation levels. The DMFs were added at a rate of 50 mg P kg soil and incubated 14 d before seeding. Soil water-extractable P (P) at all water:soil extraction ratios (2:1, 20:1, and 200:1) was slightly higher when DMFs were derived from LDC rather than LSM. Soil P at the 2:1 ratio was lower with anaerobically digested LSM. At the 2:1 extraction ratio, DMF P was less soluble than mineral P as P saturation in soils increased. In soils with a lower P-fixing capacity, DMF P appeared less water soluble than mineral P under 20:1 and 200:1 extraction ratios. After 72 d of plant growth, DMFs produced yields comparable to mineral P fertilizer. Although the plant availability of P from DMFs was comparable to mineral P fertilizer, P from DMFs could be less vulnerable to leaching or runoff losses in soils with a high P saturation level or low P-fixing capacity.     

Natural resource abundance and economic growth revisited

An analysis using reserves as a measure of resource abundance suggests that natural resource abundance has not been a significant structural determinant of economic growth in the seventies and eighties. The story behind the effect of natural resources on economic growth is a complex one that typical growth regressions do not capture well. Preliminary evidence suggests that natural resources may affect economic growth through both ‘positive’ and ‘negative channels.’ Potential reverse causality running from these ‘channels’ to fuel and mineral reserves further complicates the analysis. I conjecture that, as economic historians suggest, the ability of a country to exploit its resource base depends critically on the nature of the learning process involved.     

Magnesium-rich minerals in sediment and suspended particulates of South Florida water bodies: implications for turbidity

Fine sediments in shallow water bodies such as Lake Okeechobee are prone to resuspension. Predominantly inorganic "mud" sediment that covers approximately 670 km2 of the lake has been recognized as a persistent source of turbidity. The objective of this study was to determine if mineral components of sediments in Lake Okeechobee and water conveyances of the northern Everglades also occur as suspended sediment and hence constitute a potential abiotic contributor to turbidity. Sediment samples were collected from nine stations within the lake and eight locations north of Water Conservation Area 2A in the Everglades. Water samples were also collected at selected locations. The silt and clay mineralogy of sediment and suspended particles was determined using X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry, scanning-electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray elemental microanalysis, and high-resolution transmission-electron microscopy. Clay fractions of the lake sediment contained the Mg silicate minerals sepiolite and palygorskite, along with smectite, dolomite, calcite, and kaolinite. Sediment silt fractions were dominated by carbonates and/or quartz, with smaller amounts of Ca phosphates and sepiolite. Mineralogy of the mud sediment was similar to that reported for geologic phosphate deposits. This suggests that the mud sediment might have accumulated by stream transport of minerals from these deposits. Suspended solids and mud-sediment mineralogy were similar, except that smectite was more abundant in suspended solids. Everglade samples also contained Mg-rich minerals. The small size, low density, and fibrous or platy nature of the prevalent mud sediment minerals make them an abiotic, hydrodynamically sensitive source of persistent turbidity in a shallow lake. Mitigation efforts focused exclusively on P-induced biogeochemical processes do not address the origin or effects of these minerals. Ecological management issues such as turbidity control, P retention, geologic P input, and suitability of dredging are related to mud-sediment properties and provenance.     

A CASE STUDY OF SHALLOW FLOW PATHS IN A STEEP ZERO-ORDER BASIN1

ABSTRACT: Soil water potentials, slope throughflow, runoff chemistry, and isotopic composition were monitored in a 97 m² zero-order basin within the Maimai 8 watershed on the South Island of New Zealand, for a natural rain storm and two artificial water applications. Contrary to results previously reported for other portions of the Maimai catchment, much of the runoff occurred as a shallow subsurface organic layer flow. For the 47 mm natural rain event, pre-storm soil matric potential ranged from ?60 to ?150 cm H₂O. No saturation was produced within the profile, and the majority of storm runoff emanated from flow within the organic horizon perched on the mineral soil surface. Hillslope applications corroborated this interpretation by showing >90 percent new water flushing with negligible mineral soil moisture response. Although the mechanisms cited in the text are not representative of the entire catchment, the study demonstrates: (1) the value of a combined physical-chemical-isotopic approach in quantifying slope processes, and (2) the heterogeneous nature and diversity of slope runoff pathways in a relatively homogeneous catchment.     

油田含油污泥深度调剖技术研究

针对目前油田联合站中含油污泥处理难的问题,提出了利用含油污泥开展深度调剖技术,通过对含油污泥组分和颗粒粒径分布测试分析,研制出合适的含油污泥深度调剖剂,室内评价结果表明:该调剖剂抗剪切能力强,热稳定性好,适用于80℃以下油藏,可提高驱油效率31.8%,不仅提高了注水开发效果,而且为解决油田含油污泥污染环境问题提供了一个途径。