江苏省旅游气候舒适性分析及旅游区划

通过对江苏省气候特点和旅游资源分布特点的分析,选用温度、湿度和风速为主要评价指标,对江苏省1979~1998年气象数据进行系统分析,并利用聚类分析和GIS技术进行旅游舒适度区划,将江苏省划分为3个旅游区:初春初夏旅游区Ⅰ、夏季旅游区Ⅱ和春秋季旅游区Ⅲ,并参考区位、旅游资源等相关指标,将3大区域又分为6个二级旅游区。通过区划发现,苏北苏中适宜开展初春和夏初旅游,而沿海城市可以开展夏季海滨避暑旅游,在长江沿岸,苏南自然景观和人文景观旅游资源丰富,有利于在春秋季旅游。针对各类地区的气候特点和主要旅游资源,初步提出了开发旅游资源的建议,对于辅助江苏省相关部门制订旅游规划和指导游客确定旅游时间和路线等均具有一定实际意义。     

Visualizing dynamic capabilities as adaptive capacity for municipal water governance

This study seeks to expand empirical research on how municipalities have adapted and innovated (or not) their water systems as a result of climate change. We analyze characteristics of water governance at the municipal scale in Oklahoma, USA. ArcMap 10.3 was used to build a qualitative geographic information system (GIS) based on fieldwork, including interviews and site-observations, to compare dynamic capabilities that lead to innovation in 38 cities in the state. The GIS enables visualization of our digitalized research to understand the interconnections between drivers of innovativeness—the combination of dynamic capabilities and innovation rates—and state of water resource infrastructure in place specific and regional planning contexts. In particular, the GIS takes into consideration income level, the influence of state-level water policy (Water for 2060 Act), water manager certification levels, population, dynamic capabilities, and perceptions of risk and vulnerability to water system change. Digitizing this information provides a diverging perspective on the historical lack of innovation in the public sector, as different socio-cultural, socio-economic, and socio-political contexts occur throughout Oklahoma, a state notorious for its oil centered economy and its climate change deniers. The findings suggest that innovativeness is directly related to dynamic capabilities and indirectly related to population size, income level, and the educational backgrounds of water decision-makers. The visualizations also show that some cities have surplus capacity for adaptation, while others were able to more efficiently turn capacity into water management innovations. Seeing representations of water governance success and failure in communities affords the opportunity to educate citizens and decision-makers to adapt water infrastructures to the effects of climate change, showcasing the utility of digitalization in a quest for sustainable solutions.     

重庆市广阳岛生态规划对局地气候影响的数值模拟试验

利用城市微尺度模式,模拟分析了重庆广阳岛城市生态规划对局地气候环境的影响。结果表明:城市微尺度模式对原始土地利用方案的精细化模拟显示,广阳岛冬季1月以北风为主,岛屿西侧风速较东侧偏大,而夏季7月的主导风向为东风,岛屿的东北部为偏东风,西南侧为西北风。广阳岛1月和7月的温度场分布都为东高西低。全岛1月都属于舒适度较高的区域,其中岛屿东北部舒适度最高,而7月岛屿东北部由于气温较高,舒适度较低。生态规划方案的模拟表明,对局地小气候影响最大的是温度场,能有效降低了广阳岛的近地面气温。生态规划方案能有效地改善广阳岛的局地小气候,提高人体舒适度,广阳岛冬季1月全岛都较为舒适,而夏季7月舒适度最高的区域位于岛屿中西部。     

台湾旅游气候舒适度分析与评价

基于台湾中央气象局近30 a（1971~2000年）的气候统计资料,采用温湿指数、风效指数和着衣指数3个指标,对台湾25个地区全年各月旅游气候舒适度进行分析评价。结果表明,台湾全省旅游气候舒适期较长,大部分地区可达8个月,旅游气候最舒适月份可从11月持续到翌年3月份,不适宜期主要集中在夏季的6、7、8月,且受台风影响较大。在此基础上,运用聚类分析法将台湾划分为北部海滨近岸岛屿区、北部 中部山地区、南部海滨近岸岛屿区、中部高山区等4个旅游气候舒适度区域。其中,北部海滨近岸岛屿区的旅游适宜期主要分布在1~5月、10~12月,全年较舒适期长达8个月;北部 中部山地区旅游气候舒适期为全年,可开展的旅游活动时间最长;南部海滨近岸岛屿区旅游舒适期为1~4、10~12月,共7个月时间;中部高山区尽管全年均没有适宜旅游的时间,但其独特的自然景观,对游客有着强烈的吸引力,建议游客到此观光游览时注意添衣防寒     

景观格局影响下的南京市热舒适度动态变化

城市热舒适度的评价是判断热环境优劣的主要方式，其结果可为城市规划、改善城市热环境提供科学依据，而温湿指数(THI)综合反映了温度和湿度两个因子对人体热感的影响，是衡量城市热舒适度的一项重要指标。选取江苏省南京市作为研究区，以1994、2000、2010和2013年夏季Landsat遥感影像数据和土地利用现状数据为数据源，反演地表温度，并结合归一化水汽指数(NDMI)对传统温湿指数进行改进，在此基础上分别从宏观和微观两个层面分析了南京市热舒适度的动态变化，通过计算景观格局指数，分析不同热舒适度分级下景观格局指数的变化，统计了2.5 km尺度上单元格网温湿指数平均值及变异系数并对其与景观组成和结构特征的相关性进行了研究，从微观尺度上探讨城市景观格局与城市热舒适度之间的关系。结果表明：宏观上，从1994年到2013年景观格局对南京市热舒适度的影响不断加深，影响面积和强度都不断增大，城市热环境逐渐恶化；微观上，景观类型组成和结构对城市热舒适度有不同程度的影响，水体、耕地、林地能显著改善热舒适度，其中水体对热舒适度的改善效果最好，其景观优势度越大、分布越集中，效果越明显；反之，建设用地优势度越大、聚集度越高，热舒适度越差。 关键词： 城市热舒适度；改进型温湿指数；景观格局指数；动态变化；南京市     

Implications of future bioclimatic shifts on Portuguese forests

As climate is an important driver of vegetation distribution, climate change represents an important challenge to forestry. We (1) identify prevailing bioclimatic conditions for 49 relevant forest species in Portugal and (2) assess future shifts under climate change scenarios. We compute two bioclimatic indices (aridity and thermicity) and a new composite index, at ~1 km spatial resolution, and overlap with the species’ current ranges. Locations are based on a digital inventory, while climate parameters for both recent-past (1950–2000) and future climates (2041–2060), under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, are provided by a multi-model ensemble of climate simulations. Results for future scenarios highlight an overall warming and drying trend. Supramediterranean and mesomediterranean climates will be significantly reduced, while thermomediterranean climates will dramatically increase, from their almost absence in current conditions to an area coverage of ~54 % in 2041–2060 for RCP8.5. There is also a clear shift from hyper-humid and humid to sub-humid and from the latter to semi-arid climates (area coverage of ~13 % in 2041–2060 for RCP8.5). Lower thermomediterranean sub-humid to semi-arid zones will cover the southern half of Portugal. These projections identify the most vulnerable (e.g. Betula pubescens, Quercus pyrenaica and Castanea sativa) and the most adapted (e.g. Quercus suber, Q. rotundifolia, Ceratonia siliqua, Pinus pinea, Quercus coccifera) species in future climates. Current bioclimatic zones associated with Eucalyptus globulus and Pinus pinaster, economically relevant species, will be moderately reduced and relocated. Possible adaptation measures are discussed to improve forest resilience to climate change, while maintaining its economic and environmental benefits.     

Bioclimatic modelling of current and projected climatic suitability of coffee (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Coffea arabica</Emphasis>) production in Zimbabwe

Coffee is an important commodity crop in Zimbabwe and many other African countries in terms of its contribution to local and national economies. Coffee production in terms of productivity and quality face severe constraints due to climate change. A study was therefore carried out to understand and quantify the potential impact of climate change on the coffee sector in Zimbabwe using a bioclimatic modelling approach. Current climatically suitable areas were identified and compared with those areas identified to be climatically suitable under projected 2050 climatic conditions. The projected climatic conditions were obtained from climate predictions of two models: CCSM4 model and HadGEM2 model. Coffee production was found to be mostly sensitive to precipitation factors as these were the most important in determining climatic suitability of coffee production in Zimbabwe. The modelling showed that current coffee suitability varies spatially between the four coffee producing districts in Zimbabwe. Chipinge district has the largest area climatically suitable for coffee production followed by Chimanimani district with Mutare district having the smallest. The modelling predicted that there will be a spatial and quantitative change in climatic suitability for coffee production in Zimbabwe by 2050. The greatest changes are projected for Mutare district where over three quarters according to the CCSM4 model and the entire district according to the HadGEM2 model will turn marginal for coffee production. A westward shift in climatic suitability of coffee was observed for Chipinge and Chimanimani district. The models predicted a loss of between 30,000 ha (CCSM4) and 50,000 ha (HadGEM2) in areas climatically suitable for coffee production by 2050 in Zimbabwe. These changes are likely to be driven by changes in the distribution of precipitation received in the coffee areas. The study presents possible adaptation measures that can be adopted by the coffee sector in Zimbabwe and the region to maintain coffee productivity under a changing climate.     

Physical development trend and green space destruction in developing cities: a GIS approach

Green spaces considered natural remnants in urban environments play a key role in promoting environmental quality and forming a sustainable city. Nowadays, development of urban spaces has taken a hasty growth. In the meanwhile, the natural green spaces are severely damaged. The current study aims at investigating the trend of changes in green space of Tabriz City, the second large industrial city in Iran, on the basis of landscape ecology principles. In order to prepare the land-cover maps, Landsat TM and IRS LISS-III of the years 1989 and 2006 were applied. Alongside, landscape percentage metrics, the largest patch index, number of patches, patch density, edge density, total edge, class area and landscape shape index were also used to analyse the changes. Metric analysis of the landscape within the studied years revealed that a large part of the region has enjoyed a rapid growth (equivalent to 64.5 %) in constructions. As the obtained results showed, the smallest landscape percentage (3.9 %) in the study area is belonged to the municipal green space, while the largest landscape percentage (66 %) is allocated to the barren land. This shows that the constructions have not balanced with creation of new green spaces, and the lack of green space per capita continues to be felt.     

Current and future suitability areas of kermes oak (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Quercus coccifera</Emphasis> L.) in the Levant under climate change

Quercus coccifera L. (Kermes oak) is an evergreen oak, typical of the maquis in the eastern and south-eastern part of the Mediterranean. It occurs almost continuously along the Syrian–Lebanese coast up to 1500 m and is more scattered inland, up to the arid southernmost area of Petra in Jordan. Human impact and global warming both strongly affect the natural distribution of the species, thus leading to a widespread forest fragmentation in the whole region. In this study, we investigate the current bioclimatic range of Kermes oak and forecast which areas are potentially most suitable over the course of the twenty-first century. Ecological niche modelling was used to retrieve the environmental envelope of the species according to 23 topographic and climate variables. Five algorithms and three general circulation models were applied to provide the potential distribution of Kermes oak at the present time and project it to the future. Results showed a current suitability area in the Middle East extending from NW of Syria, rather continuously along the Lebanese coasts and inland up to the Mediterranean western slopes of Palestine and the Golan area (Israel), encompassing the Jordan Valley towards Dana and Wadi Rum (Jordan), with an isolated patch in Jabal Al-Arab (South Syria). Future scenarios depict a significant fragmentation and restriction of Kermes oak range, especially in the north of Syria and Golan, with a general shifting in altitude. This information may be useful in helping the foresters to cope with the challenge of climate changes by identifying the most suitable areas climatically effective for successful ecosystem restoration and management, including reforestation programmes.     

卫星遥感与地理信息系统在淮阴市可持续发展中的应用

本文通过淮阴市卫星遥感与地理信息系统应用示范研究的实践,探讨地级市资源环境信息系统在国土规划和区域可持续发展中的应用。     

广州市生态风险重点及其防范策略

为了构建更适宜居住生活、更适宜创业发展的山水田园型生态城市，为实现城市可持续发展的总目标，广州市必须系统而有重点地防范生态风险，解决制约广州城市发展的重点和潜在的战略生态问题，保障城市生态安全。本文着重探讨了广州城市发展中的台风、暴雨、洪涝、临海重工业的发展布局与近岸海域生态系统的保护、饮用水保障与水环境质量、机动车尾气污染与大气环境质量等重点生态环境问题及其防范策略。     

Impact of climate change on vulnerability of forests and ecosystem service supply in Western Rhodopes Mountains

The vulnerability of forest ecosystem services to climate change is expected to depend on landscape characteristic and management history, but may also be influenced by the proximity to the southern range limit of constituent tree species. In the Western Rhodopes in South Bulgaria, Norway spruce is an important commercial species, but is approaching its current southern limit. Using climate sensitive forest models, we projected the impact of climate change on timber production, carbon storage, biodiversity and soil retention in two representative landscapes in the Western Rhodopes; a lower elevation landscape (1000–1450 m a.s.l) dominated by mixed species forests, and a higher elevation landscape (1550–2100 m a.s.l.) currently dominated by spruce. In both landscapes climate change is projected to induce a shift in forest composition, with drought-sensitive species, such as Norway spruce, being replaced by more drought-tolerant species such as Scots pine and black pine at lower elevations. In the higher elevation landscape a reduction in spruce growth is projected, particularly under the more severe climate change scenarios. Under most climate scenarios a reduction in growing stock is projected to occur, but under some scenarios a moderate increase in higher elevation stands (>1500 m a.s.l.) is expected. Climate change is projected to negatively influence carbon storage potential across landscapes with the magnitude depending on the severity of the climate change scenario. The impact of climate change on forest diversity and habitat availability is projected to differ considerably between the two landscapes, with diversity and habitat quality generally increasing at higher elevations, and being reduced at lower elevations. Our results suggest that if currently management practices are maintained the sensitivity of forests and forest ecosystem services in the Western Rhodopes to climate change will differ between low and higher elevation sites and will depend strongly on current forest composition.     

The ecological implications of land use change in the Source Regions of the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers, China

The alpine ecosystems in permafrost regions are extremely sensitive to climate change. The headwater regions of Yangtze River and Yellow River of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are on the permafrost area. Aerial photos of the Source Regions of the Yangtze and Yellow River taken in 1968 and three phases of TM images acquired from 1986, 2000, and 2008 were used to analyze the spatial alterations of the land cover and corresponding effects on the environment guided by landscape ecology theory. Firstly, land cover types were divided into three classes and 11 subclasses. Analysis results revealed the trends and magnitude of the eco-environmental changes in the regions over the past four decades and showed a continuous degradation of grasslands and the extension of desertification and salinization. Secondly, five landscape pattern indices (i.e., NP, MPS, PR, SHEI, CONTAG) commonly used in landscape ecological studies were calculated, and results showed that this region had become more centralized and diversified. Finally, the factors causing the degradation of alpine grasslands were analyzed. The regional climate exhibited a tendency toward significant warming and desiccation with the air temperature increased by 0.03 °C per year and relative stable precipitation over the last 40 years. And the temperature of permafrost in 0–20 cm soil layer obviously raised by 0.2–0.3 °C in the last 40 years. The combined effects of climate warming and permafrost variation were the major drivers for the changes of landscape in alpine ecosystems.     

Demand of the tourists visiting protected areas in small oceanic islands: the Azores case-study (Portugal)

In general, tourism plays a significant role in the economy of archipelagos and islands. The Autonomous Region of the Azores has a great potential for tourism, offering multiple attractions, both natural and cultural, creating a big challenge for a sustainable tourism policy since little attention has been paid to the archipelagos and their special needs. This work aims to understand the profile and type of ecotourist that visits the Azores. This knowledge is of great importance for a better management and development of nature-based tourism, and products tailored to the needs and expectations of visitors. The data were collected by means of exit surveys conducted at the Airport of São Miguel Island, the larger and most populated island of the archipelago, during the high tourist season—July–September 2009. The analysis of the visitor’s profile and preferences is crucial to draw adequate strategies of management for tourism, while it helps to adequate the offer to the demand. Results showed that 41.1 % of the tourists claimed to be attracted to the islands due to their “natural values” (e.g., landscape, biodiversity, and geodiversity). The most practiced activities were whale-watching (32.4 %) and mountaineering/hiking (31.6 %), followed by diving (7 %) and other sports (5.1 %). The tourists’ profile points to a mainstream, soft, and incidental type of ecotourist. This information helps to develop and support a strategic planning and management, both at local and regional levels, for sustainable tourism policies.     

Examination of land use/land cover changes,urban growth dynamics,and environmental sustainability in Chittagong city,Bangladesh

As in many other developing countries, cities in Bangladesh have witnessed rapid urbanization, resulting in increasing amounts of land being taken over and therefore land cover changing at a faster rate. Until now, however, few efforts have been made to document the impact of land use and land cover changes on the climate, environment, and ecosystem of the country because of a lack of geospatial data and time-series information. By using open source Landsat data integrated with GIS technologies and other ancillary data, this study attempts to classify land use and create land cover maps, enabling post-classification change detection analysis. By this method, we document the spatial and temporal trajectory of urban expansion in Chittagong, the second largest city in Bangladesh, over a 36-year period. The findings suggest that, over the study period, 56 % of the land cover has undergone change, mainly because of the expansion of built-up areas and other human activities. During the 36-year period, the built-up area around Chittagong city has expanded by 618 %, with an average annual rate of increase of 17.5 %. As a result of rapid urbanization, the vegetated hills near urban development areas face serious threats of further encroachment and degradation, given that 2178 ha of hills have already been intruded over the study period. Because urbanization processes in Bangladesh have traditionally been viewed as the result of population growth and economic development, very little work has been done to track the potential growth trajectory in a physical or spatial context. This study, therefore, will contribute to the current understanding of urban development in Bangladesh from a temporal and spatial point of view. Findings will be able to assist planners, stakeholders, and policy makers in appreciating the dynamism of urban growth and therefore will facilitate better planning for the future to minimize environmental impacts.     

Effects of climate change on species distribution, community structure, and conservation of birds in protected areas in Colombia

Climate change is expected to cause shifts in species distributions worldwide, threatening their viability due to range reductions and altering their representation in protected areas. Biodiversity hotspots might be particularly vulnerable to climate change because they hold large numbers of species with small ranges which could contract even further as species track their optimal habitat. In this study, we assessed the extent to which climate change could cause distribution shifts in threatened and range-restricted birds in Colombia, a megadiverse region that includes the Tropical Andes and Tumbes-Choco-Magdalena hotspots. To evaluate how climate change might influence species in this region, we developed species distribution models using MAXENT. Species are projected to lose on average between 33 and 43 % of their total range under future climate, and up to 18 species may lose their climatically suitable range completely. Species whose suitable climate is projected to disappear occur in mountainous regions, particularly isolated ranges such as the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta. Depending on the representation target considered, between 46 and 96 % of the species evaluated may be adequately represented in protected areas. In the future, the fraction of species potentially adequately represented is projected to decline to 30–95 %. Additional protected areas may help to retain representativeness of protected areas, but monitoring of species projected to have the largest potential declines in range size will be necessary to assess the need of implementing active management strategies to counteract the effects of climate change.     

Projecting canopy cover change in Tasmanian eucalypt forests using dynamically downscaled regional climate models

Loss of forest cover is a likely consequence of climate change in many parts of the world. To test the vulnerability of eucalypt forests in Australia’s island state of Tasmania, we modelled tree canopy cover in the period 2070–2099 under a high-emission scenario using the current climate–canopy cover relationship in conjunction with output from a dynamically downscaled regional climate model. The current climate–canopy cover relationship was quantified using Random Forest modelling, and the future climate projections were provided by three dynamically downscaled general circulation model (GCM) simulations. Three GCMs were used to show a range of projections for the selected scenario. We also explored the sensitivity of key endemic and non-endemic Tasmanian eucalypts to climate change. All GCMs suggested that canopy cover should remain stable (proportional cover change <10 %) across ~70 % of the Tasmanian eucalypt forests. However, there were geographic areas where all models projected a decline in canopy cover due to increased summer temperatures and lower precipitation, and in addition, all models projected an increase in canopy cover in the coldest part of the state. The model projections differed substantially for other areas. Tasmanian endemic species appear vulnerable to climate change, but species that also occur on the mainland are likely to be less affected. Given these changes, restoration and carbon sequestration plantings must consider the species and provenances most suitable for future, rather than present, climates.     

基于GIS的湖北省水稻生产潜力研究

使用GIS技术，以分县（市，区）为基本单位研究湖北省近年水稻生产状况。综合气象资料、地形数据、水稻作物生长发育规律和适应性气候指标，划分出湖北省水稻适宜性种植区域；根据各县（市、区）区域水稻实际生产数据，分早、中、晚稻划定出水稻生产的高、中和低产区域；测算湖北省水稻光温生产潜力为 17 000~22 000 kg/hm2，光温生产潜力可利用度为3306%~7830%。按照农业气候资源的相似性和农业气候利用一致性原则研究表明：湖北省水稻综合生产潜力为31742万t。该研究结果和建立的数据库为更好地指导和规〖JP2〗划湖北省水稻种植、生产和实施系列高产科技工程项目提供了依据和参考。该研究方法，能够扩展用于粮食作物种植区划和农业区划研究     

基于SPOT_NDVI的甘肃省植被覆盖变化及其与气候、地形因子的关系

植被覆盖时间序列特征体现了气候变化和人类活动对环境的影响，利用2000~2018年SPOT_NDVI并结合气象和地形数据，采用趋势分析、偏相关分析、地形面积修正等方法探究甘肃省植被覆盖的变化特征及与气候、地形的关系。研究表明：近19年来，甘肃省植被覆盖整体呈恢复状态，但低覆盖区面积仍为最大，空间分布总体呈现南高北低的状态。降水对省内植被生长总体起到促进作用，特别是黄土高原地区，植被覆盖度与降水有显著的正相关性；在南部湿润区和北部干旱区，气温对植被生长分别起到促进和抑制作用。就地形而言，海拔2 500~3 000 m、坡度大于25°的半阳坡地区最适宜植被生长。进行植被覆盖研究，有利于区域生态建设和持续性发展，同时对人地关系以及经济发展的统筹规划也有重要的理论与实际意义。     

森林经营对三峡库区生态环境的影响研究

三峡库区的山地生态系统具有先天脆弱性,人类活动对生态环境的影响强烈,农业生态系统抗逆力差,森林景观破碎化。作为陆地生态系统的主体,持续经营的森林成为维持区域生态平衡的关键因素。开展森林经营对库区生态环境的影响研究,必须从持续发展思想出发,以景观生态学理论为指导原则,采用生态规划的方法,借助遥感（ＲＳ）、全球定位系统（ＧＰＳ）、地理信息系统（ＧＩＳ）技术。在研究内容的选择上,应集中于森林经营的指导原