我国煤炭消费现状与未来煤炭需求预测

在分析1991年以来我国煤炭资源消费量变化以及煤炭消费占能源消费总量比重变化的基础上。指出电力、钢铁、建材和化工是煤炭资源的主要消耗行业，2005年它们消耗的煤炭占我国煤炭消费总量的85％。考虑这四大行业能源消费构成的特点、煤炭需求的主要决定因素、未来能源效率提高潜力及产业结构调整等因素，采用主要耗煤部门法预测2010、2020年我国国内煤炭需求量。考虑未来我国经济增长速度及我国节能目标等相关因素，采用单位产值能耗法。能源弹性系数法预测未来我国能源需求。然后采用相关部门对除煤炭以外的其他一次能源需求的预测，间接求得我国2010、2020年煤炭需求量。比较两种预测方法的结果。最终得出我国煤炭需求量为2010年26．2亿-28．5亿t、2020年30．9亿-34．9亿t．发电用煤仍是拉动煤炭消费增长的主要因素。     

能源结构优化对广东省碳强度目标的贡献潜力

能源结构优化是实现广东省"十二五"碳强度目标的有效措施之一。为评估能源结构优化对广东省碳强度目标实现的贡献潜力,本文首先运用情景预测、成分数据模型、GM(1,1)模型等多学科方法预测了2011-2015年广东省碳强度趋势,然后分27个组合情景评估了能源结构优化对实现广东省碳强度目标的贡献潜力。结果表明:在理想情景(经济高速增长、能源消费量强化控制且能源结构大幅调整)下,2015年碳强度相对2010年下降19.37%,能源结构优化对实现碳强度目标的贡献潜力最大,达到99.33%;即使在保守情景(经济中速增长、能源消费量适度控制且能源结构小幅调整)下,2015年碳强度相对2010年也将下降2.66%,能源结构优化对实现碳强度目标的贡献潜力也会达到13.65%。广东省仅靠能源结构优化无法实现碳强度目标,若能系统性采取一系列对策,则完全可能实现广东省碳强度目标。     

基于组合模型的能源消费预测研究

能源作为社会发展的重要物质基础,其消费影响着人类赖以生存和发展的自然环境,也是经济和社会可持续发展的关键问题。通过建立能源消费量模型,准确预测中国能源消费总量,做好未来能源消费预测分析,从而为制定合理的能源生产计划、外供能、节能计划及制定相关的政策等提供科学的依据,这对于保持中国社会经济健康、持续、稳定的发展都具有重要的理论与现实意义。而运用组合模型进行预测不仅预测结果准确性高,而且稳定性好。本文借助组合模型对能源消费所做的预测研究表明,随着社会、经济的发展,中国能源需求不断增长。尤其是2000年以来,中国能源消费稳步增长,未来几年仍将继续保持此增长势头及速度。组合模型集结了更多的有用信息,使得预测结果更加可靠,可以作为中国"十二五"期间的能源消费量预测的有效工具,为能源决策提供更为可靠的依据及建议。     

交通部门CO_2排放、能源消费和交通服务量达峰规律研究

交通部门是快速增长的能源消费和CO_2排放部门,其CO_2排放峰值出现的年份和峰值排放水平已成为影响我国能否实现2030年国家自主决定贡献目标的要素之一。本文将交通部门的CO_2排放进行KAYA公式展开并动态化,推导出交通部门CO_2排放峰值、能源消费量峰值和交通服务周转量峰值出现时的必要条件,以及三个峰值出现顺序的一般规律,即:交通部门CO_2排放量的峰值将最早出现,该峰值出现时交通部门能源消费的碳强度年下降率将大于交通能源消费的年增长率;交通能源消费量峰值将随后出现,届时交通服务量的能源强度年下降率将大于交通服务量的年增长率;交通部门服务量达峰将最后出现,此时单位GDP的交通服务强度的年下降率将大于GDP的年增长率,并最终实现与GDP增长脱钩。在结合我国经济发展新常态的背景下,对我国交通部门的CO_2排放、能源消费和服务量达峰进行情景分析,研究结果表明:只有综合采取燃油税和碳税等财税政策以及进一步加速燃料替代、提升交通工具能效等措施,我国交通部门才有可能在2035年左右实现CO_2排放达峰,峰值时的CO_2排放量约为12.3亿t,在2045年左右实现交通能源消费量达峰,峰值水平约为7.4亿t标准煤,在2050年前交通服务周转量很难出现峰值但其增速将十分缓慢。与美国、日本和欧盟交通部门峰值出现年份的发展阶段相比较,我国交通部门在自身快速发展的同时向绿色低碳转型的发展阶段特征十分明显,三个峰值陆续出现的特点更加显著。为此,我国交通部门要全面加强顶层设计,构建综合的交通政策体系,以发展低碳交通技术为重要抓手,充分利用好市场机制的减排手段,全面提升公众的低碳出行意识,进而加速我国交通部门CO_2排放峰值的早日到来。     

技术进步、结构变动与中国能源利用效率

随着中国经济的快速增长,能源生产与消费量呈几何级数增长,而单位GDP的能耗却不断下降.理论上,能源利用效率的变化可以归因于结构变化与技术进步.为了解释中国能源效率的这种变化过程,本文采用对数平均的LMDI方法将中国1994-2005年的能源强度变化分解为六大类产业结构变化、两位数产业结构变化效应和技术进步效应.研究结果表明,1994-2005年,能源强度降低主要得益于技术进步,但技术进步的贡献在2001年后不断降低,产业结构变动在1998年前降低了能源强度,1998年之后导致能源强度的上升.在技术效应中,化学原料及制品制造业、黑色金属冶炼及压延加工业、非金属矿物制品业等高耗能产业部门及居民消费业的技术进步是导致我国能源强度下降的主要原因.     

能源结构优化对低碳山东的贡献潜力

优化能源结构降低碳强度是建立环境友好型、资源节约型低碳经济发展模式的有效途径之一。基于山东省总人口、地区生产总值、居民消费水平、能源生产量、工业产值占比等社会经济指标的历史数据和不同组合情景下的预测数据,研究了能源结构优化对低碳山东的贡献潜力问题。首先运用情景预测、GM(1,1)预测与多元回归组合预测模型对2013年到2020年的一次能源消费量及其相关变量进行了预测;其次,采用马尔可夫链模型预测了2013年到2020年山东省能源消费结构的变化趋势;最后,考虑到技术进步、经济结构以及产业结构等对碳强度目标的实现也具有显著作用,当将能源结构作为一个驱动因素分析其变化对实现碳强度目标的贡献时,需将其他因素的作用剔除,因此,本文重新界定了能源结构优化对碳强度目标"贡献潜力"的定义,即指不同能源结构调整幅度情景中碳强度的"下降幅度"相对于不调整时碳强度"下降幅度"的增加值与碳强度"目标下降幅度"的比值。并在此基础上,分9种组合情景评估了2020年能源结构优化对实现山东省碳强度目标的贡献潜力。结果表明:在相同的经济增速下,能源结构调整幅度越大,碳强度"下降幅度"越大,能源结构优化对碳强度目标的"贡献潜力"也越高;在相同的能源结构调整幅度下,经济增速越低,碳强度"下降幅度"越小,但是能源结构优化对碳强度目标的"贡献潜力"越高。在每种情景下能源结构优化对实现山东省碳强度目标均有一定的贡献潜力,但是,能源结构优化对实现山东省碳强度目标贡献潜力作用有限,即使在优化能源结构对碳强度目标"贡献潜力"最大的情景(大幅调整能源结构、经济低速增长)中,其贡献潜力也仅为10.953 3%。因此,能源结构优化对实现低碳山东有一定的贡献,但是仅靠能源结构优化无法完全实现碳强度目标,政府、企业及社会还需要采取产业结构调整、碳排放技术升级等措施。     

全球碳交易市场对中国经济-能源-气候系统的影响评估

国际气候谈判中,美国等发达国家把中国承诺强制减排目标作为其加入全球减排协定的前提,那么如果我国加入全球碳交易市场,将会对我国产生怎样的影响呢?本文基于Ramsey最优增长模型和博弈论思想,构建世界诱导技术变化混合(WITCH)模型,模拟评估全球碳交易市场对我国经济-能源-气候系统的影响,结果表明:12014年(GCM2014情景)和2020年(GCM2020情景)加入全球碳交易市场,到2100年我国GDP比常规情景(BAU情景)下分别减少6.42%和10.22%,说明加入全球碳市场将会对我国经济增长产生较大的负面影响,越早加入负面影响越小;2BAU、GCM2014和GCM2020三种情景下,2100年我国总投资分别达到98.48亿美元、85.59亿美元和85.13亿美元,其中我国能源研发投资预计分别为32.9亿美元、82.5亿美元和96亿美元,说明对我国总投资的影响差异不是很大,但对能源技术研发投资却有快速而显著的促进作用;3BAU、GCM2014和GCM2020三种情景下,2100年我国一次能源消费分为270 EJ、247 EJ和254 EJ,说明全球碳交易市场可以减少我国一次能源的总消费,但总量减少不是太显著,却能显著减少我国的煤炭等化石能源的消费量,因为GCM2014和GCM2020情景下,2100年煤炭消费仅占到我国一次能源消费的10%左右,而BAU情景下煤炭仍占59%;4全球碳交易市场可以比较显著的降低我国能源强度和碳排放强度;5全球碳交易市场的建立能有效降低全球气温,但不能将气温升幅控制在2℃范围以内。因此,我国要结合本国国情和实际,先建立国内碳交易市场,避免在国际压力下盲目承诺加入全球碳交易市场,至少2020年前我国不应该加入全球碳交易市场。     

技术进步和结构调整对能源消费回弹效应的估算

我国能源消费面临着满足经济增长和降低能耗的双重压力,提高能源利用效率迫在眉睫。那么,提高能源利用效率能节约能源消费量吗?文章基于我国1992-2011年数据对我国技术进步的回弹效应进行了实证分析,结果表明,技术进步所导致的能源效率提高能节约能源消费量,但能源消费的回弹效应显著存在,我国能源消费的回弹效应介于9%-75%之间。在此基础上,本文对能源效率的回弹效应进行扩展,提出能源效率的回弹效应包括技术进步的回弹效应和结构调整的回弹效应两部分,理由是:根据现有能源效率分解方面的经验研究,能源效率提高可以分解为两种效应,一是技术进步效应;二是结构调整效应。因此,能源效率的回弹效应也可以分解为两种效应,即能源效率的回弹效应是指通过技术进步和结构调整可以提高能源效率,进而节约能源消费量,但技术进步和结构调整也会促进经济的快速增长,从而对能源产生新的需求,部分地抵消了所节约的能源。最后,基于中国1992-2011年数据的测算结果表明,结构调整的回弹效应要远大于技术进步的回弹效应,技术进步所带来的能源效率提高同样能节约能源消费量,能源消费的回弹效应也显著存在,由结构调整所带来的能源效率提高对节约能源贡献不大,不同年份中结构调整的回弹效应呈现出较大波动,绝大部分年份中的结构调整回弹效应处于两种极端情况,即大于100%或为负值。     

中国城市化与能源强度关系的交互动态响应分析

基于1990-2009年的统计数据,建立城市化率和能源强度间的向量自回归模型,运用协整分析、脉冲响应函数和动态方差分解法,从不同视角对两组变量的交互动态响应关系进行分析和预测,旨在揭示我国城市化水平与能源利用效率的内在联系、互动机制与发展趋势。分析结果表明:尽管在短期内呈现波动态势,我国城市化水平与能源强度之间存在长期均衡关系;两组变量的动态脉冲响应为负,体现出城市化率和能源强度之间的反向变动走势;与城市化相比,能源强度的脉冲曲线波动剧烈,说明单纯依靠能源系统内部来改善能源效率缺乏可持续性;方差分解时序值显示,能源强度对城市化变动因素的累计贡献较低,而城市化水平对能源强度变动的影响显著且增长迅速,说明能源强度的降低并不是城市化率提高的主要动力,反之城市化水平的提高对能源强度的下降具有较强的促进作用。由此可见,通过城市的优化开发与系统建设,能够有效促进能源的可持续利用,实现能源消费与经济增长间的均衡发展。     

中日韩钢铁工业能源强度的比较研究

我国钢铁能源强度与世界先进水平相比存在明显差距。该文比较了我国、日本、韩国三个国家在产值能耗和吨钢能耗两类能源强度指标上的发展趋势,并利用分解分析方法计算了1996-2005年中日韩三国产品及工艺结构和能源效率的变化对各国钢铁吨钢能耗的影响，最后将各国产值能耗与吨钢能耗作进一步比较．并对比较结果进行分析。研究结果表明：能源效率的提升对中国和韩国吨钢平均能耗的下降有重要作用，结构的变化则对日本的吨钢平均能耗的下降有显著影响。因此．产品及工艺结构和效率是影响钢铁能源强度偏高的根本原因．在对产品及工艺结构调整和效率改进的过程中。不仅要注重能耗的降低。还应注重经济性的提高。     

Cs in a raised bog in central Sweden

The vertical distribution of ¹³⁷Cs activity in peat soil profiles and ¹³⁷Cs activity concentration in plants of various species was studied in samples collected at two sites on a raised bog in central Sweden. One site (open bog) was in an area with no trees and only a few sparsely growing plant species, while the other (low pine) was less than 100 m from the open bog site and had slowly growing Scots pine, a field layer dominated by some ericaceous plants and ground well-covered by plants. The plant samples were collected in 2004–2007 and were compared with samples collected in 1989 from the same open bog and low pine sites. Ground deposition of ¹³⁷Cs in 2005 was similar at both sites, 23?000 Bq m⁻². In the open bog peat profile it seems to be an upward transport of caesium since a clear peak of ¹³⁷Cs activity was found in the uppermost 1–4 cm of Sphagnum layers, whereas at the low pine site ¹³⁷Cs was mainly found in deeper (10–12 cm) layers. The migration rate was 0.57 cm yr⁻¹ at the open bog site and the migration centre of ¹³⁷Cs was at a depth of 10.7, while the rate at the low pine site was 0.78 cm yr⁻¹ and the migration centre was at 14.9 cm. Heather (Calluna vulgaris) was the plant species with the highest ¹³⁷Cs activity concentrations at both sites, 43.5 k Bq⁻¹ DM in 1989 decreasing to 20.4 in 2004–2007 on open bog and 22.3 k Bq kg⁻¹ DM in 1989 decreasing to 11.2 k Bq⁻¹ DM by the period 2004–2007 on the low pine site. ¹³⁷Cs transfer factors in plants varied between 0.88 and 1.35 on the open bog and between 0.48 and 0.69 m² kg⁻¹ DM at the low pine site.     

流域土地利用变化的水质响应研究进展

探讨流域土地利用变化的水质响应,有利于从源头上控制水污染。不同学者在多种边界条件下研究了流域土地利用变化的水质响应,发现流域土地利用变化是造成河流水质发生变化的重要原因。根据是否可以将土地利用活动概化为点状,流域土地利用变化的水质响应研究可分为点状土地利用的水质响应和非点状土地利用的水质响应。准确边界土地利用的水质响应一般是研究流域土地利用空间特征和土地利用结构与水质变化的关系。对于用全流域尺度还是用缓冲区的尺度分析土地利用的水质响应更准确仍存在争论。水域边缘几何形状影响了土地利用与水质的关系。     

Formaldehyde in conventional homes in Taiwan

A survey was conducted in the humid environment of Taipei City during April and May of 1991, to investigate the indoor formaldehyde exposure and its health effects on 117 conventional households. The levels of formaldehyde were measured by the pararosaniline method. The details regarding construction, ventilation, combustion of fuel, burning of Chinese incense, and the complaints concerning the respiratory system were obtained by a questionnaire. The results show that the age of the pressed wood used in furniture and indoor decoration, the ventilation rate, the combustion of fuel, and the burning of Chinese incense significantly affect the levels of formaldehyde. The respiratory complaints found in this study were concluded here to be only partially accounted for by exposure to formaldehyde.     

Present status of Rn in groundwater in Extremadura

Radon-222 was measured in groundwater sources of Extremadura (Spain), analyzing 350 samples from private and public springs, wells, and spas by liquid scintillation counting (LSC) and gamma spectrometry. The ²²²Rn activity concentrations ranged from 0.24 to 1168 Bq L⁻¹. The statistical analysis showed a log-normal distribution with a mean of (111 ± 7) Bq L⁻¹ and a median of (36 ± 3) Bq L⁻¹. A hydrogeological study revealed correlations between the activity concentration and the aquifer material's characteristics. A map of ²²²Rn in groundwater was elaborated and compared with the natural gamma radiation map for this region. About 35% of the samples showed ²²²Rn activity concentrations above the Euratom recommended limit of 100 Bq L⁻¹. Three uranium series radionuclides (²³⁸U, ²³⁴U, and ²²⁶Ra) were also assayed by alpha-particle spectrometry, estimating the annual effective dose due to the presence of these natural radionuclides in drinking water.     

Reuse of mining wastewater in agricultural activities in Jordan

A pilot study was completed in the Al-Abyad area near phosphate mining activity in Jordan. Six plots of 50 m² each were planted with two types of plant species (Zea mays spp. and Medicago lupulina spp.) and irrigated using three types of water (fresh groundwater, mine wastewater, and hydride water consisting of 50% fresh and 50% mine wastewater) to investigate the suitability of utilizing mine wastewater for food production in the area. Water, soil and plant sampling was completed for each plot over different time intervals and analyzed for heavy metal (Cr⁺⁶, Ni⁺², Zn⁺² and Pb⁺²) in addition to major ionic composition of the water used for irrigation. Crop yield was estimated at the end of the experiment. Plots irrigated with mine wastewater showed slightly higher heavy metals concentrations and soil salinity during the experiment period was higher for plots irrigated with mine wastewater compared to plots irrigated with fresh water, and it was uniform through the upper 45 cm of the soil profile due to the high amount of irrigation water used during the experiment. Crop yield was inversely proportional to salinity as an increase of salinity by 2-folds resulted in reducing yield by almost 50%. However, no risk of heavy metals contamination was found in plants and soil. Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

Evaluation of Urban Sustainability in Specific Sectors in Latvia

In Latvia, the concept of sustainability is only slowly gaining recognition. An analysis of Development Plans prepared by the four largest cities of Latvia indicates that sustainability is presented as one of the guiding principles. However, a comparison of Development Plan policies against the urban sustainability issues reveals a great deal of ambiguity and contradiction.At the municipal level, planners and politicians lack indicators to gauge whether the long-term goals of Development Plans and the principles of sustainable development are being achieved. As a consequence, the broad public is deprived of the opportunity to assess for itself the process of development in relation to Development Plan policies, thus limiting accountability in development decision-making. Relevant statistical data collected on a regular basis are required to create sustainability indicators reflecting sustainability issues, to supplement and replace existing statistical compilations pertaining almost exclusively to economic growth and consumption. Development and utilisation of sustainability indicators can be an effective instrument for promoting the values of sustainable development amongst politicians, planners and the broad public and for enhancing accountability in decision-making.     

Precipitation-driven decrease in wildfires in British Columbia

Trends of summer precipitation and summer temperature and their influence on trends in summer drought and area burned in British Columbia (BC) were investigated for the period 1920–2000. The complexity imposed by topography was taken into account by incorporating high spatial resolution climate and fire data. Considerable regional variation in trends and in climate–fire relationships was observed. A weak but significant increase in summer temperature was detected in northeastern and coastal BC, whereas summer precipitation increased significantly in all regions—by up to 45.9 %. A significant decrease in province-wide area burned and at the level of sub-units was strongly related to increasing precipitation, more so than to changing temperature or drought severity. A stronger dependence of area burned on precipitation, a variable difficult to predict, implies that projected changes in future area burned in this region may yield higher uncertainties than in regions where temperature is predominantly the limiting factor for fire activity. We argue that analyses of fire–climate relationships must be undertaken at a sufficiently high resolution such that spatial variability in limiting factors on area burned like precipitation, temperature, and drought is captured within units.     

Natural radionuclides in bottled water in Austria

Concentration levels of 226Ra, 222Rn and 210Pb were analyzed in domestic bottled waters commercially available in Austria. Concentrations up to 0.23 Bq/l, with a geometric mean of 0.041 Bq/l were found for 226Ra. Concentrations for 222Rn ranged from <0.12-18 Bq/l, the geometric mean being 0.54 Bq/l. Lead-210 was analyzed in selected samples, the concentrations ranging from <2 to 34 mBq/l, with a geometric mean of 4.7 mBq/l. Ingestion doses resulting from consumption of these waters were calculated for the geometric mean and the maximum concentrations of the three radionuclides. The effective dose equivalents for different age groups of the population due to the intake of 226Ra range from 0.001 to 0.22 mSv/y and of 210Pb from 0.0003 to 0.05 mSv/y. Ingestion doses from 222Rn are low compared to those from 226Ra and 210Pb, ranging from 0.0001 to 0.011 mSv/y for adults and children, respectively. The doses are compared to the total ingestion dose from dietary intake of natural radionuclides on an annual basis.     

Radon concentrations in a spa in Serbia

The paper presents the results of indoor radon concentration survey in 201 homes and offices in Niska Banja (the Spa of Nis), a well-known health resort and a spa in the South-East of Serbia. Radon indoor concentrations were determined by active charcoal method, according to standard EPA procedure. The indoor radon concentrations were in the range of up to 200 Bq/m(3) (47%), from 200-600 Bq/m(3) (26%) and over 600 Bq/m(3) (27%). Three areas of extremely high average radon concentrations were found (1,340-4,340 Bq/m(3)), with a maximum above 13,000 Bq/m(3). The content of natural radionuclides ((226)Ra, (214)Pb, (214)Bi, (235)U, (228)Ac, (212)Pb, (212)Bi, (208)Tl, (40)K) and (137)Cs, as well as the content of total uranium, thorium and potassium in mud used in peloidotherapy in the Health Institute "Niska Banja" was determined, too. The activities of the radionuclides were determined on an HPGe detector, by standard gamma spectroscopy. The results indicated considerably high amounts of total uranium and thorium (0.021 g/kg mud and 0.003 g/kg mud, respectively), due to the karsts origin of the soil.