基于网络分析法的旅游产业空间格局优化与空间拓展——以大连市为例

基于旅游产业经济活动的空间分布与空间相互作用关系，对旅游产业发展基本要素进行调控，进而找到最优的产业要素配置方案，释放区域旅游经济发展潜力。依据中心地理论、Gunn的旅游目的地地带理论以及旅游产业要素的空间相互作用理论，采集大连市旅游产业发展相关数据，基于交通网络数据集，利用GIS网络分析法提取旅游节点与旅游通道，构建各级旅游区，优化旅游产业空间组织格局。结果显示：优化得到5个一级旅游节点，12个二级旅游节点，10条一级旅游通道、12条二级旅游通道，在此基础上构建5个一级旅游区、17个二级旅游区总共22个域面，旅游节点、旅游通道与旅游域面有机结合构成大连市旅游产业空间组织网络，重铸大连市旅游发展轴线，拓展旅游业发展空间，优化旅游产业空间格局，实现旅游活动温冷区产业要素的高效利用。拓展乡村旅游发展空间，促进乡村旅游的转型升级与高质量发展。     

武汉市城郊乡村旅游地的类型划分及时空分布特征研究

在对武汉市城郊534个乡村旅游地进行类型划分的基础上，运用数理统计和空间分析法，对其时空分布特征和影响因素进行研究，得出以下结论：(1）武汉市城郊乡村旅游地在发展过程中，呈现出四个明显的发展时段，旅游极化发展形成的空间冷热点区随时间而发生变化，现已在武汉市西北、西部和南部形成三大旅游集聚区。（2）武汉市城郊乡村旅游地类型日益多元化，从发展初期的休闲观光和乡村文化两种类型逐步增加至休闲观光、乡村文化、农事体验、农业科技、特色村镇等五种类型；不同类型的乡村旅游地发展速度、规模、极化趋势各异。(3）与中心城区距离、相关政策、道路交通条件、水文因素、旅游资源禀赋等均对乡村旅游地的时空分布特征产生影响，各个因素对不同类型旅游地时空分布的影响存在一定差别。     

基于网络信息的江西省乡村旅游地吸引力评价及空间分析

旅游吸引力是目的地旅游发展的动力源泉，基于需求侧的旅游吸引力评价对于乡村旅游地的经营管理和市场营销具有重要的指导意义。以江西省为例，在乡村旅游地类型划分的基础上，构建了基于网络信息的乡村旅游地吸引力评价体系，同时采用空间自相关和核密度分析方法分析了乡村旅游地吸引力的空间分布格局，研究发现：（1）江西省乡村旅游地可以划分为生态观光类、休闲度假类、农事体验类、农业科技类、乡土文化类和特色村镇类六个大类和24个基本类型;（2）江西省乡村旅游地单体吸引力指数相差较大，不同类型乡村旅游地吸引力指数差别显著，生态观光类吸引力指数最高，农业科技类最低;（3）江西省乡村旅游地为旅游者带来了良好的游憩体验，旅游者整体满意度较高，但网络关注度与分享程度相对较低;（4）江西省乡村旅游地吸引力集聚特征显著，且主要集中在“南昌-九江-宜春”、“萍乡-宜春”、“上饶-景德镇”三大片区，各类型乡村旅游地吸引力集聚状况空间差异较大。基于研究结论，文章为江西乡村旅游吸引力的提升及未来乡村旅游的发展提出了针对性的意见与建议。     

Rural women and agrotourism in the context of sustainable rural development: A case study from Turkey

As in many developing countries also in Turkey, agriculture is on the center of rural development and rural women are on the center of agriculture. Although they are main part as a major labor force at every stage of agricultural activity and undertake responsibilities such as domestic task and childcare, women do not profit from social and economic benefits proportionate to the responsibilities they have undertaken. Agrotourism is an alternative activity in the rural development process, which combines agriculture and tourism, improves natural resources, contributes the rural area socially and economically. The aim of this study is to examine the participation conditions of rural women to the agrotourism activities, which is considered as an option in the context of sustainable rural development, and to identify the possible social and economic implications of agrotourism on the rural women’s life, after determining the situation and importance of rural women in the agricultural activity. This research was carried out in three villages of Kalecik district of Ankara and data gathered from group meetings and surveys.     

江西省乡村休闲旅游地类型划分与空间格局研究

乡村休闲旅游地的多样化协调发展有助于优化乡村休闲旅游的空间格局。以江西省为案例地,选取312个乡村休闲旅游地为研究对象,借助Arc-GIS10.2空间分析工具,运用地理集中指数、变异系数和核密度分析、栅格分析、缓冲分析等研究方法探索了乡村休闲旅游地类型与空间分布格局及其影响因素。研究发现:(1)江西省乡村休闲旅游地类型多样,主要可划分为生态观光类、休闲度假类、农事体验类、农业科技类、乡土文化类和特色村镇类6大类型;(2)江西乡村休闲旅游地整体上呈现出"人"字型结构的集聚分布特征及"傍水"、"亲景"、"沿路"、"环城"的整体分布特征;(3)6大类型乡村休闲旅游地均为集聚分布,但集聚状况具有明显差异,其中乡土文化类集聚程度最高,农业科技类最弱;(4)发达的河流湖泊水系、高星级景区的建设、交通路网的可达性、城市客源和乡村休闲旅游政策的支持对江西乡村休闲旅游地的空间分布产生了重要的影响。基于研究结论,为优化江西乡村休闲旅游地空间布局及未来乡村休闲旅游发展提出了相应的对策与建议。     

石林风景名胜区对乡村经济发展的影响

石林风景名胜区始建于20世纪30年代,旅游开发经历了居民游览、服务中心城市的接待观光型到区域支柱产业的转型。经济体制深刻地影响了石林旅游业,旅游产品延续了计划经济体制下形成接待观光游览型,形成以门票收入为主体的旅游经济收入格局,对不同层次的经济发展带来不同的影响。石林旅游业对县级经济收入、产业结构、财政、税收有积极影响,近5年石林旅游业占当地GDP的9%～11%,占第三产业产值的27.9% ～33%、财政收入的10.8%～0.1%,但对农业生产、农村居民就业和家庭收入的带动力弱,有明显的“距离衰减效应”。获得旅游效益的居民限于风景区旅游中心的村寨,约占风景区人口的15%,中心旅游区的第三产业就业人员比例比其它地区高7%～35%。中心区农民参与旅游业方式的调查表明,居民参与旅游业的方式被动：耕地被征用后,或被风景名胜区管理部门雇佣、或成个体工商户、或被外来企业雇佣,就业领域局限于餐饮服务、环卫和绿化、民族工艺品制作与销售、照相、旅游交通、导游等。风景区农村的基础建设、产业结构、就业领域与风景区功能和旅游业目标的协调存在距离。促进风景名胜区旅游业对所在地的“三农”发展的协调值得思考和解决。     

Rural women and agrotourism in the context of sustainable rural development: A case study from Turkey

As in many developing countries also in Turkey, agriculture is on the center of rural development and rural women are on the center of agriculture. Although they are main part as a major labor force at every stage of agricultural activity and undertake responsibilities such as domestic task and childcare, women do not profit from social and economic benefits proportionate to the responsibilities they have undertaken.Agrotourism is an alternative activity in the rural development process, which combines agriculture and tourism, improves natural resources, contributes the rural area socially and economically.The aim of this study is to examine the participation conditions of rural women to the agrotourism activities, which is considered as an option in the context of sustainable rural development, and to identify the possible social and economic implications of agrotourism on the rural womens life, after determining the situation and importance of rural women in the agricultural activity. This research was carried out in three villages of Kalecik district of Ankara and data gathered from group meetings and surveys.Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

Non-timber forest products farming and empowerment of rural women in Ghana

United Nations estimates indicate that up to 70% of the world’s poor are female, and women in developing countries constitute the majority of the labour force, playing a key role in managing community resources and helping to improve food security and protect the environment. Increased attention in recent years has been focused on the potential role of non-timber forest products (NTFPs) in improving the incomes and health of women in developing countries. NTFPs farming and marketing are very critical for the economic empowerment of rural poor, particularly women. Despite this potential, the contribution of NTFPs farming to the empowerment of women remains largely undervalued and understudied. This paper examines the potential contribution of NTFPs farming in poverty reduction and livelihood improvement of women in Ghana using the Sefwi Wiawso District (SWD) and Bibiani-Bekwai District (BBD) in the Western Region of Ghana as a case study. The paper explores the contribution of NTFPs farming to the total annual income, acquisition of assets, health, and food security of women through participatory research methods. ANOVA and Pearson Correlation (p < 0.05) show that a significant association exists between total annual income of women, acquisition of assets, health, food security, and the income earned from NTFPs in the SWD and BBD. The study revealed that NTFPs can contribute significantly to the economic empowerment of women. The paper asserts that commercialisation of NTFPs will have a greater impact on women’s livelihoods and therefore any opportunity for increasing their involvement is very essential for the empowerment and sustainable development of rural communities in Ghana.     

Tourism and its impact on livelihood in Manaslu conservation area,Nepal

Tourism is an activity of a person which includes traveling and staying in places that are outside of their location for business, vacation and other purpose. Large-scale tourism in developed and developing countries has positive and negative effects on the regional and national economies, local culture, physical infrastructure and environment. There are considerable gaps in research regarding tourism and livelihood in developing countries like Nepal. This research work aims at fulfilling such gap by assessing the impact of tourism on livelihood in Manaslu conservation area (MCA) of Nepal. We interviewed 76 household followed by three focus group discussions and five key informant interviews. The first-hand information collected at the site is complimented by socioeconomic and tourism-related secondary information. Socioeconomic variables such as marital status, size of household, education and landholding status had positive effect on tourism participation while livestock-holding status and occupation of the household had negative effect on tourism participation. Number of visitors is increasing in MCA in recent years, and tourism participation is helping local people to earn more money and improve their living standard. So, awareness and education related to tourism, gender empowerment of women, advertisement and publicity on tourism promotion, adequate subsidy and training on ecotourism and skill development trainings on handicraft are recommended.     

集水型生态农业：西北半干旱区可持续农业发展的模式

西北地区是中国的主要农牧业区之一,中国农业、农村、农民问题,在很大程度上也是西北地区问题,西北地区的生态环境问题不是工业的污染,而农业生产活动的破坏,因此,在西部大开发过程中,必须将生态环境的重建与当地农民的脱贫、与农业和农村经济发展紧密结合起来,采适应地区特点的集水型生态农业发展模式,实现西北地区农业的可持续发展和生态环境的逐步恢复和重建。     

Progress in Enclave Tourism Study of Overseas： A Literature Review

In response to the ＂isolated island＂ phenomenon emerging from the development of tourist resorts in China, this paper reviews the study of enclave tourism overseas, which has similar features to the resort ＂island＂. Based on the literatures related to enclave tourism from Tourism Management and Annals of Tourism Research, this paper reviews the study of enclave tourism from the following aspects： definition discussion, theories used, causation of enclaves, characteristics and impacts of enclave tourism. The understanding of the overseas researches on enclave tourism would provide instructions for the study on the problems of Chinese resorts, such as enclavity and ＂island effects＂, and suggest measures for the sustainable development of resorts in China. This paper is divided into three sections. Section 1 briefly introduces the development of enclave tourism in developing countries and the outline of enclave tourism study. Section 2 elaborates on the contents of enclave tourism research and gives deep insights into the study on concepts, characteristics, causations and effects respectively, which is the key part of this paper; Section 3 concludes the review and proposes suggestions for the enclave tourism study in China.     

Contract farming and the adoption of climate change coping and adaptation strategies in the northern region of Ghana

In climate change adaptation, contract farming can facilitate the adoption of coping and adaptation strategies, but such dynamics are less understood in the literature. This study uses primary data collected from a cross section of crop farmers in northern Ghana and a simultaneous equation systems approach to examine the links between contract farming and adoption of climate change coping and adaptation strategies. The major coping and adaptation strategies used by farmers include spraying of farms with chemicals, row planting, mixed farming, mixed cropping and crop rotation. Econometric results confirm that contract farming enhances the adoption of climate change adaptation strategies, but there is also a feedback effect on contract farming, such that farmers adopting more adaptation strategies have higher probabilities to get contract offer. This makes contract farming a viable policy instrument to consider in climate change adaptation. Furthermore, land ownership and extension services exert significant positive influence on adoption. As much as possible, coping and adaptation strategies should effectively be communicated to crop farmers. Policy-wise, development actors and successive governments in Ghana should encourage and facilitate contract or group farming, as was in the case of the National Block Farming, led by Ghana’s Ministry of Food and Agriculture.     

预期收益、可行能力对农户生态耕种采纳意愿的影响及其代际差异

利用江西省2 068份调研数据,借鉴目标设置理论,实证分析预期收益、可行能力对农户生态耕种采纳意愿的主效应和调节效应及其代际差异的影响。结果显示:(1)预期收益对农户生态耕种采纳意愿产生显著影响,高预期收益对农户生态耕种采纳意愿具有正向作用,而中等预期、低预期收益对农户生态耕种采纳意愿具有负向作用;而且预期收益对农户生态耕种采纳意愿的作用存在代际差异。(2)可行能力的提高对农户生态耕种采纳意愿具有正向影响,而且在其预期收益与生态耕种采纳意愿的关系中具有调节作用。因此,应鼓励农户进行生态耕种,并通过示范作用,强化对预期收益的认可;加大生态耕种的基本知识宣传和相关技能培训提升自身的可行能力;生态耕种的激励政策应体现差别化来适应代际差异需求。     

基于推拉理论的“农二代”耕作意愿研究——以河南省为例

"农二代"耕作意愿关系到农业经营主体的发展、新型职业农民的培养和国家粮食安全。基于河南省597份问卷调查数据,运用推拉理论并采用二元Logistic回归分析模型,探索了"农二代"分别在近期和远期的耕作意愿及其影响因素。结果表明:与近期相比,"农二代"的耕作意愿在远期将会下降。"农二代"耕作意愿在近期和远期的影响因素有同有异。种地经历、家庭类型和农村生活压力等对"农二代"近期、远期的耕作意愿均影响显著且方向相同;种地技能要求、日常家庭开支对近期、远期的耕作意愿均有影响,但前后方向相反。而有些因素仅对"农二代"近期耕作意愿或远期耕作意愿单方面有影响。农户特征和农村推力等方面的因素在"农二代"近远期耕作意愿中均发挥重要作用。农村拉力在近期耕作意愿中作用明显,而城镇拉力在远期耕作意愿中影响显著。最后,根据"农二代"的耕作意愿影响因素,提出了具体的政策建议以期为地方政府制定相关政策提供支撑。     

The potential for adoption of climate smart agricultural practices in Sub-Saharan livestock systems

Livestock systems play an important role in the livelihoods of many rural communities in Sub-Saharan Africa while being responsible for an important share of human-induced greenhouse gas emissions. This study aimed to evaluate the potential for adoption of climate smart agricultural practices in Sub-Saharan livestock systems, related to the improvement in feed, animal husbandry, and grassland management. These practices present productivity and mitigation benefits and in some cases may also contribute to enhance resilience. In this study, we used a data set of 1538 farm households across nine Sub-Saharan countries. A mixed logit model was used to assess the influence on adoption and to estimate the probability of adoption. Our results show that there seems to be stronger influence of physical and financial capitals on adoption than the other capitals. Different types of capitals influence the uptake of different agricultural practices. Yet the probability of adoption would change across countries. The results of this study could help to refine adoption estimates calculated through global or regional modelling approaches and to inform the design of policies to better target investments in order to foster adoption.     

Progress in Enclave Tourism Study of Overseas: A Literature Review

Abstract

In response to the “isolated island” phenomenon emerging from the development of tourist resorts in China, this paper reviews the study of enclave tourism overseas, which has similar features to the resort “island”. Based on the literatures related to enclave tourism from Tourism Management and Annals of Tourism Research, this paper reviews the study of enclave tourism from the following aspects: definition discussion, theories used, causation of enclaves, characteristics and impacts of enclave tourism. The understanding of the overseas researches on enclave tourism would provide instructions for the study on the problems of Chinese resorts, such as enclavity and “island effects”, and suggest measures for the sustainable development of resorts in China. This paper is divided into three sections. Section 1 briefly introduces the development of enclave tourism in developing countries and the outline of enclave tourism study. Section 2 elaborates on the contents of enclave tourism research and gives deep insights into the study on concepts, characteristics, causations and effects respectively, which is the key part of this paper; Section 3 concludes the review and proposes suggestions for the enclave tourism study in China.     

后现代旅游理念下的乡村旅游产品开发——以长沙县开慧镇为例

后现代旅游理念源于后现代主义思潮，是一种新型的旅游观。在回顾国内外相关文献基础上，采用实地研究与问卷调查方法，以长沙县开慧镇为例进行了实证研究。研究发现：（1）后现代旅游是对现代旅游的继承性发展，后现代旅游需求是多样、复杂、甚至矛盾的，目前很难统一界定；（2）总体来看，后现代旅游产品开发应该秉持绿色自然、情感体验、个性本我、健康公平等理念；（3）开慧镇乡村旅游资源丰富，但现有产品开发存在游客参与度不高，消费水平偏低，产品认知程度不一，新媒体营销收效甚微等问题；（4）探索性地设立了由13个影响因子组成的指标体系，依据对游客的重要性程度将权重划分为高、中、低3个层级，并以此作为产品开发的参照；（5）提出了加强“大地艺术类”“儿童旅游类”“农家体验类”“户外休闲类”4类后现代乡村旅游产品开发的建议。今后，有必要加强对“后现代”或“跨现代”背景下的乡村旅游研究。     

New roles for farming in a differentiated countryside: the Portuguese example

Throughout Europe, the role of farming as the private provider of public goods and services increasingly valuated by society is today generally acknowledged. Furthermore, in the turn towards rural development concerns, multifunctionality as an attribute of rural space has emerged, justifying the territorial approach of farming. The situation facing the multifunctionality demand is nevertheless not the same in all European regions, which by all means is getting strengthened in the transition towards post-productivism. In some regions, there is a productivist orientation and production has a dominant economic role, while others will need to be supported on other functions to survive economically and socially, or may be best suited to environmental functions alone. The vocation of the rural territories is different, and thus also the functions they are able to support. This paper discusses the concept of multifunctionality of the rural areas, and defines a possible methodological approach towards the identification of the different types of rural areas in Europe, based on the identification of ideal types, through the analysis of selected indicators. The empirical application has been developed for the Portuguese Ministry of Agriculture, aiming at assessing the differentiated characteristics and dynamics of the Portuguese rural territory. Analyzing data from 1990 and 2000, at municipal level, three dimensions have been considered: the land cover, the agricultural sector and the rural community. Combining the three analyses, it was possible to identify different vocations of the rural space, and the role that farming could have in the future for the multifunctionality of the territory. Accordingly, the municipalities have been grouped in types, pre-defined as ideal types. This was a first attempt to understand the differentiation of the rural territory in Portugal. For decision-making it should be further developed. It nevertheless shows that there is clear differentiation concerning the possible landscape functions to be developed between regions and a possible way to assess. It also shows that a territorial approach to agriculture may be the key for the maintenance of the sector in many areas where production by itself, as it has been know until now, may be severely threatened.     

务农年限、邻里交流与农户生态耕种采纳度——基于江西省的数据验证

基于江西省11市47县(区)1 488份农户微观调查数据,运用Tobit模型实证分析了务农年限、邻里交流对农户生态耕种采纳度的影响,以期为提升我国耕地生态保护成效和保障农作物质量品质提供参考。结果表明:(1)有43.40%的样本农户对生态耕种持有积极的采纳态度,但仍有进一步提升的空间。(2)长期务农对农户生态耕种采纳度具有显著的消极影响,邻里交流,包括交流频率和交流程度,均对农户生态耕种采纳度起着显著的积极作用。(3)邻里交流的完善能够缓解长期务农对农户生态耕种采纳度的不利影响,不同维度邻里交流的调节作用存在差异,仅有交流程度变量的调节作用显著。(4)文化水平、生计类型、劳动力比重、地形条件、宣传力度和参与培训与否等变量也是影响农户生态耕种采纳度的重要因素。为激励农户的生态耕种行为,要在创新生态耕种培训与宣传推广方式、搭建邻里交流平台和构建生态耕种长效示范机制等方面制定针对性的政策措施。     

山岳景区依托型乡村旅游就业吸附的空间特征

乡村振兴战略和乡村产业转型发展背景下,休闲旅游产业在乡村地域的兴起扰动了当前就业人口由乡村向城镇流动的宏观趋势,乡村旅游就业吸附正从微观上改变着城乡间劳动力空间流动的格局和过程。为科学理解乡村旅游就业吸附引起城乡劳动力空间流动发生变化的特征与机制,文章基于在浙晋山岳景区依托型乡村旅游地深度访谈的一手数据,分析了乡村旅游就业人口流动的空间分布特征、就业吸附的空间模式和过程机制。结果表明:①山岳景区依托型乡村旅游就业吸附呈现距离衰减和空间层级结构的特征,0~4 km为核心层、4~12 km为过渡层、12 km以上为外缘层;但在不同社会经济发展环境下该特征存在区域差异,欠发达地区乡村旅游就业吸附的空间集中性,比发达地区更加明显。②研究从城乡地域空间系统的视角,基于人口转移“推—拉”理论对乡村旅游就业人口空间流动特征和影响机制进行分析,发现山岳景区依托型乡村旅游就业吸附呈现以城镇、乡村为就业吸附极,以城乡接合部为吸附效用“分水岭”的空间模式;其中,连接城乡间的便捷交通是乡村旅游就业吸附实现的关键介质。③基于乡村旅游就业吸附空间适用性,文章针对性提出了“空间围栏效应”的概念。文章不仅从微观尺度上丰富了乡村旅游就业人口空间流动特征、过程、模式等的理论认识,而且对切实指导乡村地域在乡村旅游开发实践中理性理解乡村旅游的就业促进作用,提升乡村旅游开发规划和投资的效率具有积极意义。