鄱阳湖枯水期水体营养浓度及重金属含量分布研究

通过监测鄱阳湖枯水期的主湖区、五河入湖口以及碟形湖表层水体氮、磷等营养浓度以及重金属含量变化，对鄱阳湖全湖的营养状况以及重金属污染现状进行了系统分析。结果表明：2010年枯水期的鄱阳湖流域表层水体总氮、总磷、化学需氧量等含量较高，达富营养化水平，湖泊水质受总氮、氨态氮、总磷和pH的影响较大。且鄱阳湖水域的氮、磷等营养存在明显的空间差异。研究结果进一步显示，饶河入湖口水体N、P污染最严重（TN 314 mg/L；TP 025 mg/L），修河入湖口污染程度次之（TN 134 mg/L；TP 009 mg/L），而南矶山碟形湖水体污染最小（TN 049 mg/L；TP 005 mg/L）。鄱阳湖表层水体重金属Pb、Cd的含量较低，符合国家渔业水质标准要求，尤其是湖泊Cd含量低于地表水Ｉ类标准。但鄱阳湖流域Cu、Zn污染较严重     

三峡库区水体有机氯农药污染特征

在长江三峡库区采集了111件水体样品，并用气相色谱(GC ECD)内标法分析其有机氯农药(OCPs)的含量，探讨了研究区水体中OCPs的残留水平、分布及来源。结果表明：水体中OCPs指标，检出率为100%。HCH四种同分异构体含量范围分别为α HCH 010~608 ng/L，β HCH 048~1020 ng/L，γ HCH 009~843 ng/L，δ HCH 007~1053 ng/L；DDT类化合物检出率普遍较低，含量范围是：p,p' DDE 001~1914 ng/L，p,p' DDD 0.04~213 ng/L，p,p' DDT 007~164 ng/L。两类农药中HCHs在多数采样点上都能被检测到，在总体含量上干流断面HCHs普遍高于DDTs。长江干流重点位置与库区断面含量相比，HCHs高于断面，DDTs低于断面。HCHs在水库水体干流中的分布呈跳跃式波动，且每次含量波动幅度都要比前一次高。库区干流重点位置水体以β HCH为主，但δ HCH普遍存在。库区重点位置水体未能检测到DDT，表明其对库区水体DDTs的贡献较小。通过比值分析得出大气输入是库区水体DDT类物质的主要来源     

丰水期鄱阳湖氮磷含量变化及来源分析

通过系统测定丰水期鄱阳湖湖水、主要支流水、长江水及部分农田水、地下水及城市污水的氮磷含量,对其氮磷含量变化及来源进行了分析,结果表明,鄱阳湖水体中主要的氮素形式是硝酸盐氮（090 mg/L）,赣江是其主要贡献者。鄱阳湖五大支流氮磷含量存在着较大的差异,赣江NO-3 N含量明显高于鄱阳湖其它主干流,而NH+4 N和TN含量以饶河的最高,TP以信江的最高。农田水、城市废水以及地下水含有较高的氮磷含量,是鄱阳湖及其五大支流氮磷的主要来源。农田水TN和TP含量最高,分别为1347、2863 mg/L。高含量的NO-3 N（735 mg/L）和NH+4 N（548 mg/L）分别出现在地下水和城市污水中。鄱阳湖水体氮负荷较大,N/P比值远大于7〖DK〗∶1。受滞留区及赣江和修水补给的影响,鄱阳湖主河道氮含量变化从上游至下游呈总体上升趋势。鄱阳湖湖体氮含量以下游最高,滞留区次之,上游主河道最低,TP含量呈相反的趋势变化。底层沉积有机物的降解和扰动导致鄱阳湖水体底层NO-3 N、NH+4 N、TN、TP的含量高于表层。     

鄱阳湖蝶形湖泊水体氮磷等的变化及污染初步评价

分别于2014年夏季7月和冬季12月对鄱阳湖蝶形水域的9个湖泊进行了采样,并对湖泊水质基础性指标TN、TP、NH_3-N、NO_3~--N、NO_2~--N、溶解性磷酸盐、TOC、COD_(Mn)和叶绿素a进行了测定与分析。据此同时运用单因素评价法、均值型指数综合评价法和营养状态指数法对鄱阳湖蝶形水域的地表水水环境的污染现状和污染程度进行了评价,以更全面和准确地反映鄱阳湖蝶形水域的水质状况。结果显示:(1)鄱阳湖蝶形水域水质总体符合GB3838-2002III类水标准;(2)7月水质总体优于12月水质。12月总氮含量和总磷含量基本都高于7月,叶绿素a含量除中湖池12月值略低于7月外,其它点位12月值均高于7月。7月总氮值为0.6~1.3 mg/L,总磷值为0.02~0.15 mg/L,叶绿素a为2.2~6.7 mg/L;12月总氮值为0.6~2.0 mg/L,总磷值为0.04~0.19 mg/L,叶绿素a为3.8~34.7 mg/L;(3)7月和12月水质营养状态介于中营养和轻度富营养,水体主要污染物质为总氮和总磷。7月蚌湖营养状态为轻度富营养,其它点位为中营养,12月除常湖、梅溪湖和大汊湖营养状态为中营养,其它点位均为轻度富营养;(4)位于南部的象湖、常湖、白沙湖和大汊湖水质整体较其它蝶形湖泊差,主要是受到工业废水、生活污水和农业面源污染的赣江和饶河的污染输入影响所致。基于以上调查测试结果提出保护和改善鄱阳湖水环境的可行性措施,以促进鄱阳湖蝶形水域水资源的开发利用,实现经济与环境及资源的协调可持续发展。     

鄱阳湖丰水期不同底质类型下氮、磷含量分析

以2011年7月份(丰水期)鄱阳湖实测数据为基础,通过不同底质在遥感影像上的光谱特征,将鄱阳湖底质分为沙滩、泥滩和草洲3种类型,并就不同底质类型鄱阳湖水体和底泥总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)含量进行分析。结果表明:(1)底质类型不同时,鄱阳湖表层水体TN、TP含量以及底泥磷含量平均值:沙滩泥滩草洲。底泥TN含量平均值:草洲泥滩沙滩。(2)底质为沙滩的站点主要分布在饶河入湖口至都昌段、赣江北支入湖口至星子段和入江水道前段,饶河、赣江高含量氮、磷的输入,以及沿途陆源污染物的排放,可能是沙滩底质表层水体TN、TP含量较高的一个因素;泥滩底质的站点,有一部分分布在星子至湖口段,该区间陆源污染的影响是泥滩底质表层水体TN、TP含量居次原因之一;而底质为草洲时,草洲对水体中氮、磷的吸收使得草洲底质的站点表层水体TN、TP含量最低。     

鄱阳湖流域农村生活区面源污染特征及其影响

农村生活区水环境是流域水环境的重要组成部分。鄱阳湖流域是我国的重要农业生产区，农村人口众多，未经过处理的生活污水、生活垃圾和固体废弃物、分散畜禽养殖污染由于无序排放导致了鄱阳湖流域河湖水质下降，湖泊富营养化指数升高。通过采用污染物当量算法对鄱阳湖流域农村生活区面源污染估算，分析了1991~2011年农村生活污染现状及其趋势，并分析了鄱阳湖河湖水质变化趋势及其在农村生活区面源污染中的影响因子。研究结果表明：（1）1991～2011年，鄱阳湖流域农村人口、生活污染、生活垃圾和固体废弃物污染、分散畜禽养殖污染不断增加，其中农村生活污水污染物排放量、TN、TP和COD排放量增长了1268%，年平均增长量分别为036、002、1681和021万t；固体废弃物排放量、TN和TP排放量增加了1268%，年增长量分别为362、076和080万t；分散畜禽养殖污染TN、TP和COD的含量分别增长了9913%、6384%和7227%，年均增长量分别为022、003和009万t；（2）2000年以来，鄱阳湖流域河湖水质呈下降趋势，其中鄱阳湖湖泊的水质和富营养化指数下降趋势分别在001和005水平上具有显著性；（3）鄱阳湖流域农村生活区面源污染对流域水环境具有一定的影响，其中分散畜禽养殖污染的影响相对较大     

乌江中上游水库-河流体系夏秋季N、Si分布特征

测定了乌江中上游的洪家渡至乌江渡水库段水体中总氮、氨氮和溶解态硅等营养物质含量，并现场测定水深、温度、溶解氧和叶绿素浓度等理化参数。研究结果表明：在夏秋水库分层现象不断减弱期间，氮、硅的空间分布受水库生物地球化学作用差异的影响，在空间上具有明显不同的分布特征。流域内地表水总氮含量变化不大，水库内垂直分布也较均一；7至9月份河流和水库表层水体总氮含量平均值呈下降趋势，分别为347、317和 3.00 mg/L。7、8月份水库表层水溶解态硅含量明显低于上下游水体，说明水库生物吸收作用强而导致水库滞留溶解态硅；在垂直剖面上，0～30 m 水体溶解态硅含量随水深增加而增加，30～60 m 溶解态硅含量变化不大，这反映了水库上层水体生物对硅的吸收,和下层水体溶解态硅的吸收和释放平衡。     

乌江中上游水库-河流体系夏秋季N、Si分布特征

测定了乌江中上游的洪家渡至乌江渡水库段水体中总氮、氨氮和溶解态硅等营养物质含量，并现场测定水深、温度、溶解氧和叶绿素浓度等理化参数。研究结果表明：在夏秋水库分层现象不断减弱期间，氮、硅的空间分布受水库生物地球化学作用差异的影响，在空间上具有明显不同的分布特征。流域内地表水总氮含量变化不大，水库内垂直分布也较均一；7至9月份河流和水库表层水体总氮含量平均值呈下降趋势，分别为347、317和 3.00 mg/L。7、8月份水库表层水溶解态硅含量明显低于上下游水体，说明水库生物吸收作用强而导致水库滞留溶解态硅；在垂直剖面上，0～30 m 水体溶解态硅含量随水深增加而增加，30～60 m 溶解态硅含量变化不大，这反映了水库上层水体生物对硅的吸收,和下层水体溶解态硅的吸收和释放平衡。     

全氟辛烷磺酰基化合物水生生态风险和人体健康风险评价

全氟辛烷磺酰基化合物（Perfluorooctanesulfonate,PFOS ）广泛用于工农业生产,PFOS可通过不同的迁移路径迁移到大气、水和土壤等环境介质中。研究表明,PFOS是一种新的持久性有机物污染物,具有毒性,可通过食物链富集。2006年PFOS被欧盟议会和部长理事会列为限制销售和使用物质。本文引用中国沿海、亚洲海域和美国部分水域的PFOS暴露浓度数据,采用商值法对PFOS的水生生态环境风险进行了评价,建立了5 种因素水平的数学模型,并应用此数学模型对PFOS的人体健康风险进行了评价。结果表明我国部分地区和亚洲沿海PFOS的水生生态风险低于美国水域,亚洲沿海、我国部分地区以及美国部分城市水体中PFOS个人风险大小依次是我国部分地区<亚洲沿海<美国部分城市。     

上海市黄浦江水源地重金属铅、镉多介质富集特征分析

上海市黄浦江饮用水源地的水质直接影响到上海市近1 700万居民的日常生活和健康安全，因此通过现场采集及室内分析对上海市主要饮用水源地黄浦江上游干流河段表层水体，表层沉积物及支流表层水体及其周边表层土壤中重金属铅、镉类污染物的含量进行了检验。结果表明：黄浦江干流表层水体铅平均含量为3234 μg/L，镉平均含量为022 μg/L；支流水体中铅平均含量为086 μg/L，镉平均含量为013 μg/L；支流表层沉积物中铅平均含量为327 μg/g，干流平均含量为218 μg/g，周边土壤中铅含量除个别点外稳定在2022~3903 μg/g；沉积物中镉的平均含量为03 μg/g，土壤中镉含量基本在015 μg/g左右。通过分析该区域多介质中重金属铅、镉的富集特征，判断表层沉积物是该区域重金属铅、镉的主要富集介质；该区域铅污染的主要受周边土壤的淋溶冲刷作用影响；2号（斜塘与圆泄泾交汇处），4号（竖潦泾与横潦泾交汇处）采样点区域相对于其他各采样点区域有短期、低浓度的重金属镉输入.     

Relationship between dietary exposure and serum perfluorochemical (PFC) levels—A case study

Daily dietary intake of perfluorinated chemicals (PFCs) in relation to serum levels was assessed by determination of nine PFCs including perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in matched daily diet duplicates and serum samples. Diet and serum were collected in year 2004 from 20 women in Osaka and Miyagi, Japan. Only PFOS and PFOA were detected in the diet samples and no significant difference between cities was seen. After adjusted by water content, diet concentration of PFOA was significantly higher in Osaka. The median daily intake calculated using the measured diet concentrations was 1.47 ng PFOS/kg b.w. and 1.28 ng PFOA/kg b.w. for Osaka, and 1.08 ng PFOS/kg b.w. and 0.72 ng PFOA/kg b.w. for Miyagi. A significant difference between cities was seen for the serum concentrations with median of 31 ng/mL PFOS and PFOA in Osaka, compared to 14 ng/mL PFOS and 4.6 ng/mL PFOA in Miyagi. Carboxylates such as perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUnDA) were also detected in serum at median levels 6.9 ng/mL and 3.2 ng/mL (Osaka), and 2.8 ng/mL and 5.1 ng/mL (Miyagi). Based on one-compartment model under steady state, dietary intake of PFOS and PFOA accounted for only 22.4% and 23.7% of serum levels in Osaka females, and in contrast 92.5% and 110.6% in Miyagi females, respectively.     

Polyfluorinated compounds in dust from homes,offices, and vehicles as predictors of concentrations in office workers' serum

We aimed to characterize levels of polyfluorinated compounds (PFCs) in indoor dust from offices, homes, and vehicles; to investigate factors that may affect PFC levels in dust; and to examine the associations between PFCs in dust and office workers' serum. Dust samples were collected in 2009 from offices, homes, and vehicles of 31 individuals in Boston, MA and analyzed for nineteen PFCs, including perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), and sulfonamidoethanols (FOSEs). Serum was collected from each participant and analyzed for eight PFCs including PFOA and PFOS. Perfluorononanoate, PFOA, perfluoroheptanoate, perfluorohexanoate, PFOS and 8:2 FTOH had detection frequencies > 50% in dust from all three microenvironments. The highest geometric mean concentration in office dust was for 8:2 FTOH (309 ng/g), while PFOS was highest in homes (26.9 ng/g) and vehicles (15.8 ng/g). Overall, offices had the highest PFC concentrations, particularly for longer-chain carboxylic acids and FTOHs. Perfluorobutyrate was prevalent in homes and vehicles, but not offices. PFOA serum concentrations were not associated with PFC dust levels after adjusting for PFC concentrations in office air. Dust concentrations of most PFCs are higher in offices than in homes and vehicles. However, indoor dust may not be a significant source of exposure to PFCs for office workers. This finding suggests that our previously published observation of an association between FTOH concentrations in office air and PFOA concentrations in office workers was not due to confounding by PFCs in dust.     

The occurrence of perfluorinated alkyl compounds in human milk from different regions of China

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), especially perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), are known to occur throughout the environment and in the human population (Houde et al., 2006). The occurrence of PFCs in human umbilical cord blood and human milk, coupled with the potential developmental toxicity of PFCs, suggests the need for determining the exposure sources and magnitudes of PFCs in infants. In this study, 10 PFCs were measured in 24 pooled samples consisting of 1237 individual human milk samples. The samples were collected from 12 provinces of China in 2007. PFOS and PFOA were the predominant PFCs found in all the samples tested. The geometric mean (GM) and median of the concentrations were 46 pg/mL and 49 pg/mL for PFOS, 46 pg/mL and 34.5 pg/mL for PFOA respectively. A large variation in geographical distribution was observed for PFCs in human milk. High concentrations of PFOA (814 pg/ml for the rural samples and 616 pg/ml for the urban samples) were found in human milk from Shanghai. Estimated dietary intakes (EDI) were established and the median, GM and the highest EDI of the total PFCs were 17.2 ng/kg/d, 17.8 ng/kg/d and 129.1 ng/kg/d respectively. The EDI for PFOA (88.4 ng/kg/d) for Shanghai was close to the tolerable daily intake (100 ng/kg/d) proposed by the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment and the Drinking Water Commission. The results suggest both mothers and infants have a high exposure to PFCs in the Shanghai region. The potential health impact of postnatal exposure through breastfeeding to infants should therefore be comprehensively evaluated.     

Perfluorinated compounds in surface waters from Northern China: Comparison to level of industrialization

Inclusion of Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) in the Stockholm Convention because of its exemptions, has resulted in increased annual production of PFOS-containing chemicals in China to accommodate domestic and overseas demands. Accordingly, concern about environmental contamination with perfluorinated compounds (PFCs), such as PFOS, has arisen. However, little information is available on the status and trends in the distribution, sources or risk of PFCs in aquatic environments of China. In the present study, forty two surface water samples collected from five regions with different levels of industrialization were monitored for concentrations of PFCs by use of solid phase extraction and LC/MS/MS. Mean concentrations (maximum concentration) of PFOA and PFOS, which were the dominant PFCs, were 1.2 (2.3) and 0.16 (0.52) ng/l for Guanting, 1.2 (1.8) and 0.32 (1.1) ng/l for Hohhot, 2.7 (15) and 0.93 (5.7) ng/l for Shanxi, 6.8 (12) and 2.6 (11) ng/l for Tianjin, 27 (82) and 4.7 (31) ng/l for Liaoning, respectively. The greatest concentrations of PFCs (121 ng/l), PFOA (82 ng/l) and PFOS (31 ng/l) were observed in Liaoning, which might originate from tributaries of the Liaohe River, the most polluted watershed in Northeast China. While, concentrations of PFCs in the Guanting and Hohhot regions were 3 to 20 fold less than those from Tianjin and Liaoning. This result is consistent with little contribution of PFCs being released from agricultural and non-industrial activities. The magnitudes of mass flow for PFOA and PFOS in decreasing order were: Guanting < Hohhot < Tianjin < Liaoning < Shanxi and Guanting < Hohhot < Shanxi < Tianjin < Liaoning. The larger mass flows of PFOS were accompanied by relatively larger magnitudes of PFOA. Concentrations of both PFOA and PFOS in waters from all regions were less than suggested allowable concentrations. However, the relatively greater concentrations of PFCs in Tianjin and Liaoning suggest that further studies characterizing their sources and potential risk to both humans and wildlife are needed.     

Highly elevated levels of perfluorooctane sulfonate and other perfluorinated acids found in biota and surface water downstream of an international airport, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

Per- and poly-fluorinated compounds (PFCs), which include perfluorinated carboxylates (PFCAs) and sulfonates (PFSAs) and various precursors, are used in a wide variety of industrial, commercial and domestic products. This includes aqueous film forming foam (AFFF), which is used by military and commercial airports as fire suppressants. In a preliminary assessment prior to this study, very high concentrations (> 1 ppm wet weight) of the PFSA, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), were discovered in the plasma of snapping turtles (Chelydra serpentina) collected in 2008 from Lake Niapenco in southern Ontario, Canada. We presently report on a suite of C₆ to C₁₅ PFCAs, C₄, C₆, C₈ and C₁₀ PFSAs, several PFC precursors (e.g. perfluorooctane sulfonamide, PFOSA), and a cyclic perfluorinated acid used in aircraft hydraulic fluid, perfluoroethylcyclohexane sulfonate (PFECHS) in surface water from the Welland River and Lake Niapenco, downstream of the John C. Munro International Airport, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Amphipods, shrimp, and water were sampled from the Welland River and Lake Niapenco, as well as local references. The same suite of PFCs in turtle plasma from Lake Niapenco was compared to those from other southern Ontario sites. PFOS dominated the sum PFCs in all substrates (e.g., > 99% in plasma of turtles downstream the Hamilton Airport, and 72.1 to 94.1% at all other sites). PFOS averaged 2223 (± 247.1 SE) ng/g in turtle plasma from Lake Niapenco, and ranged from 9.0 to 171.4 elsewhere. Mean PFOS in amphipods and in water were 518.1 (± 83.8) ng/g and 130.3 (± 43.6) ng/L downstream of the airport, and 19.1 (± 2.7) ng/g and 6.8 (± 0.5) ng/L at reference sites, respectively. Concentrations of selected PFCs declined with distance downstream from the airport. Although there was no known spill event or publicly reported use of AFFF associated with a fire event at the Hamilton airport, the airport is a likely major source of PFC contamination in the Welland River.     

鄱阳湖流域水化学环境参数的变化特征

分别于2010年2月和7月，对鄱阳湖湖区和入湖河流的pH、TDS以及主要离子浓度进行了测定，分析了主要离子组成的时空变化特征及其影响机制。结果表明，鄱阳湖流域水体属于弱矿化度软水，Ca2+是湖水和河水的主要阳离子，分别占阳离子总数〖JP〗的5935%、4989%；HCO-3是湖水和河水的主要阴离子，分别占阴离子总数的5337%、5937%，水质类型为Ca-HCO-3型水；主要离子组成和TDS浓度具有明显的季节和沿程变化特征，这与降雨季节性变化以及不同水系的地质背景有关；从河流水系上游至湖区的水化学特征依次为HCO-3型、HCO-3-SO2-4和SO2-4型。从水化学控制机制上看，鄱阳湖丰水期受大气降水作用和地质条件影响显著，而枯水期降雨量大大减少，主要受岩石风化、蒸发沉淀作用和人为输入的影响。除此之外，SO2-4型水的增加与长江干流酸化以及丰水期长江顶托倒灌现象有密切关系     

Perfluoroalkyl compounds in Danish wastewater treatment plants and aquatic environments

This study reports the results of a screening survey of perfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) in the Danish environment. The study included point sources (municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants and landfill sites) and the marine and freshwater environments. Effluent and influent water and sewage sludge were analysed for point sources. Sediment, blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) and liver from plaice (Pleuronectes platessa), flounder (Platichthys flesus) and eel (Anguilla anguilla) were analysed for the freshwater and marine environments. The results obtained show a diffuse PFCs contamination of the Danish environment with concentrations similar to those measured in other countries with the absence of primary contamination sources such as fluorochemical production. PFOS and PFOA were generally the most dominating PFCs measured in both point sources and the aquatic environments. PFCs were found in both inflow and outflow water and sewage sludge from municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), indicating that WWTPs can be significant sources to PFCs in the environment. This is also reflected in the locally elevated PFCs concentrations found in fish like eels from shallow freshwater and marine areas. However, the highest PFCs concentrations found in fish in this study was in plaice from the Skagerrak (156 ng/g wet weight PFOS), but it is unknown if this can be related to significant sources in the North Sea region or to differences between species. The concentrations of PFCs were below the detection limit in all analysed freshwater and marine samples of sediment and mussels. Despite the relatively low PFCs concentrations measured in marine fish, the high bioaccumulation potential of PFCs, particularly PFOS, may lead to high concentrations of PFCs in marine mammals as shown by previous investigations.