贵州省水资源承载力的空间地域差异

水资源承载力是一个国家或地区可持续发展过程中各种自然资源承载力的重要组成部分，对一个国家或地区综合的发展和发展规模有至关重要的影响。由于水资源承载力是涉及到人口、社会经济发展以及资源环境在内的复杂巨系统，通过利用综合多种因素的状态空间法，从综合、宏观的角度来描述研究区域现实的承载状况，并对其进行定量化表示和分析。以贵州省为例，根据其具体情况，选取了9个指标构成评价指标体系，并对各指标运用反映客观赋权的熵值法进行权重的确定，然后通过状态空间法求算出贵州省现实的水资源承载状态值及其理想状态值。计算结果表明，贵州省目前的水资源承载状况总体上处于超载状态，但不同的地区又有所差异，表现出一定的空间地域性。根据贵州省水资源承载的现状值与理想值的比较，把整个贵州省水资源承载力划分为3种类型区：严重超载区、满载区及可载区。计算结果符合贵州省水资源实际情况，对贵州省水资源的可持续利用具有一定的现实指导意义。     

南京地域人口发展功能分区

在GIS技术支持下，以南京市137个乡镇（街道）为基本评价单元，从人居环境约束性和适宜性两方面出发，探讨市域尺度上人口发展功能分区的研究思路、指标体系构建及研究方法。强调让人居环境适宜性好、资源环境承载力高、社会经济发展能力强的地区吸纳更多的人口；而人居环境约束性高、资源环境承载力有限、生态环境脆弱的地区承担更多的农业生产和生态服务功能，限制人口规模的扩大，以此协调人口发展与资源环境、社会经济之间的关系。在综合评价南京市人居环境约束性和适宜性分区基础上，依据二维判别矩阵，将南京市域划分为人口集聚区、人口稳定区、人口培育区、人口疏散区、人口限制区等五大类型区，并针对不同类型区域提出了相应的保障措施，以此为市域人口合理布局提供依据.     

江苏土地利用综合效益空间分异研究

研究江苏土地利用效益空间分异特征对制定差异化土地利用战略从而实现全省土地资源的合理利用与调控,促进区域之间以及社会、经济与生态环境的协调发展具有重要作用。首先建立了以土地利用综合效益为总目标,土地利用社会效益、经济效益和生态环境效益为子目标,包括22个评价因子的土地利用综合效益评价指标体系。在此基础上,采用多因素加权综合评价法,对江苏省各县（市）进行了土地利用综合效益及协调度评价,根据两者的组合状态将江苏分成高效协调区、中效基本协调区和低效基本协调区三大类型区。整体上看,土地利用综合效益及协调度有从南到北逐渐降低的空间分异特征,其中社会经济发展水平是引起土地利用综合效益和协调度差异的主要原因。针对不同类型区域应实行不同的土地利用战略及相关政策来促进区域之间、社会经济与生态环境之间的协调发展。     

快速城市化地区土地利用效益评价--以南京市江宁区为例

作为衡量土地利用可持续性的重要标度,土地利用效益评价是近年来国内外城市土地研究的热点之一。从社会、经济、生态与环境等四方面建立了快速城市化地区土地利用效益评价的指标体系,利用层次分析法确定各指标权重,构建各效益子系统的协调度评价模型。并对南京市江宁区2003年的土地利用效益进行了综合评价,结果表明,全区总体土地利用效益适中且基本协调,但各乡镇间土地利用效益及其协调性的区域差异显著。依据各乡镇土地利用总效益及其协调度的聚类分级,可将全区划分为土地利用高效协调区、高效基本协调区、高效不协调区、中效协调区、中效基本协调区、中效不协调区与低效基本协调区等七大土地利用效益类型区,并分析了其区域差异的空间特征。     

长江经济带县域信息化水平的空间差异及影响因素

在县域尺度下，以长江经济带719个县（市）作为空间研究单元，构建以信息化发展环境支撑、信息基础设施建设水平、信息技术创新支撑、信息网络消费水平4个层次9个具体指标的信息化水平评价体系，运用均方差决策法、空间插值、空间自相关分析、核密度估计等方法分析长江经济带县域信息化水平的空间分布特征以及影响因素。研究表明：（1）从空间聚类分布上看，长江经济带信息化水平东西地区差异显著，呈现出一个核心发展片区，多个副核心中心，整体由东部沿海向西部内陆递减的空间格局；（2）从空间关联格局上看，长江经济带信息化水平存在空间集聚现象。以显著HH区与显著LL区为主，显著HH区主要在金华、绍兴、温州、苏州、南通、常州等地区的县（市）分布；显著LL区主要在全椒县、和县、枞阳县等分布；（3）从核密度估计上看，随着搜索半径的扩大，长江经济带县域信息化水平空间层次性趋于明显，由最初长三角地区的两个高密度值区转变为多核心-边缘结构，最终形成高密度值片区；（4）从影响因素的解读看，区位条件的差异化影响明显，经济基础的支撑作用强，工业化、科技化进程与信息化水平相匹配，政策的引领作用强但不同水平区作用效果不一，人才与科技支撑在中西部地区需要大力提升。     

黑龙江省土地综合承载力空间差异研究

区域土地综合承载力研究为差别化土地利用政策的制定提供依据。本文根据土地综合承载力的内涵来构建评价指标体系,运用熵权法、多目标综合评价法及聚类分析法对黑龙江省土地综合承载力的空间差异进行研究。结果表明,黑龙江省土地综合承载力呈现出南高北低、西高东低的空间分异特征。通过障碍因素分析,表明:生态承载是高承载能力区和较高承载能力区(哈尔滨、大庆、齐齐哈尔、绥化)的主要障碍因素;经济承载是中等承载区(鸡西、伊春、佳木斯、牡丹江、黑河、大兴安岭)的主要障碍因素;水土资源承载是低承载能力区(鹤岗市、双鸭山和七台河)的主要障碍因素。在此基础上,针对不同土地综合承载区障碍因素特征提出了差别化土地利用政策。     

湖北省城镇化发展质量评价与空间关联性分析

城镇化发展质量是衡量一个国家或地区社会经济发展水平的重要指标。从人口、土地、社会、经济和城乡协调发展5个方面，构建了一套城镇化发展质量评价指标体系，采用熵值法和空间自相关分析法，对2009和2017年湖北省县域城镇化发展质量进行综合评价，并分析不同县域单元城镇化发展水平在空间上的关联特征。研究结果表明：（1）2009～2017年湖北省城镇化发展质量在整体上呈上升趋势，且各地区的提升速度较快；（2）城镇化发展质量呈现出显著的空间正相关，城镇化发展质量较低县域的集聚程度要高于较高地区；（3）低质量的县域主要位于西部地区，中部地区如宜昌市的集聚程度逐渐增强，高质量县域主要集中在武汉市辖区。通过该分析研究以期为湖北省推进高质量城镇化发展提供决策思考。     

长江流域相对资源承载力与可持续发展研究

采用相对资源承载力的研究思路与计算方法，计算1988－1998年长江流域相对土地资源承载力、相对经济承载力和综合承载力及其变化过程。研究表明：（1）长江流域人口承载力从1988年到1998年一直处于超载状态，经济资源成为长江流域的主要承载资源；（2）相对资源承载力区域差异明显，上海、江苏2省市承载力一直处于富余状态，浙江从1993年起承载力处于富余状态；安徽、江西、湖南、湖北和川渝承载力一直处于超载状态；中上游地区自然资源是主要的承载资源，下游地区资源是主要的承载资源；（3）上游地区生态环境恶化，下游地区人地矛盾日益突出是长江流域可持续发展中存在的主要问题。     

长江中游城市群土地利用转型和城镇化之间的空间关系

城市群正成为中国新型城镇化主体形态，城市群集聚区的快速城镇化对土地利用转型产生了前所未有的影响。但是不清楚的土地利用转型特征和城镇化之间的空间关系，会影响土地利用政策制定和城镇化的健康发展。该文借助1995～2015年间5期土地利用现状遥感监测数据，在5和10 km格网尺度上，从土地利用综合动态度、土地利用程度和土地利用多样性等3方面测度了长江中游城市群土地利用转型水平。借助普通最小二乘法（OLS）、空间滞后模型（SLM）、空间误差模型（SEM）和加入空间滞后项的空间误差模型（SEMLD）探测了土地利用转型和城镇化之间的空间和非空间关系。研究结果显示：（1）1995～2015年间长江中游城市群土地利用发生了深刻转型，耕地面积净减少 6 153.80 km²，建设用地面积净增加 6 205.25 km²；（2）地级市以及周边格网和主要的交通道路沿线格网土地利转型速度、土地利用程度变化和土地利用多样性变化显著高于其他地区；（3）不同格网尺度城镇化和土地利用转型之间具有显著的正向空间自相关关系；（4）回归结果显示，SEMLD模型可以更好地解释土地利用转型与城镇化之间的空间关系，在不同尺度回归分析中发现土地利用转型水平对城镇化具有显著的空间依赖性。未来的土地利用管理以及城镇化发展中需要考虑二者之间的显著的空间依赖性。     

基于耦合协调度模型的河西走廊生态环境质量时空格局演化

以“丝绸之路”经济带上的河西走廊地区为研究对象,采用耦合分析法,构建环境承载力与生态弹性限度的耦合协调模型,在分析2001—2016年河西走廊生态环境承载力和生态弹性限度的基础上,探析河西走廊生态环境承载力与弹性限度的耦合协调度,评价生态环境承载力和生态弹性限度耦合协调阶段及区域生态环境质量水平,从区域和城市两个空间尺度分析生态环境耦合协调类型,为探索河西走廊生态环境可持续发展道路提供科学依据。结果表明:①2001—2016年,河西走廊生态环境承载力和生态弹性限度均呈现东南高、西北低的空间格局和缓慢波动上升趋势。②河西走廊生态环境耦合协调度呈现“东南高西北低,优劣破碎穿插”的空间格局特征,耦合协调度在0~0.5之间,生态系统处于低水平和拮抗耦合阶段,生态环境质量处于濒临失调阶段。③河西走廊生态环境承载力与生态弹性限度耦合协调度存在明显区域差异。河西走廊生态环境耦合协调度共分9个等级3个层次3个耦合协调阶段:高水平-磨合阶段区(良好协调、中度协调和初级协调区);中等水平-拮抗耦合阶段区(勉强协调、濒临失调和轻度失调区)和低水平区-低水平耦合阶段区(极度失调、严重失调和中度失调区)。④根据2001—2016年生态环境耦合协调状况将河西走廊五市分为4种耦合协调类型:高耦合协调增长型(张掖市、金昌市)、高耦合协调减少型(武威市)、中耦合协调增长型(嘉峪关市)和低耦合协调增长型(酒泉市)。各地区应因地制宜地制定发展战略,提高生态环境质量,推进生态环境持续协调发展。     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

Latitudinal variation in size of freshwater pulmonate mollusks (Mollusca: Gastropoda: Pulmonata) in Western Siberia

The size of shells in some freshwater pulmonate mollusk species abundant in Western Siberia (Lymnaea fragilis, L. terebra, Planorbis planorbis, and Anisus leucostoma) is relatively large in the south and decreases in the north. It is supposed that this phenomenon is explained by the fact that the season with conditions allowing the growth of mollusks is shorter in the north than in the south of Western Siberia.     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

A general approach to transform a lake model for one radionuclide (radiocesium) to another (radiostrontium) and critical model tests using data for four Ural lakes contaminated by the fallout from the Kyshtym accident in 1957

This paper presents results of a model test carried out within the framework of the COMETES project (EU). The aim of the work was to change the structure of the MOIRA lake model for radiocesium so that it can be applied more generally for, in principle, all types of radionuclides and heavy metals. This general lake model is used within the MOIRA decision support system (DSS; MOIRA and COMETES are acronyms for EU-projects). The model is based on a set of differential equations and a specific modelling structure. It incorporates all important fluxes to, from and within lakes in a general manner. Yet the model is driven by a minimum of variables accessible from standard maps and monitoring programs. The model can be separated into two parts, a general part with equations applicable for all types of water pollutants and a substance-specific part. This model has previously been validated for 137Cs from many lakes covering a wide domain and yielded excellent predictive power. The alterations discussed in this work are meant to be general and radiostrontium is used as a typical element. Radiostrontium is known to be more mobile than radiocesium and all abiotic parts of the model handling fixation and mobility have been altered. The new model for 90Sr has been critically tested using data from four lakes heavily contaminated with 90Sr from the Kyshtym accident in the Southern Urals, Russia, using empirical data from a period from 1958 to 1995 for 90Sr in fish (here goldfish), water and sediments.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

Dynamics of Restoration Processes in the Idle Solonetz Ecosystems in the Southern Transural Region

The initial period of idleness in the solonetz ecosystems of the southern Transural Region is characterized by a significant variability of their soil–plant communities, which is determined by natural periodicity and general direction of the process of ecosystem restoration. Selective consumption of salinizing ions by the plants growing on idle land activates the development of desalinization processes.