贫困地区精准脱贫户生计可持续及其动态风险研究

精准脱贫户的生计可持续性已成为后扶贫时期我国关注的焦点问题之一。本文选择生计资本和代际可持续性两个关键属性构建了生计可持续性框架,将生计资本划分为自然资本、物质资本、人力资本、社会资本和金融资本五类,将后代教育作为代际可持续性评估要素。在此基础上,采用全国社科基金规划重点项目课题组于2016—2017年分三次进行的大规模微观农户入户调查数据,构建BP神经网筛选计算出可持续生计24项评价指标及其权重,对各贫困地区可持续生计指数的预测结果表明:甘肃、山西贫困地区精准脱贫户生计可持续性较强,可持续生计指数分别为4. 288和4. 161;云南、江西、重庆精准脱贫户生计较稳定,可持续生计指数差别较小且均超过3. 6;四川、湖南精准脱贫户可持续生计指数为3. 377和3. 135,生计水平较低;贵州地区可持续生计指数为2. 953,精准脱贫户生计脆弱。基于生计动态转换视角,采用生存分析法探讨了影响精准脱贫户家庭生计可持续风险率的关键因素:因能力、教育、环境致贫的精准脱贫户在脱贫后生计稳定性较好,分别为3. 423、2. 750、2. 642 a,心理因素致贫的可持续生计的生存时间较短,生理因素致贫的生计稳定的生存时间最短,仅为1. 876 a。女性户主生计稳定持续时间(1. 841 a)明显低于男性户主(2. 792 a)。对生计稳定的精准脱贫户生计动荡的比例风险模型估计结果,与可持续生计评价指标及其权重的直观分析结果基本一致:金融资本、人力资本、自然资本对于精准脱贫可持续生计的重要程度最强,物质资本、社会资本对生计稳定有较大影响。综合分析认为:贫困户脱贫退出后的2年应成为脱贫保障的重点"观察期",在这个期间应重点从人力资本和金融资本积累视角对生计尚欠稳定的精准脱贫户实施后帮扶和追踪支持,帮助精准脱贫户稳步实现可持续生计,让脱贫成效经得起时间的检验。     

元江干热河谷地区生计资本对农户生计策略选择的影响——以新平县为例

基于可持续生计分析框架,构建了生计资本评估指标,在结合实地调查资料评估了元江干热河谷坝区和半山区农户的生计资本现状的基础上,采用logistic回归模型探讨农户生计资本对生计策略的影响。研究结果表明:1农户的各类生计资本中自然资本指数最高,社会资本指数最低;空间分布上河谷区农户的生计资本指数大于半山区;河谷区人力和社会资本不足,而半山区除人力资本外其余的均较缺乏。2种植、养殖和周边打工相结合的生计组合是该区农户普遍采取的生计策略。3自然资本、金融资本和人力资本是影响农户生计策略选择的最重要因素。其中自然资本是农户选择农业生计策略的基础,而金融资本和人力资本是该区农户由纯农户向非农转变的关键点和突破口。     

生计资本与生计策略关系研究——以张掖市甘州区为例

农民的生计安全与质量问题是当今中国农村的核心问题,稳定的生计可以使有关的政策协调发展、消除贫困并可持续地利用资源.本文采用可持续生计框架为研究基础,农户的生计资产为框架核心,通过建立可持续生计评价指标体系,对农户的生计资产状况和由此决定的资产配置方式--生计策略及二者之间的关系进行初步的研究探讨.结果表明:对张掖市甘州区农户而盲,物质资本的值最高(其值为0.609),人力资本的数值相对较高(其值为0.516),社会资本次之(其值为0.354),金融资本和自然资本的数值相对较低(其值分别为0.286和0.241).在其他条件不变的情况下,自然资本每增加一个单位,将引起农户选择以非农为主与以农业为主生计策略的发生比缩小0.119倍;当其他解释变量不变时,金融资本每增加一个单位,将引起农户选择以非农为主与以农业为主生计策略的发生比扩大9.698倍.所以要想实现农户生计多样化,加强农户抵御风险的能力,政府就必须加强对其资金、技术等方面的支持,使其有能力和资本储备从农业生产转向二、三产业,从而促使农户生计水平得以提高.     

易地扶贫搬迁对贫困户生计资本和生计策略的影响——基于8省16县的3期微观数据分析

坚决打赢脱贫攻坚战是党中央、国务院的一项重要战略部署,2020年是我国精准扶贫战略的验收之年。易地扶贫搬迁是精准扶贫战略的重要组成部分,该文基于可持续生计框架与空间贫困观两种理论,阐述了易地扶贫搬迁打破贫困陷阱的机理。本文利用8省16县2 176户易地扶贫搬迁农户3期跟踪调查数据,通过PSM-DID、Heckman两阶段方法实证检验了易地扶贫搬迁对农户生计资本和生计策略的长期和短期影响,并采用多期DID等方法进行了稳健性检验。研究结果表明:①易地扶贫搬迁切实改善了农户的生计资本和生计策略,打破了原本由于制约性资源存量过低而无法跳出的贫困陷阱,使农户进入一个新的可持续生计循环中,即搬迁时间越长,生计资本积累越多。②易地扶贫搬迁在短期对家畜养殖有负向影响,对外出务工有正向影响;长期对农林种植有负向影响,对非农自营有正向影响。③对于搬迁后的农户而言,不同生计策略依赖于不同的生计资本。农林种植依赖于自然资本、物质资本、人力资本和金融资本,家畜养殖依赖于物质资本和社会资本,外出务工依赖于物质资本和人力资本,非农自营依赖于人力资本和金融资本。根据研究结果,提出以下政策建议:一是短期应及时稳定保证房屋基建、水电气网、交通道路设施等物质资本的供给,并根据当地产业特色提供技能培训、工作获取等帮扶措施,切实保障搬迁人口的策略转变。二是长期应持续地通过教育、医疗卫生等措施增强其文化素养和健康水平,同时提供便利的金融服务与税收优惠政策,支撑搬迁人口非农策略的可持续发展,实现长期稳定的脱贫。     

农业文化遗产保护目标下农户生计状况分析

农户生计是农业文化遗产认定标准之一,也是影响农业文化遗产保护与传承的关键因素,在贫困地区,遗产保护与农户脱贫的两难困境更为突出。本研究基于可持续生计理论和分析框架,以全球重要农业文化遗产地——云南红河哈尼稻作梯田为案例区域,通过生计资本指标体系构建和量化,对比分析了不同生计途径农户的生计状况。评估结果发现,农户的生计资本均值为2.312,生计资本处于匮乏状态,金融资本值最低,而文化资本值最高。从事农业和打工是当前农户的主要生计途径,旅游接待成为生计拓展的重要形式。三类农户生计资本值和家庭年均收入排序相同,都表现为旅游接待户打工兼业户纯农业户,纯农业户的生计状况最差。从单项生计资本看,旅游接待户和打工兼业户的人力资本显著高于纯农业户,物质资本和金融资本比较中,旅游接待户显著高于其他两类农户,说明人力资本越丰富的农户越可能倾向于兼业,农户开展旅游接待需要较高的物质和金融资本作为基础。这意味着,农业文化遗产保护要大力提高农户的农业经营收益,延长农业的价值链和产业链,完善农村金融市场,开展旅游接待培训,从人力、金融等多方面改善农户生计资本状况,实现生计途径拓展。     

生计资本对甘南高原农牧民生计活动的影响

甘南高原是典型的生态环境脆弱区,农牧民采取的不合理生计活动已成为该区生态环境退化的主要因素,目前亟需塑建可持续生计方式.本文采用参与性农户评估方法对甘南高原115户农牧民家庭进行了调查,基于农户调查资料,分析了甘南高原纯牧区、半农半牧区和农区农户的生计资本现状、生计活动特点.阐释了生计资本对生计活动的影响.研究结果表明:①纯牧区农户的生计资本总值最高、半农半牧区次之、农区最低.且纯牧区农户缺乏金融资本、半农半牧区农户缺乏物质资本、农区农户缺乏自然资本:②农区农户的生计活动多样化指数最高、半农半牧区次之、纯牧区最低,农区外出打工和从事非农活动的农户比例远高于半农半牧区和纯牧区;③农户的生计资本影响着生计活动的选择,自然资本缺乏迫使农户寻求其他谋生方式,但受教育程度低、物质资本与金融资本缺乏以及封闭而狭窄的亲缘与地缘关系限制了农户生计多样化.最后提出了提高农牧民生计资本存量、塑建可持续生计方式的政策建议.     

可持续生计视角下中国农村贫困治理研究综述

提高贫困人口的谋生能力,帮助扶贫对象建立可持续生计,是我国贫困治理的最终目的和意义。生计资本是构建可持续生计的关键要素,生计策略是构建可持续生计的重要载体,因此,可持续生计视角下中国农村贫困治理的核心问题是生计资产的增加和生计策略的优化。本文在查阅社会、经济、地理、环境等多学科的研究成果的基础上,采取"剖析减贫机理-提出减贫路径"的研究思路和文献综述研究方法,从生计资本(人力资本、金融资本、社会资本、物质资本、自然资本)和生计策略等两大方面对中国农村贫困治理的研究进展进行系统梳理和归纳总结。在对文献研究结果总结提炼的基础上,提出基于农户可持续生计的中国贫困治理框架,其中心思想为:贫困农户处于自然环境、社会文化、地理区位等因素组成的脆弱性生计环境中谋生,生计环境对贫困农户生计资产有着直接的影响;通过分析农户生计环境和生计资本,可以识别出贫困原因,探明生计发展的约束或短板因素,找出农户生计构建的突破口;然后通过相关政策实施的扶持,帮助贫困农户建立能适应各种外部环境的可持续生计策略,最终实现自我发展能力的提升、可持续的生计产出和稳定脱贫。最后,本文提出了中国农村贫困治理未来研究的主要方向:跨学科的综合研究、时空差异及动态研究、基础和应用相结合的研究、精准扶贫背景下中国贫困治理的动力机制研究等。     

可持续生计框架下农户气候变化适应能力研究

基于可持续生计框架,利用江苏,山东,四川,福建,江西5省754个样本的实际调查数据,采用多元的probit回归模型和养殖利润方程,从农户方面分析了当期的养殖利润,生计资本和生计策略的相互影响关系。分析结果表明,当期的养殖利润对生计策略没有显著影响,这说明养殖户采取应对策略具有滞后性;物质资本中的通用型资产,金融资本中的消费类资产对生计策略的影响为负,通用型资本的增加意味着养殖户的转移成本较小;消费类资产越多,农户可用于应对的风险的资金越少,因此这两者都会减少养殖户对生计策略的选择。而物质资本中与气象风险相关的专用型资本、金融资本中的储蓄类资产、人力资本和社会资本对生计策略的影响为正;专用型资本越多,农户的沉淀成本越多;而储蓄类资产、人力资本和社会资本的增加,农户应对风险的资源增加,故上述生计资本的增多会使得农户的适应性能力增强。而生计策略对当期养殖利润的影响受养殖规模的影响。因此要想提高农户在气候变化下的适应能力,政府就必须加强对其专用型资本,金融资本和社会资本的补贴,提高农户的受教育水平以及对规模化的养殖场进行政策补贴,税收减免等政策支持。     

农户生计资本、家庭要素流动与农地流转参与

农地流转是实现农业现代化的必然选择,从农户农地流转的内源与外源式约束出发,分析农户生计资本与要素流动决策对农地流转参与的影响,利用CFPS调查数据采用MVP模型实证检验了农户生计资本对农地流转的影响以及其他生计要素配置行为对农地流转决策的影响.研究发现:(1)自然资本、物质资本与金融资本能够促进农地转入,抑制农地转出;人力资本会促进农户转出土地,抑制农地转入;社会资本对农地转入与转出均有正向影响.(2)自然与物质资本会抑制劳动力转移,而人力、金融与社会资本均促进农户劳动力转移;自然与社会资本抑制农户购买机械服务,而人力、物质与金融资本会促进农户购买机械服务.(3)农户农地流转行为除了受到自身生计资本的约束外,还受到家庭其他生计要素配置行为的影响,农户劳动力转移会促进农户转出农地,抑制农地转入;农户购买机械化服务会抑制农地转出,促进农户转入.最后,从健全农地流转管理服务体系,提高农户生计资本,完善相关要素市场等方面提出政策启示,以提高农地流转市场发育程度.     

生计资本对水库移民创业的影响分析

创业活动可以有效解决水库移民的经济发展困境,迅速地转变经济地位。本文通过对温州水库移民调查数据,建立了移民生计资本评价指标,测算出水库移民生计资本现状,并采用logistic回归模型分析了生计资本对其创业的影响。研究发现,水库移民的生计资本有一定的发展和积累,其中物质资本的值最高,人力资本的值相对高,社会资本的值第三高,金融资本的值与社会资本的值相差不大,而自然资本的值最低。水库移民生计资本的数量和质量,是其可持续发展的重要条件,对发展机会的获取和把握有着重要影响,尤其是对移民创业活动有着显著影响,其中水库移民的金融资本、人力资本和社会资本对水库移民创业有着显著影响,而自然资本和物质资本则没有显著影响。另外,随着水库移民在安置地生活时间的增加,移民逐渐适应安置地的生活,其创业的可能性加大。因此,在今后的大中型水库移民后期扶持政策实施中应着重扶持水库移民创业方面,特别是加强在金融、技术方面的扶持力度。     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

The Phenomenon of Pseudoviviparity in Alpine and Arctomontane Grasses (DeschampsiaBeauv., FestucaL., and PoaL.)

It is known that pseudoviviparous plant taxa are most numerous in the Arctic and high mountain regions, where they sometimes account for a noticeable part of the local flora and play an important phytocenotic role. The complex of pseudoviviparous taxa is an interesting model for investigating the processes of hybridogenic speciation, as various mechanisms stabilizing the hybrid genetic systems proved to be effective in them. In particular, this concerns vast and taxonomically complex groups such as the genera Deschampsia, Festuca, and Poa.In this paper, published data on the taxonomy, chromosome numbers, and distribution of pseudoviviparous grasses in the Arctic regions and subarctic mountain systems are reviewed.     

Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), as evidenced by data from a duplicate diet study, indoor air, house dust, and biomonitoring in Germany

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) are used as flame retardants in a wide variety of products. As part of the Integrated Exposure Assessment Survey (INES), this study aimed to characterize the exposure of an adult German population using duplicate diet samples, which were collected daily over seven consecutive days, and indoor air and house dust measurements. Our study population consisted of 27 female and 23 male healthy subjects, aged 14–60 years, all of whom resided in 34 homes in southern Bavaria. In these 34 residences the air was sampled using glass fiber filters and polyurethane foams and the dust was collected from used vacuum cleaner bags.The median (95th percentile) daily dietary intake of six Tetra- to HeptaBDE congeners was 1.2 ng/kg b.w. (3.3 ng/kg b.w.) or 67.8 ng/day (208 ng/day) (calculated from the 7-day median values of each study subject). Concentrations in indoor air and dust (cumulative Tri- to DecaBDE congener readings) ranged from 8.2 to 477 pg/m³ (median: 37.8 pg/m³) and 36.6 to 1580 ng/g (median: 386 ng/g), respectively. For some congeners, we identified a significant correlation between air and dust levels.The median (95th percentile) blood concentration of total Tetra- to HexaBDE congener readings was 5.6 (13.2) ng/g lipid. No significant sex differences were observed, but higher blood concentrations were found in younger participants. Using a simplified toxicokinetic model to predict the body burden from exposure doses led to results that were of the same order of magnitude as the measured blood concentrations.Based on these measurements and given our exposure assumptions, we estimated for the total tetra- to heptabrominated congener count an average (high) comprehensive total daily intake of 1.2 ng/kg b.w. (2.5 ng/kg b.w.). Overall, our results suggest that dietary exposure is the dominant intake pathway at least in our study population, responsible for 97% (average intake) and 95% (high intake) of the total intake of an adult population.     

A new general mechanistic river model for radionuclides from single pulse fallouts which can be run by readily accessible driving variables

This paper presents a new general, process-based river model for substances such as radionuclides from single pulse fallouts. The new model has been critically tested using data from 13 European rivers contaminated by radiocesium from the Chernobyl accident. This modelling approach gives radionuclide concentrations in water (total, dissolved and particulate phases; and also concentrations in sediments and fish, but the latter aspects are not discussed in this paper) at defined river sites. The model is based on processes in the upstream river stretch and in the upstream catchment area. The catchment area is differentiated into inflow ( approximately dry land) areas and outflow ( approximately wetland) areas. The model also accounts for time-dependent fixation of substances in the catchment. The catchment area sub-model is based on a previous catchment model, which has been tested with very good results for radiocesium, radiostrontium and Ca-concentrations (from liming operations). The new river model is simple to apply in practice since all driving variables may be readily accessed from maps and standard monitoring programs. The driving variables are: latitude, altitude, continentality, catchment area, mean annual precipitation, soil type (percentages or organic and sandy soils), fallout and month of fallout. Modelled values have been compared to independent empirical data from 10 rivers sites (91 data on radiocesium in water) covering a wide domain (catchment areas from 4000 to 180 000 km(2), precipitation from 500 to 960 mm/yr and fallout from 1700 to 660 000 Bq/m(2)). The new model predicts very well--when modelled values are compared to empirical data, the slope is perfect (1.0) and the r(2)-value is 0.90. This is good giving the fact that there are also uncertainties in the empirical data, which set a limit to the achieved predictive power, as expressed by the r(2)-value.     

Conservation, commercialisation and confusion: harvesting of Ischyrolepis in a coastal forest, South Africa

Harvesting of non-timber forest products is an integral component of rural livelihoods throughout the developing world. At times this is at odds with conservation objectives. Reconciliation of the two requires examination of local level contexts and needs. This paper reports on the harvesting needs for Ischyrolepis by a rural community in South Africa, against the setting that they had recently been prohibited from harvesting by the local conservation officials. Interviews were conducted with conservation officials to understand the reasoning for the prohibition. Local demand for Ischyrolepis was assessed by household surveys, as well as in-depth interviews with traders. The density and size class distribution of Ischyrolepis was determined using transects. The total annual demand for Ischyrolepis was determined to be approximately only 2.7% of the standing crop. The bulk of the annual demand was for small-scale trade, the income from which was a primary source of income for the few harvesters. Very little evidence could be found indicating that harvesting was damaging the resource or its habitat, and local knowledge suggested that the abundance of the species was stimulated by harvesting. Even if market demand were to increase, the size of the shoots required means that less than 20% of the standing crop could be harvested annually. Current regulations around harvesting are in a state of revision, and hence confusion prevails regarding if harvesting is permissible, and if so, under what conditions, which is detrimental to both conservation and livelihoods. Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

Radionuclide content of building materials and associated gamma dose rates in Egyptian dwellings

Studies have been carried out to determine the natural radioactivity in some building materials (bricks, tiles, marble and ceramics) and their associated radiation hazard. The radioactivity concentrations of ²²⁶Ra ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K were measured using a gamma spectrometer with a Hp–Ge detector. The activities of ²³⁸U and ²³⁴U were measured using an alpha-spectrometer with a surface barrier detector after applying a radiochemical procedure. The ²³⁴U/²³⁸U isotopic ratios were calculated. The radium equivalent activities and the radiation hazard index associated with the natural radionuclides were calculated. A computer program was developed and applied to calculate the dose rate a person will receive from the walls of a room constructed from the studied building materials.     

Education for Sustainable Development: The Johannesburg Summit and Beyond

The World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), held in Johannesburg during 26 August and 4 September 2002, was a truly remarkable event, not least because it identified and committed the world community to what has to be done to realise Agenda 21 objectives. Discussion begins with the "means of implementation" of the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation (JPI). Education for, and raising awareness of, sustainable development are the key commitments in the "means of implementation". The issues central to these commitments are discussed. The crucial role of moral philosophy in education for sustainable development is then discussed. Defining the "problem" as lack of progress (in fact negative progress between Rio and Johannesburg) towards global sustainable development, a cause–effect relationship of the "problem" is developed based on a systematic and logical analysis. It shows that the "cause" is West's profoundly materialistic, environment-degrading and exploitative attitude and activities to satisfy grossly unsustainable, hedonistic and insatiably avaricious Western life-styles – life-styles that are held up by the West as "ideal" fruits of economic "development" to be aspired by all. The "effects" are pollution of air, water and soil; mounting loss of biodiversity, ecosystems and species; relentlessly widening north–south divide, etc. It is argued that while science and technology can address some of the "effects", they cannot address the "cause". Only moral philosophy can by fundamentally re-orienting moral values genuinely to respect nature and the environment. Based on sound and tested principles of Educational Psychology, a proposal is then made for including moral philosophy in the formal curricula (content and pedagogy) of primary, secondary and higher education for instilling in children and young people genuinely environment-respecting moral values. To this end a generic syllabus for the secondary level is proposed. Finally, it is argued that if the scientific community really believes that science or technology alone can radically change the pervasive environment-degrading moral values to those that genuinely respect the environment, thus paving the way to real global sustainability, then it must demonstrate how this could be done and explain why, despite their abundant science and technology, the developed nations are the biggest polluters and consumers with grossly unsustainable life-styles. Certainly, examples would be much more convincing than rhetoric or tired old clichés about how science and technology alone could deliver global sustainable development.