蔬菜种植农户施用生物农药意愿研究

蔬菜消费在中国居民的食物消费中占据极其重要的地位,但化学农药的施用严重影响了蔬菜质量安全,推广和施用生物农药成为当前提高包括蔬菜在内的农产品质量安全的最现实的路径。然而,本文对中国江苏省丰县294户蔬菜种植农户的调查显示,分别有66.00%、71.43%和69.05%的受访农户对生物农药没有认知、没有施用过生物农药和对生物农药的施用效果持怀疑态度。为进一步考察农户施用生物农药的意愿,本文以理性人为假设条件,以农户性别、年龄、受教育年限、对农药的残留认知、家庭蔬菜种植面积、蔬菜价格水平认知作为自变量,并基于二元logistic模型存在偏误与分离问题,引入带罚函数的二元Logistic模型,计量结果显示,具有女性、年龄在40岁以下、感知化学农药残留危害、受教育年限在9年及以上等个体特征和家庭蔬菜种植面积在5亩以下、非农业性收入在3万及以上、参加农业合作组织等家庭特征的蔬菜种植农户更愿意施用生物农药,而政府补贴与政府农药施用的技能培训对蔬菜种植农户施用生物农药意愿的驱动不足。据此,本文提出了,政府应该借助于农业合作组织推广生物农药;加大对施用生物农药的支持力度;指导农业生产合作组织应重点建设优质农产品的销售网络等政策。     

激励与约束如何影响农户生物农药施用行为——兼论约束措施的调节作用

农业的绿色发展依赖于农户生产行为的绿色化转变,这一转变不仅与农户自身、家庭等内在因素有关,还受外在因素的激励与约束。基于湖北省719户农户的调查数据,根据农户追求利益和损失厌恶的特征,将农户在生产过程中面对的外在激励与约束纳入一个框架,探讨了激励与约束措施对农户施用生物农药这一绿色生产行为的影响以及约束措施的调节作用。结果表明:(1)价格激励、技术培训、政策补贴的正向刺激和生产监管、处罚的反向规制均能对农户生物农药施用行为产生显著正向影响;(2)价格激励的影响效果最大,处罚约束次之,随后是技术培训、政策补贴,而生产监管的作用最小;(3)约束措施能在一定程度上调节激励措施对农户施用生物农药的影响,且在不同的激励与约束措施下,调节作用的方向不同,生产监管、处罚力度正向调节价格激励的作用,市场监管正向调节技术培训的作用,而生产监管却削弱了技术培训原有的效果。因此,在促进农户施用生物农药和绿色生产时,要做到激励与约束并重,并对激励与约束措施进行合理搭配,放大激励与约束的协同作用。     

农产品安全生产:农户农药施用知识与技能培训

农产品安全生产作为食品安全的源头和保障,事关社会稳定与经济发展的大局。为深入了解农户的生产行为,有效破解农产品安全风险防范这一关键问题,文章以改进农户的农药施用行为为切入点,基于河南、山东、江苏、浙江、黑龙江等五个典型农业生产省份100个行政村的986个样本农户的调查数据,采用倾向评分匹配法(PSM),根据具有相似培训参与倾向的未参与农户行为来估计已参与农户的反事实行为,以衡量和测度农户农药施用知识与技能培训对其农产品安全生产的影响效果。研究结果表明:在一定程度上,政府、农技人员、农业合作组织、农药经销商、亲友邻居、大众传媒等多种类型的农药施用知识与技能培训对于减少农户的农药施用量均具有正向影响;且不同类型的农药施用知识与技能培训对农户农药选择、农药施用频率以及农药施用量的影响不同,其中,由政府主办的培训与接受亲友邻居、农技人员、农药经销商和农业合作组织的技术指导对于减少农药施用量的效果最为显著。基于此,文章提出的具体对策建议是:一是政府应重视农户农药施用知识与技能培训在防控农产品安全生产中的作用,加强培训的宣传推广力度;二是提高农技人员的知识素养,完善农业合作组织;三是加大对农药经销商的管理力度,增强农药经销商的信誉度;四是结合地区经济发展差异、农户文化程度等因素考虑农药施用知识与技能培训的实施规模;五是构建和完善多层次、多元化的培训方式,促进安全生产信息的传播,以最大限度地发挥农药施用知识与技能培训对农户的正面影响作用。     

市场信任对农户生物农药施用行为的影响 ——基于制度环境的调节效应分析

生产者市场信任缺失将导致绿色农产品供给严重不足，并由供给缺位引致食品供给侧结构性失衡。基于湖北省804份水稻种植户的微观调研数据，探讨了市场信任、制度环境对农户生物农药施用行为的影响。研究发现：（1）农户不仅对市场上售卖的农产品缺乏消费信任，而且缺乏绿色农产品生产信任，67.79%的样本农户对绿色农产品的市场销售表露担忧；（2）市场信任对农户施用生物农药行为具有显著的促进作用，与激励制度相比，市场约束制度对农户施用生物农药的影响更显著，且市场激励与约束制度能有效弥补农户市场信任不足；（3）政府和企业对农户生物农药施用行为的影响存在差异，企业和政府监管都能显著促进农户的生物农药施用，但企业对农户生产行为的约束效果要优于政府。因此，要提升农户的绿色农产品市场信任，加强激励与约束制度环境的建设，倡导多元共治以弥补政府职能的有限性。     

收入水平、村干可信度对农户生活垃圾治理意愿影响分析——基于云南省465个农户调研数据

农村生活垃圾治理事关广大农民根本福祉,是乡村振兴战略中"生态宜居"的重要内容.基于云南省昭通市渔洞水库汇水区465个农户调研数据,利用双栏模型(Double Hurdle Model)实证分析农户收入水平、村干可信度对农户生活垃圾治理意愿(参与意愿及支付意愿)的影响.结果表明:农户生活垃圾治理意愿较高,有86.9％的农户愿意为生活垃圾治理支付费用,支付意愿的均值为45.616元/户/年;收入水平对农户生活垃圾治理支付意愿具有显著正向影响,村干可信度对农户生活垃圾治理参与意愿、支付意愿均具有显著正向影响;村干可信度对农户收入水平-支付意愿之间的关系存在显著的正向调节效应,对村干部信任程度高的农户,收入水平对支付意愿的促进作用更强.此外,年龄、家中负担人数、家中是否有村干部、家中常住人口数量等个人特征和家庭特征也对农户生活垃圾治理意愿产生影响.对比农户参与意愿和支付意愿两栏的结果,可以发现年龄、家中负担人数、家中有村干部、地区等变量在影响方向和程度上存在差异,说明农户参与和农户支付是两种不同的机制,需要区别对待才能更好洞悉农户意愿.实现以农户收入为核心的经济因素和以村干可信度为核心的非经济因素的合理配合是促进农户参与生活垃圾治理的关键.     

基于随机效用理论的赣江流域生态补偿支付意愿研究

研究生态补偿的支付意愿及影响因素可为建立和实施流域生态补偿机制提供决策依据。在随机效用理论框架下采用条件价值评估法和有序Logistic模型分析了赣江流域居民的生态补偿支付意愿及其影响因素,并着重研究了心理距离、心理所有权对支付意愿的影响,引入区位和类别虚拟变量对比分析了异质性支付意愿产生的原因。通过对赣江流域593份样本数据的分析发现,居民感觉河流离自己越远,则其支付河流生态服务价值的意愿越低;居民对河流的心理所有权越强烈,则其支付河流生态服务价值的意愿越高;对水质满意度较低、对环保部门的信任度较高是下游居民支付意愿偏高的主要原因;与赣江的心理距离较远,对环保部门的信任度较低是抗议性响应群体支付意愿偏低的主要原因。研究得到的政策启示在于政策制定者在设计生态补偿制度时应该重视居民支付决策的心理机制,因人因地选择不同的政策工具。从心理上缩短人与河流的距离,提升居民对河流的占有感,都有助于提高赣江流域居民的生态补偿支付意愿。     

农地退出意愿对化肥、农药使用强度的影响——基于鲁、苏、皖三省农户的实证分析

化肥、农药的过量使用不仅会影响农产品品质,还会给农村生态环境造成很大压力。在化肥、农药过量使用比较普遍的情况下,如何减小化肥、农药的使用强度是当前中国农业高质量发展的重点难点,受到社会各界高度关注。文章从城乡转型发展需要农地与农业劳动力"再配置"出发,理论分析了城镇化进程中农户的农地退出意愿对化肥、农药使用强度的影响,然后利用2019年7—8月调查获得的山东、江苏、安徽三省种植小麦、玉米和稻谷三种主要粮食作物的853户农户调查数据,将农地退出分为部分退出、全部退出两种类型,以单位耕地上的化肥、农药投入金额反映农户的化肥、农药使用强度,采用可解决内生性问题的处理效应模型(TEM)估计了农地退出意愿对化肥、农药使用强度的影响,并进行了稳健性检验。研究发现:在给定的退出补偿标准下,分别有多达50.40%和34.50%的农户愿意退出部分农地或者全部农地;与不愿意退出农地的农户相比,愿意退出部分农地和全部农地的农户,其化肥、农药使用强度分别高93.24元/亩和97.44元/亩,农地退出意愿越强,农户生产三种主要粮食作物的化肥、农药使用强度越大。基于是否愿意或乐意接受国家征地、是否想扩大农地经营规模的稳健性检验发现,农地退出意愿对化肥、农药使用强度有稳定可靠的正向作用。因此,为了进一步减少化肥、农药使用量、实现农业绿色发展,需要加快完善进城农户自愿有偿退出农地的制度安排,积极培育规模农业经营主体,进一步推动农地资源优化配置。     

云南森林生态功能区农户生态补偿支付意愿(WTP)影响因素及差异性分析

生态补偿是协调经济与资源环境和谐发展,化解生态环境与经济增长矛盾的有效手段,对推进生态文明建设意义深远。基于云南省5个州市农户调查数据,运用二元Probit模型,分析了云南森林生态功能区农户生态补偿支付意愿的关键影响因素及其差异性。研究表明:大部分农户愿意为生态补偿付费,影响其支付意愿的主要因素是性别、年龄、是否兼业、家庭人口数、非农收入比重、生态补偿重要性认知、森林经济效益是否比生态效益重要、生态环境满意度、政府是否对生态环境保护宣传、政策执行信任度以及信息获取难易程度;其中年龄、家庭农业劳动力人数和信息获取难易程度对专业户支付意愿有重要影响,而家庭人口数、非农收入比重以及获得政府补偿的情况对兼业户支付意愿有重要影响;是否兼业、非农收入比重、对生态补偿了解程度以及信息获取难易程度对传统散户支付意愿影响较大;对政策执行的信任程度和产业发展程度对种植大户支付意愿有重要影响。基于此,提出了完善政府农村就业服务职能,鼓励农户非农就业、创业;完善生态功能区环境教育体系和宣传制度建设,强化农户环保意识;强化政府职责及其政策推广、执行力度,构建综合、完善的生态补偿宣传媒介;制定并实施差异化的生态补偿措施等具体对策建议。     

农户生态耕种采纳意愿及其异质性分析——基于TPB框架的实证研究

生态耕种对改善农业生态环境、提升耕地保护成效和保障农作物质量安全起着重要作用。基于江西省11市47县（区）1 488份农户微观调查数据，在计划行为理论指导下，运用Logistic回归模型对农户生态耕种采纳意愿的影响因素开展实证研究。研究结果表明：（1）有89.85%的样本农户表示愿意采纳生态耕种，并对生态耕种的收益预期和推广预期维持在较高水平；（2）行为态度、主观规范和知觉行为控制对农户生态耕种采纳意愿有着显著的影响，其中，生态耕种推广预期、生产交流、邻里效应、政策补贴和技术培训变量是影响农户采纳意愿的关键因素；（3）不同限定条件下，农户生态耕种采纳意愿影响因素具有差异性，其中收益预期、信息传播力度和技术培训对低推广预期农户生态耕种采纳意愿影响更强；风险预期越低，对缺乏交流农户的采纳意愿影响更大；邻里效应小的农户主要受信息传播力度和技术培训的影响；需要政策补贴的农户，生产交流越频繁，邻里效应越强，其采纳愿望更强烈；参加了培训的农户，影响其采纳意愿的因素主要有收益预期与信息传播力度。政府应在加强生态耕种宣传与推广、搭建农户生产交流平台、完善生态耕种补贴与激励政策等方面制定针对性的措施。     

基于行为与意愿悖离视角的农户亲环境行为研究——以有机肥施用为例

作为一种亲环境的农业生产资料,施用有机肥可改善当前的农业环境污染现状.为探究农户亲环境行为与意愿悖离的原因所在,以有机肥施用为例,基于农户实地调查数据,运用二元Logistic模型,从认知特征、心理特征和外部情境因素,对导致农户在施用有机肥这一亲环境行为过程中所产生的行为与意愿的悖离现象背后的原因进行分析.结果表明:农户有机肥施用行为与意愿存在悖离,农户对有机肥了解情况、感知行为控制、社会责任感、社会规范、身体状况、文化程度、家庭收入、地块数和有机肥收益是该现象的成因.此外,进一步分析结果表明,对文化程度较高的农户而言,农业环境污染认知水平越高、农业环境污染对自身健康影响认知水平越高,其有机肥施用行为与意愿悖离的可能性越小;对较大年龄和女性农户而言,居住地与地块距离越远、地块周边交通状况越差,其有机肥施用行为与意愿悖离的可能性越大.据此提出应提升文化程度较高农户的整体认知水平、加强对施用有机肥的宣传、合理制定有机肥施用社会规范、加大对有机肥施用措施的补贴力度、在尽量照顾较大年龄和女性农户前提下调整耕地并进一步降低耕地细碎化程度等政策建议,以促进农户有机肥施用意愿向行为的转化.     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.     

How Do Groups Solve Local Commons Dilemmas? Lessons from Experimental Economics in the Field

The use of experimental settings to observe human behaviour in a controlled environment of incentives, rules and institutions, has been widely used by the behavioural sciences for sometime now, particularly by psychology and economics. In most cases the subjects are college students recruited for one to two hour decision making exercises in which, depending on their choices, they earn cash averaging US$ 20. In such exercises players face a set of feasible actions, rules and incentives (payoffs) involving different forms of social exchange with other people, and that in most cases involve some kind of externalities with incomplete contracts, such as in the case of common-pool resources situations. Depending on the ecological and institutional settings, the resource users face a set of feasible levels of extraction, a set of rules regarding the control or monitoring of individual use, and sometimes ways of imposing material or non-material costs or rewards to those breaking or following the rules. We brought the experimental lab to the field and invited about two hundred users of natural resources in three Colombian rural villages to participate in such decision making exercises and through these and other research instruments we learned about the ways they solve - or fail to - tragedies of the commons with different social institutions. Further, bringing the lab to the field allowed us to explore some of the limitations of existing models about human behaviour and its consequences for designing policies for conserving ecosystems and improving social welfare.     

Comparative analysis of the effect of predator odor on morphological and physiological parameters of adult male Campbell hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus campbelli</Emphasis>) and dwarf hamsters (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phodopus sungorus</Emphasis>)

The effect of long-term exposure to natural excretions of the European polecat on the morphological parameters and hormonal status of adult male Campbell hamsters (Phodopus campbelli) and dwarf hamsters (Ph. sungorus) was studied. Exposure to volatile components of natural excreta of a potential predator did not have any significant effect on hamsters. The combined influence of volatile and nonvolatile components of the polecat’s excretions caused physiological stress in Ph. campbelli, while in Ph. sungorus, on the contrary, an increase in thymus weight and the plasma testosterone level was recorded.     

The Phenomenon of Pseudoviviparity in Alpine and Arctomontane Grasses (DeschampsiaBeauv., FestucaL., and PoaL.)

It is known that pseudoviviparous plant taxa are most numerous in the Arctic and high mountain regions, where they sometimes account for a noticeable part of the local flora and play an important phytocenotic role. The complex of pseudoviviparous taxa is an interesting model for investigating the processes of hybridogenic speciation, as various mechanisms stabilizing the hybrid genetic systems proved to be effective in them. In particular, this concerns vast and taxonomically complex groups such as the genera Deschampsia, Festuca, and Poa.In this paper, published data on the taxonomy, chromosome numbers, and distribution of pseudoviviparous grasses in the Arctic regions and subarctic mountain systems are reviewed.