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1.
Armenteras Dolors Rodríguez Nelly Retana Javier Morales Mónica 《Regional Environmental Change》2011,11(3):693-705
Colombian Andean forests cover nine million ha. These forests provide an informative case study of mountain deforestation
in South America. They are surrounded by tropical lowland forests, and they host most of the country’s human population. This
study evaluates the relative importance of human and natural variables in deforestation of the Colombian Andes between 1985
and 2005 using remote sensing methods, geographic information system (GIS) technology and general linear models (GLM). The
following factors affected the annual deforestation in the region positively: forced population migration, unsatisfied basic
needs, economic activity, crops, pastures, illicit crops, protected areas and slope. Factors having a negative effect were
tenure of small land parcels, road density, water scarcity and mean temperature. The results of this study also provide insight
into the differences between the dynamics of lowland forests and those of montane forests. Montane forests had a lower annual
rate of deforestation than did forests in the lowlands. Socio-economic, demographic and biophysical factors explain overall
deforestation rates for the region. However, when altitude variation is taken into account, intraregional differences in the
Andes become evident. Deforestation processes differ between those areas adjacent to the high Andean valleys where most of
the country’s population concentrates and those areas in the tropical lowlands north, west and east of the Andean chain. Differences
between lowland and montane forest dynamics are due partly to the accessibility of forests and differences in wealth and economic
activities. In montane forests, deforestation is positively influenced by economic activity, the presence of protected areas
and higher slopes. Deforestation in montane forests is negatively affected by tenure of small land parcels, road density,
water scarcity and mean temperature. Lowland deforestation rates are more closely related to rural population, pasture percentage,
crops, protected areas and temperature. Our results suggest that montane forests appear to be in a more advanced stage of
colonisation and economic development, whereas lowland forests are closer to the colonisation frontier and to rapidly growing
colonist populations. This study reinforces the idea that although the most common tropical drivers of deforestation are found
in the Andes, these drivers operate differently when intraregional differences are considered. 相似文献
2.
Dolors Armenteras Edersson Cabrera Nelly Rodríguez Javier Retana 《Regional Environmental Change》2013,13(6):1181-1193
Global tropical deforestation continues to occur at high rates despite political attention. National-level forest baselines are being established all over the world to guide the implementation of several policy mechanisms. However, identifying the direct and indirect drivers of deforestation and understanding the complexity of their interlinkages are often difficult. We first analyzed deforestation between 1990 and 2005 at the national level and found an annual deforestation rate of 0.62 %. Next, we performed separate analyses for four natural regions in Colombia and found annual deforestation rates between 0.42 and 1.92 %. Using general linear models, we identified several direct causes and underlying factors influencing deforestation at the national level: rural population density, cattle, protected areas, and slope. Significant differences in deforestation rates and causes were found across regions. In the Caribbean region, drivers of loss are urban population, unsatisfied basic needs, slope, and precipitation and four land use variables (illicit crops, pastures, cattle, and fires). In the Orinoco region, crops are the main driver of forest loss, and in the Amazonian region, deforestation is primarily due to fires related to the colonization front. Policy mechanisms will have to take into account regional patterns to successfully balance development and forest preservation in Colombia. 相似文献
3.
Woonsup Choi Sangjun Kang Jinmu Choi Joseph James Larsen ChungWeon Oh Yu-gyung Na 《Regional Environmental Change》2017,17(2):379-388
There has been a significant lack of land cover change studies in relation to deforestation in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea). The purpose of this study is to characterize deforestation in North Korea through land cover change trajectory and spatial analysis. We used three 30-m gridded land cover data sets for North Korea representing the conditions of the late 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, respectively, as well as a digital elevation model. We examined the land cover trajectories during the two decades, i.e., which land cover became which at the pixel level. In addition, we calculated topographic characteristics of deforested pixels. Major findings from the study are summarized as follows: (1) net forest loss in North Korea was negligible in the latter decade compared to the former (>5000 km2), whereas other land cover changes were still active; (2) as a result of deforestation, forest land cover became mostly agricultural, particularly in the latter decade (95 %); (3) expansion of agricultural land cover continued during the time, increasing by >42 %; and (4) elevation and slope of deforested areas decreased slightly in the latter decade. The key contribution of the study is that it has demonstrated which land cover became which at the 30-m pixel level, complementing existing studies that examined overall forest stock in North Korea. 相似文献
4.
Néstor Gutiérrez B. Stefanie Gärtner Juan Y. López H. Carlos E. Pacheco Albert Reif 《Regional Environmental Change》2013,13(5):1069-1085
High deforestation rates in tropical countries continue to reduce forest cover and thereby habitat quantity and quality. However, in some places the forest is recovering and expanding thus offsetting the biodiversity and ecosystem service losses. In order to characterize the forest recovery, land use and land cover (LUC) changes were analyzed using aerial photographs, taken between 1952 and 2009, of a peri-urban watershed in the Andes region of Venezuela. The qualities of the changes were assessed using landscape indices and hemeroby indicators. In that period, the forest cover increased about 18 %, mainly due to abandoned pastures on steep slopes. At the same time, the urban area expanded about 4 % on valley bottoms, while pastures and crop fields were reduced about 20 %. The results also showed that forest patches were aggregating, whereas pastures were fragmenting. A reduction in direct human impacts on forests growing on abandoned pastures resulted in a slight recovery of the lower montane cloud forest structure and plant composition. But non-native species were found in all LUC categories. During the study period, we documented not only forest recovery, but also urban area growth, intensified land use and invasions by non-native species all of which could partially counterbalance the positives of forest recovery. 相似文献
5.
Patterns of land-use and land-cover change are usually grouped into one of two categories defined by the dominant trend: (1) deforestation resulting from expanding agriculture and (2) forest expansion, usually related to the abandonment of marginal lands. At regional scale, however, both processes can occur simultaneously even in the absence of net change. Given the focus on net change, such redistribution of agricultural and natural and seminatural lands has been generally overlooked. The interaction between agriculture modernization, human demography and complex topographic gradients of northwestern Argentina has resulted in processes of both forest recovery and deforestation, thus providing the opportunity to analyze patterns and driving forces of land-cover redistribution. We analyzed 20 years (1986–2006) of land-cover change in a subtropical watershed in relation to topographic and demographic variables. Although net forest change represented <1 %, forests redistribution affected 7 % of forest lands. There was a consistent geographic segregation of deforestation and forest recovery, with forests expanding over steep highlands and agriculture expanding over lowland irrigated areas. Population trends were not associated to forest expansion in lowlands but they explained 32 % of forest recovery in highlands. Highland forest expansion and lowland deforestation, respectively, imply conservation opportunities for humid montane forests and the environmental services they provide (e.g., watershed conservation) and threats for the conservation of dry forests and its biodiversity. Our study exemplifies the importance of land-use redistribution (rather than net change) with relevant environmental consequences at regional scale. 相似文献
6.
Combining remote sensing and household level data for regional scale analysis of land cover change in the Brazilian Amazon 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Land cover change in the Brazilian Amazon depends on the spatial variability of political, socioeconomic and biophysical factors, as well as on the land use history and its actors. A regional scale analysis was made in Rondônia State to identify possible differences in land cover change connected to spatial policies of land occupation, size and year of establishment of properties, accessibility measures and soil fertility. The analysis was made based on remote sensing data and household level data gathered with a questionnaire. Both types of analyses indicate that the highest level of total deforestation is found inside agrarian projects, especially in those established more than 20 years ago. Even though deforestation rates are similar inside and outside official settlements, inside agrarian projects forest depletion can exceed 50% at the property level within 10–14 years after establishment. The data indicate that both small-scale and medium to large-scale farmers contribute to deforestation processes in Rondônia State encouraged by spatial policies of land occupation, which provide better accessibility to forest fringes where soil fertility and forest resources are important determinants of location choice. 相似文献
7.
Ram Avtar Haruo Sawada Pankaj Kumar 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2013,15(6):1593-1603
In this study, we have shown the importance of remote sensing applications and community forestry for forest management, discussed as a case study on Cambodian forest management. Curbing deforestation is necessary for the effective implementation of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forests Degradation (REDD+) mechanism and management of forest resources to support sustainable forest management plans. The updated information of the forest cover and forest biomass using advanced remote sensing techniques can be useful for selecting the suitable sites for planned thinning, reforestation, community forestry, and concession land, which eventually will help in controlling the deforestation in Cambodia. To overcome the limitations of remote sensing, an integrated approach of remote sensing and community forestry to monitor forests from local to national level has also been discussed. 相似文献
8.
Bernardo B. N. Strassburg Agnieszka E. Latawiec Anna Creed Nga Nguyen Gilla Sunnenberg Lera Miles Andrew Lovett Lucas Joppa Ralph Ashton Jörn P. W. Scharlemann Felipe Cronenberger Alvaro Iribarrem 《Sustainability Science》2014,9(2):129-141
There has been a concerted effort by the international scientific community to understand the multiple causes and patterns of land-cover change to support sustainable land management. Here, we examined biophysical suitability, and a novel integrated index of “Economic Pressure on Land” (EPL) to explain land cover in the year 2000, and estimated the likelihood of future land-cover change through 2050, including protected area effectiveness. Biophysical suitability and EPL explained almost half of the global pattern of land cover (R 2 = 0.45), increasing to almost two-thirds in areas where a long-term equilibrium is likely to have been reached (e.g. R 2 = 0.64 in Europe). We identify a high likelihood of future land-cover change in vast areas with relatively lower current and past deforestation (e.g. the Congo Basin). Further, we simulated emissions arising from a “business as usual” and two reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) scenarios by incorporating data on biomass carbon. As our model incorporates all biome types, it highlights a crucial aspect of the ongoing REDD + debate: if restricted to forests, “cross-biome leakage” would severely reduce REDD + effectiveness for climate change mitigation. If forests were protected from deforestation yet without measures to tackle the drivers of land-cover change, REDD + would only reduce 30 % of total emissions from land-cover change. Fifty-five percent of emissions reductions from forests would be compensated by increased emissions in other biomes. These results suggest that, although REDD + remains a very promising mitigation tool, implementation of complementary measures to reduce land demand is necessary to prevent this leakage. 相似文献
9.
Globally, tropical forests are being perturbed by human activity. Tropical vegetation constitutes some of the largest terrestrial
carbon stocks against the build up of greenhouse gases. In this paper, a local-scale case study utilising remote sensing methodology
in estimating forest loss is presented, for a section of tropical South Africa’s Soutpansberg Mountains where land use pressure
threatens some of the last remaining indigenous forests. Landsat TM images from October 1990, August 2000 and September 2006
were used, together with municipality level demographic data. Hybrid image classification techniques distinguished forest
cover on the images, which were classified into vegetation density categories. About 20% of forest and woodland cover was
lost in the 16-year analysis period, mainly due to pine and eucalyptus plantation and residential housing expansions. The
local-scale key drivers behind the deforestation are examined. 相似文献
10.
Maura L. Quezada Víctor Arroyo-Rodríguez Evangelina Pérez-Silva T. Mitchell Aide 《Regional Environmental Change》2014,14(3):1139-1149
Identifying the patterns of land cover change (LCC) and their main proximate causes and underlying driving forces in tropical rainforests is an urgent task for designing adequate management and conservation policies. The Lachuá region maintains the largest lowland rainforest remnant in Guatemala, but it has been highly deforested and fragmented during the last decades. This is the first paper to describe the patterns of LCC and the associated political and socioeconomic factors in the region over the last 50 years. We estimated spatial and temporal variations in LCC from a random sample of 24 1-km2 landscape plots during three time periods (1962–1987, 1987–2006, and 2006–2011) and evaluated how they were related to some important proximate causes and underlying driving forces. During the study period, 55 % of forest cover disappeared, at an annual rate of 1.6 %. The deforestation rate increased from 0.6 % (during the first study period) to 2.8 % (last period), but there was very high spatial variation. Landscape plots located outside conservation areas and close to roads lost between 80 and 100 % of forest cover, whereas the forest cover in landscapes located within protected areas remained intact during the study period. The establishment of new human settlements, roads, and annual crops was the main proximate cause during the first period, but during the second and third periods, open areas were mainly created to establish cattle pastures. Because ~75 % of forest cover has disappeared outside the protected areas, the conservation of this biodiversity hot spot will depend on the expansion of protected areas, and the promotion of forest regrowth and alternative biodiversity-friendly land uses in the landscape matrix. 相似文献
11.
Muhammad Qasim Klaus Hubacek Mette Termansen Luuk Fleskens 《Regional Environmental Change》2013,13(3):567-581
District Swat is part of the high mountain Hindu-Kush Himalayan region of Pakistan. Documentation and analysis of land use change in this region is challenging due to very disparate accounts of the state of forest resources and limited accessible data. Such analysis is, however, important due to concerns over the degradation of forest land leading to deterioration of the protection of water catchments and exposure of highly erodible soils. Furthermore, the area is identified as hotspot for biodiversity loss. The aim of this paper is to identify geophysical and geographical factors related to land use change and model how these relationships vary across the district. For three selected zones across the elevation gradient of the district, we analyse land use change by studying land use maps for the years 1968, 1990 and 2007. In the high-altitude zone, the forest area decreased by 30.5 %, a third of which was caused by agricultural expansion. In the mid-elevation zone, agriculture expanded by 70.3 % and forests decreased by 49.7 %. In the lower altitudes, agriculture expansion was 129.9 % consuming 31.7 % of the forest area over the forty-year time period. Annual deforestation rates observed were 0.80, 1.28 and 1.86 % in high, mid and low altitudes, respectively. In the high-altitude ecosystems, accessibility (distance to nearest road and city) had no significant role in agriculture expansion; rather land use change appears significantly related to geophysical factors such as slope, aspect and altitude. In the low-elevation zone, accessibility was the factor showing the closest association with agriculture expansion and abandonment. The analysis illustrates that land use change processes vary quite considerably between different altitudinal and vegetation cover zones of the same district and that environmental constraints and stage of economic development provide important contextual information. 相似文献
12.
Tolentino B. Moya Ben S. Malayang III 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2004,6(1-2):261-277
Changes in the conditions in the 'warm pool' in the Pacific region are reflected in the changes in the local climate system of the Philippines. Both El Niñno and La Niñna episodes in the Pacific Oceans introduce high variability into the local climate pattern, especially rainfall, in the Philippines. Whereas El Niñno appears when annual rainfall is ≥10% lower than normal annual rainfall, La Niñna occurs when annual rainfall is at least equal to the normal. About 15.7 million ha of forest cover had been lost between 1903 and 1998, but only 1.64 million had been reforested in the same period, indicating the presence of unbelievably low ecological stability. Apart from this, the denuded forests freed about 8.24 × 109 Mg C into the atmospheric greenhouse pools. Neither deforestation nor reforestation was undertaken with deliberate regard to the occurrences of El Niñno or La Niñna. Very high rates of deforestation were observed to coincide with or precede strong El Niñno or Niñna episodes, thus confounding further the ecological instability of denuded forest systems, especially those with slope ≥18%. Similarly, the reforestation cycle indicates that saplings are at most 5 years old every time an El Niñno or a La Niñna occurs; in most reforestation schemes, saplings are only 1–2 years old when these events occur. These reforested areas are vulnerable to drought in El Niñno years and to high runoff erosion during La Niñna years. Because they are young, saplings in reforested areas dry easily and pose hazards to forest fires, which were observed to destroy larger tracts of forest cover during El Niñno more so when annual rain ≥10% below the normal. In retrospect, the study indicated that had forests been exploited with conscious regard to the recurrence of El Niñno or La Niñna episodes, ecological impacts could at least be toned down. In the same vein, reforestation should have been more successful it were implemented with due considerations to extreme climate variability. Once trees were planted, the weather elements become more crucial than politicians' meddling and other socio-economic factors to the growth and development of reforested sites. 相似文献
13.
Mark Appiah Dominic Blay Lawrence Damnyag Francis K. Dwomoh Ari Pappinen Olavi Luukkanen 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2009,11(3):471-487
In Ghana, forests provide many products on which the local population subsists. However, these resources are depleting due
to a variety of factors including agricultural expansion and over-exploitation of forest resources. This paper presents an
analysis of the level of local dependence on forest resources and its implications for forest management in Ghana. The paper
also outlines the causes of continuing deforestation in the studied region from the perspective of the local residents and
discusses what role they could play in addressing the problem. The aim is to share more light on the current causes of deforestation
and make suggestions for improved community-based forest management practices that could help to reduce deforestation. Primary
data was collected through personal interviews and focus group discussions with 431 household heads randomly selected from
three Forest Districts in Ghana. The survey showed that income from agriculture constituted 60% of the average total rural
household income. Forest income provided 38% of total household income, and off-farm income 2%. The four most highly ranked
causes of deforestation are poverty-driven agriculture, lack of alternative rural wage employment other than farming, household
population levels, and conflict in traditional land practices. This shows a shift in the view of local people who in the past
were quick to blame logging companies and government policies for deforestation. The majority of the respondents depended
on wild animals like snail, bush meat, wild honey and wild and cultivated vegetables. Given the reasons for deforestation,
much thought needs to go into agroforestry practices (e.g. snail farming, bee keeping, fish farming, and vegetable production)
in efforts to reduce deforestation, which are currently less promoted.
Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue. 相似文献
14.
The present research focuses on estimating forest area change with respect to the ongoing forest land conversion. The study tests the hypothesis that forest land is being converted to the selected land use categories with high growth tendency and controlling deforestation rate to its half of the present level would significantly improve the land cover under forest. The rate of forest land conversion to other land use categories is analyzed and then compared with the total area expanded under three land use classes. We used Systems dynamic modeling approach to estimate forest area by simulating forest land conversion in Pakistan, projecting to 2030. The results show that rangeland, built-up area and cultivated land have increased over time; growth rate of built-up area (9%) is highest followed by rangeland area (1.7%) and cultivated area (0.3%), respectively; rangeland is the dominant category in terms of area expanded (0.74 m. ha). Sensitivity analysis showed that reducing deforestation rate to half of the past level of 1% could not significantly improve forest area; therefore, it is suggested that controlling deforestation alone is not an effective strategy unless drastic measures, e.g., demarcation of forest boundaries, land use control policy and afforestation campaign would be started in the country. 相似文献
15.
Harri Siiskonen 《Environment, Development and Sustainability》2013,15(5):1323-1336
The issues of sustainability, efficiency, and profitability in private forestry dominated debate on Finnish and Swedish forest policy throughout the 20th century. The management and utilization of private forests have been significant for these countries since more than half of productive forest land has been owned by families. Forests have also played an important role in Finland’s and Sweden’s national economies. There was however no consensus among forest owners and forestry experts—forest scientists and forestry authorities—about the methods of achieving forestry sustainability and profitability, particularly in the early 1900s. This article focuses on the types of argument on which perceptions of good forest management were based, and the reasons for their use. The article also explores how disagreements and occasional open conflicts between private forest owners and forest authorities were solved, and what kind of regulative means were developed to avoid such differences. There are three main reasons for making a case study of Finland and Sweden: Firstly, the forest sector has played an important role in their national economies, secondly, the objectives and content of their forestry laws are quite similar, and thirdly, the tradition of family forest ownership has remained strong. The debate on good forest management in this period revolves around the two silvicultural paradigms: even-aged and uneven-aged systems. The former concerns formal, scientific knowledge of forest management, and the latter takes a traditional approach. 相似文献
16.
Ximena Rueda 《Regional Environmental Change》2010,10(3):175-189
The southern Yucatán has been identified as a deforestation hot spot. Land-change studies document the extent of forest loss
at a regional scale, and case studies provide insights into the drivers of deforestation at the household level. Those studies
have paid minimal attention to sub-regional analysis, especially to discrete land-management units above the household level.
This analysis of upland forest change addresses the range of variation in deforestation among 96 ejidos (communal lands) and the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve, the two dominant land-tenure and land-management units in the region.
Satellite imagery, census, and land-tenure data are used to establish the extent and location of deforestation patterns, and
multivariate techniques are employed to identify biophysical and socioeconomic variables that explain such patterns. Results
show that, for the 1984–1993 period, deforestation in the southern Yucatán was not as prevalent as implied by its hot spot
designation. Three clusters of deforestation are identified. A logistic regression analysis establishes that size of forest
holdings, population growth, and location in the precipitation gradient correlate with ejidos that experienced higher deforestation rates than the rest of the land-tenure units. For the 1993–2000 period, conservation
programs and changes in the economic context of this “hollow frontier” contributed to reduce deforestation rates and extent.
This analysis illustrates the spatio-temporal heterogeneity of much tropical forest change and caution that it should bring
to simple formulations of modeling this change and prescribing policies to control it. 相似文献
17.
De-Li Zhai Jian-Chu Xu Zhi-Cong Dai Charles H. Cannon R. E. Grumbine 《Regional Environmental Change》2014,14(2):611-621
To protect biodiversity and improve environmental conditions, China has invested billions of dollars in reforestation and payments for ecosystem service programs. Here, we examine the Sloping Land Conversion Program, the largest such program in the world and found that after 13 years of implementation at our study site, it has had negative impacts on natural tropical forests. GIS and remote sensing techniques revealed that both natural forests and natural shrub and grasslands were replaced by non-native monocultural plantations on Hainan Island, China, a key tropical biodiversity hotspot. Under current Chinese policy, these plantations are classified simply as “forests”, with the assumption that they are equivalent to natural forests. This lack of a distinction in forest quality has led to substantial deforestation and plantation expansion, including encroachment into protected areas on Hainan. Additional social and economic drivers of these changes were identified by examining the participants in this program and their actions. Without a new ecologically based definition of forests and new goals for reforestation, such programs designed to improve ecosystem services, and forest quality may actually threaten remaining natural forests and other vegetation types in Hainan and in other areas of mainland China. 相似文献
18.
Modeling spatio-temporal change patterns of forest cover: a case study from the Himalayan foothills (India) 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The present study used temporal remote sensing data for 1990, 2001 and 2006 to assess spatio-temporal patterns of forest cover changes in Shiwalik range of the Himalaya, Dehradun forest division. Forests are innately associated to human well-being. However, with the increasing anthropogenic activities, deforestation has increased. Quantitative change analysis of the forest cover for the past two decades provides valuable insight into the forest conservation vis-à-vis anthropogenic activities in the region. Spatio-temporal datasets along with biotic and abiotic variables provide opportunities to model the forest cover change further. The present study investigates forest cover change and predicts status of forest cover in the Dehradun forest division. Land Change Modeller (LCM) was used to predict status of forest cover for 2010 and 2015 using current disturbance scenarios. Comparing actual LULC of 2006 with the predicted LULC of 2006 validated change prediction model and agreement was 61.03%. The forested areas are getting degraded due to anthropogenic activities, but deforestation/degradation does not contribute much in expanding urban area. Agricultural areas and fallow lands are the main contributors to increased urban area. The study demonstrates the potential of geospatial tools to understand spatio-temporal forest cover change and generate the future scenarios. 相似文献
19.
Forestry is a productive sector with significant effects on meeting national socio-economic and environmental functions as
well as the improvement of rural livelihoods. Non-wood forest products (NWFPs) in particular have been widely advocated by
conservation and development organisations as potential alternative livelihood strategies, particularly among vulnerable forest
dependant households. Like in most tropical countries, NWFPs are relevant in the sustainable development of Kenya that is
particularly endowed with important forest resources. Kenya hosts about 17 million ha of forested land (about 3.51% of the
total Sub-Saharan Africa forest cover by 2000), of which about 16,865,000 ha is under natural forest (EarthTrends: Forests,
grasslands and drylands, 2003). Outside the gazetted forests, there are other large tracks of forests in trust lands, including
national parks and reserves, hill forest reserves and privately owned lands covering about 0.5 million ha (Kenya’s forest
resource assessment in the EC-FAO Partnership Programme Report, 2000; The Kenya Forests Act, 2005). Woodlands, bushlands and
wooded grasslands, mainly found in the arid and semi-arid lands cover 37.6 million ha, while forest plantations (started in
1946) cover about 170,000 ha of land (The Kenya forestry master plan, 1994–2020, 1994). In most NWFPs endowed regions of the
country however, this socio-economic and environmental potential is still unrealized. We illustrate the latter by a case study
of NWFPs use and management in four villages in Mbooni Division of Makueni District, Kenya. The division was chosen because
of its relatively high NWFPs availability, particularly from South Mbooni forest that is located at a distance less than 5 km
for an estimated 80% of the interviewed households. Data used for the analysis was collected through a fieldwork survey carried
out on women (35+ years) in August, 2005. One hundred and sixty (160) NWFPs are harvested (from plant and animal species)
and used mainly for food, income generation (supplemental) and medicinal purposes. A number of challenges limit women’s enjoyment
of the full benefits from NWFPs exploitation, the overriding problem being their inadequacy (in quantity and/or quality).
In this paper we discuss these commonly utilized and managed NWFPs plant species in Mbooni and their potential contribution
to improved livelihoods and sustainable development in Mbooni, Kenya and Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) in general. 相似文献
20.
Mangrove forest decline: consequences for livelihoods and environment in South Sulawesi 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Mangrove forests in the tropics and subtropics grow in saline sediments in coastal and estuarine environments. Preservation of mangrove forests is important for many reasons, including the prevention of coastal erosion and seawater intrusion; the provision of spawning, nursery, and feeding grounds of diverse marine biota; and for direct use (such as firewood, charcoal, and construction material)—all of which benefit the sustainability of local communities. However, for many mangrove areas of the world, unsustainable resource utilization and the profit orientation of communities have often led to rapid and severe mangrove loss with serious consequences. The mangrove forests of the Takalar District, South Sulawesi, are studied here as a case area that has suffered from degradation and declining spatial extent during recent decades. On the basis of a post-classification comparison of change detection from satellite imagery and a survey of households, we provide an estimate of the mangrove change in the Takalar District during 1979–2011 and the consequences of those changes. Mangrove forest areas were reduced by 66.05 % (3344 hectares) during the 33-year period of analysis, and the biggest annual negative change in dense mangrove forest cover (8.37 %) occurred during the period 2006–2011. The changes were caused mainly by the mangrove clearing and conversion to aquaculture, and consequences have been increasing forest degradation, coastal abrasion, seawater intrusion, a decline in fish capture, a reduction in juvenile shrimp and milkfish, and outbreaks of shrimp disease. On the other hand, the clearing and impoundment of mangrove forests for shrimp and seaweed culture have provided a source of foreign exchange and new opportunities for employment in the study area. 相似文献