京津冀生态协同发展评测与福利效应

区域生态协同发展是新常态时期生态文明建设目标下区域协同发展的新形式,京津冀作为中国区域整体协同发展改革引领区,其生态协同发展研究具有典型意义。作者基于复杂系统理论和协同学,以新常态下生态文明思想和绿色发展理念为指导,构建区域生态协同度测量模型,科学评估2006—2018年京津冀生态协同水平的动态演化,并运用计量模型分析生态协同度对区域发展的福利效应及其区域异质性特征。研究表明:①京津冀区域生态协同度普遍逐年上升,发展态势良好。津冀和京冀系统生态协同速度加快,但京津系统生态协同发展后劲不足,增长缓慢。②北京生态协同发展水平最高,已进入中度协同发展阶段;天津、河北仍处于低度协同水平,协同发展不稳定。地区内部各子系统发展不均衡,制约着协作效应的发挥和地区的整体发展。③生态协同度的提高对京津冀的社会福利和经济福利均具有显著的正向推动作用,福利效应显著存在。④生态协同度的福利效应具有显著的区域异质性特征,天津、河北的福利效应显著大于北京,表明京津冀生态协同度的提高有助于缩小天津、河北与北京的发展差距。为进一步提高区域生态协同水平,未来应创新区域发展的协同模式,实施生态协同发展模式,打造京津冀绿色发展的新动能;营造有利于区域生态协同发展嵌套的适配创新生态系统的软环境,全力构建以北京、雄安为两极的区域创新生态系统;合理分工、差异定位、积极融入;建立生态环境保护为目标的区域利益均衡机制,以支撑区域绿色高质量发展。     

江阴市近5年生态足迹计算与分析

生态足迹理论是通过跟踪区域的资源和能源消费,将它们转化为提供这种物质流所必须的生物生产性土地面积,并与生态承载力进行比较,以此衡量区域可持续发展状态。利用生态足迹理论,计算了江阴市1997～2001年5年间的生态足迹变化过程。结果表明,江阴市的人均生态足迹供给约为0.30 hm2·cap-1,而人均生态足迹消费从1997年的1.65 hm2·cap-1提高到2001年的2.04 hm2·cap-1,生态压力不断增大,生态赤字显著提高。对江阴市生态足迹构成进行分析,因素贡献大小依次排列为：化石能源>耕地>牧草地>水域>建筑用地>林地。化石能源消费的份额最大,超过50％,与江阴市高强度的经济活动有关;与此同时,食物生产消费也占较大份额。5年间单位GDP的生态足迹呈下降趋势,表明江阴市的资源利用效率明显提高。     

基于生态系统服务功能理论的生态足迹模型研究

由于传统Wackemagel and Rees生态足迹模型仅研究人类对资源的需求和生态系统供给的生物生产能力之间的差距,忽略了生态系统的其它功能,无法体现生态系统的整体性.本文以传统生态足迹模型为基础,引入生态系统服务功能价值理论,提出了基于生态系统服务功能价值的生态足迹模型.该模型以生态生产性土地的生态服务功能价值评估为基础,改进传统生态足迹模型中均衡因子和产量因子的计算方法.采用生物生产性土地的综合生态系统服务功能的价值当量因子计量生态足迹模型中的均衡因子,采用生态系统单元的单位面积生态系统服务功能价值与全国该生态系统单元的平均价值的比值表示产量因子.改进后的生态足迹模型既反映了区域人类资源消费对生物生产性土地的占用,又反映了区域人类资源消费对生态系统服务功能的使用,较科学的体现了生态系统的整体性.同时,本文以大连市2005年社会经济统计数据为基础,运用改进的生态足迹模型对大连市的生态足迹进行了测算,对研究模型进行了检验.     

京津冀及江浙沪经济圈生态足迹比较分析

利用生态足迹模型分析了1996~2008年京津冀和江浙沪经济圈的人均生态足迹和生态承载力，并将两大经济圈的核心城市做了相应的对比。结果表明：京津冀经济圈的人均生态足迹高于江浙沪经济圈，其中江浙沪经济圈的生态足迹增长速度相对较高；两大经济圈人均生态承载力在1998年均有较大幅度下降，其后基本保持不变；两大经济圈1996~2008年均处于生态赤字状态，且呈现逐年增加态势，经济圈内核心城市人均生态赤字远高于同区域的省份，京津冀经济圈大部分年份人均生态赤字高于江浙沪经济圈；北京、天津、上海3大核心城市的各项生态足迹指标均呈上升趋势，天津市和上海市的人均生态足迹和人均生态赤字两项指标均高于北京市，且历年上海市的人均生态足迹平均要高出天津市14%以上，人均生态赤字高出天津市279%。未来经济圈的发展需要发挥其经济优势，通过技术创新提高资源利用效率，改变生产和生活方式，使地区经济保持可持续发展     

基于能值生态足迹的浙江省可持续发展分析

应用能值分析和本地生态足迹对传统的生态足迹方法进行改进，将可更新资源和社会生产消费中的能量流换算成对应的生物生产性土地面积。对本地生态足迹的计算方法进行了优化，即对消费账户进行了贸易修正，更贴近实际。经过计算，得出浙江省2007年的人均生态承载力为1174 1 hm2，人均生态足迹为3946 2 hm2，人均生态赤字为2772 1 hm2，万元GDP生态足迹为1063 2 hm2。根据计算出2000～2008年的各项指标，〖JP+1〗进行时间上的纵向比较，分析其变化趋势。又以2007年为基准，与部分区域的相关指标进行横向比较，进而分析了浙江省的可持续发展状况。最后，结合浙江省实际，提出了发展雨水收集、潮汐能开发等新的资源能源利用模式，鼓励节约能源，大力发展林木及林产品加工产业、水产品养殖及加工产业，并对浙江省较高的资源利用效率进行了评价     

区域机动车污染物总量排放特征与削减量分配

随着区域经济一体化的日益深入与机动车保有量的快速增长,机动车尾气污染已成为影响城市群空气质量的重要威胁。由于大气流动性等原因,大气污染治理的范围亟需从单一城市层面扩展到区域层面,因此,研究区域机动车污染物排放总量的排放特征,并据此提出区域减排的对策措施变得尤为重要和紧迫。京津冀协同发展已上升为重大国家战略,因此,本文以京津冀地区为例,分析2007-2011年的机动车常规污染物(CO,NOx,HC,PM)区域总量的排放特征,并从区域内部的污染物分担率角度,分析不同省市的污染物贡献程度。然后以2012年的区域排放总量为基础,根据地区间的产业结构、经济水平和空气质量差异运用改进的等比例分配方法分配污染物区域总量减排指标,结果表明:京津冀四种污染物总量除个别年份波动外均呈现上升趋势,而从区域内部分担率上看,河北省对污染物排放贡献率呈上升趋势,北京和天津均呈现递减趋势。在2012年的基础上降低10%的目标下,计算得各地区削减率分别为:CO(北京12.4%,天津10.0%,河北77.7%),NOx(北京33.1%,天津11.1%,河北55.8%),HC(北京9.0%,天津5.2%,河北85.8%),PM(北京24.0%,天津13.2%,河北62.8%)。因此,建议将京津冀机动车污染物总量减排的重点放在河北省,加快在河北省内实行更高的机动车污染物排放标准,并加大对新能源汽车的投入,以降低区域机动车污染物的排放总量。     

湖北省洪湖市生态足迹与水足迹动态分析

为了分析洪湖市的可持续发展情况,本文运用生态足迹法计算了洪湖市2000～2007年的生态足迹和生态承载力,同时基于生态足迹理论,运用水足迹模型,计算了洪湖市的水足迹.结果表明,洪湖市的人均生态足迹呈整体上升趋势,由1.450 8hm2攀升到2.022 3 hm2,8年间增长近40%,其中能源用地和耕地生态足迹的贡献率最大;人均生态承载力变化不大,稍有下降趋势.2000-2007年洪湖市均表现为生态赤字,且随着生态足迹的不断增大,生态赤字逐渐加大,2007年人均生态赤字达1.373 hm2,表明生产、生活强度已超过生态系统的承载能力,区域生态系统处于人类的过度开发利用和压力之下,洪湖市处于不可持续发展状态.8年间洪湖市水足迹变化不大,2007年为1 399 m3/a,高于全国平均水平,在国内属于水资源丰富型城市.     

双控行动下京津冀经济发展与水资源利用脱钩评价

京津冀经济发展与水资源利用"脱钩",已成为京津冀政府管理部门和学者们高度关注的学术热点和研究领域。现有文献主要采用经典的脱钩判别框架,偏重于京津冀地区用水总量、工业用水的短时序脱钩态势评价与驱动效应研究。鲜有学者在脱钩评价模式中凸显双控行动的导向性作用,统筹考虑不同规划期京津冀地区经济发展与行业用水的脱钩关系,揭示京津冀地区经济发展与行业用水脱钩的内在机理。为此,基于驱动力-压力-响应分析视角,构建双控行动下京津冀经济发展与水资源利用脱钩评价模式。采用Tapio弹性系数法,动态对比评价不同规划期京津冀地区及其行业经济发展与水资源利用的脱钩态势。采用完全分解模型,通过京津冀地区不同行业用水脱钩的驱动因素分解,深度解析京津冀地区经济发展与行业用水脱钩的内在机理。研究表明:(1)河北双控行动成效显著,北京次之,天津较弱。京津冀整体经济发展与水资源利用自"十五"时期开始呈现稳定的"强脱钩"态势。但京津地区仍处于"弱脱钩"态势,而河北呈现"强脱钩"态势。其中,京冀地区工农业经济发展与水资源利用呈现较稳定的"强脱钩"态势。河北对京津冀整体用水、北京服务业对北京用水、津冀地区工农业对津冀地区用水的"强脱钩"影响显著。(2)京津冀地区行业用水的技术进步效应显著,成为推动京津冀地区用水脱钩的关键驱动因素,而结构调整效应仍未发挥显著作用。仅至"十三五"前半段,京津冀地区农业用水的结构调整效应显著,成为实现京津冀地区农业经济发展与其用水脱钩的关键驱动因素之一。但京津冀地区服务业仍未达到用水顶峰和用水增量"拐点",亟须通过提升水利科技创新能力,提高服务业用水强度,加速服务业结构转型升级,发挥结构调整效应对服务业用水脱钩的驱动作用。     

湖北省生态足迹和生态承载力时空动态研究

研究湖北省内部可持续发展的趋势,以2005年、2010年、2013年统计数据为基础,应用生态足迹分析法核算湖北省17个市(州、林区)在三个时间节点的生态足迹与生态承载力,对各地区生态足迹和生态盈亏状况从时间和空间上进行动态研究。研究结果表明:湖北省17个市(州、林区)的总生态足迹和人均生态足迹呈迅速增长趋势,其中中部地区增长最快;2005年生态赤字最为严重的地区集中于以武汉为代表的中东部,2013年生态赤字最为严重的地区集中于中西部,生态赤字空间分布的重心逐渐由东部向西部转移;6种生态生产性土地增长速度由快到慢依次是建筑用地、化石能源、草地、水域、林地和耕地,其中潜江、恩施、天门、仙桃、黄冈等地建筑用地生态足迹增速最快,十堰、鄂州、黄石、荆州、荆门等地则是水域生态足迹增速最快,草地、水域、化石能源用地和耕地的生态足迹增长共同决定各地区人均生态足迹的变化趋势。     

基于生态足迹模型的四川省耕地资源评价

耕地是所有生态生产性土地中生产力最大的一类，生态足迹模型是定量评价可持续发展的常用工具之一。基于传统生态足迹模型、改进生态足迹模型和EF NPP模型，测算、分析了2006~2013年四川省耕地生态赤字等相关变化及趋势，客观评价了四川省耕地资源利用状况，并探讨了几种模型的差异。结果表明：2006~2013年间，四川省人均耕地生态足迹不断上升，人均耕地生态承载力基本稳定，人均耕地生态赤字持续扩大；耕地资源利用由弱不可持续状态逐步向强不可持续状态发展。3种生态足迹模型的对比研究发现，EF NPP模型在一定程度上弥补了传统生态足迹模型和改进生态足迹模型的不足，客观、动态地反映了区域耕地利用状况和可持续发展状态。     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

The Phenomenon of Pseudoviviparity in Alpine and Arctomontane Grasses (DeschampsiaBeauv., FestucaL., and PoaL.)

It is known that pseudoviviparous plant taxa are most numerous in the Arctic and high mountain regions, where they sometimes account for a noticeable part of the local flora and play an important phytocenotic role. The complex of pseudoviviparous taxa is an interesting model for investigating the processes of hybridogenic speciation, as various mechanisms stabilizing the hybrid genetic systems proved to be effective in them. In particular, this concerns vast and taxonomically complex groups such as the genera Deschampsia, Festuca, and Poa.In this paper, published data on the taxonomy, chromosome numbers, and distribution of pseudoviviparous grasses in the Arctic regions and subarctic mountain systems are reviewed.     

Human exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE), as evidenced by data from a duplicate diet study, indoor air, house dust, and biomonitoring in Germany

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) are used as flame retardants in a wide variety of products. As part of the Integrated Exposure Assessment Survey (INES), this study aimed to characterize the exposure of an adult German population using duplicate diet samples, which were collected daily over seven consecutive days, and indoor air and house dust measurements. Our study population consisted of 27 female and 23 male healthy subjects, aged 14–60 years, all of whom resided in 34 homes in southern Bavaria. In these 34 residences the air was sampled using glass fiber filters and polyurethane foams and the dust was collected from used vacuum cleaner bags.The median (95th percentile) daily dietary intake of six Tetra- to HeptaBDE congeners was 1.2 ng/kg b.w. (3.3 ng/kg b.w.) or 67.8 ng/day (208 ng/day) (calculated from the 7-day median values of each study subject). Concentrations in indoor air and dust (cumulative Tri- to DecaBDE congener readings) ranged from 8.2 to 477 pg/m³ (median: 37.8 pg/m³) and 36.6 to 1580 ng/g (median: 386 ng/g), respectively. For some congeners, we identified a significant correlation between air and dust levels.The median (95th percentile) blood concentration of total Tetra- to HexaBDE congener readings was 5.6 (13.2) ng/g lipid. No significant sex differences were observed, but higher blood concentrations were found in younger participants. Using a simplified toxicokinetic model to predict the body burden from exposure doses led to results that were of the same order of magnitude as the measured blood concentrations.Based on these measurements and given our exposure assumptions, we estimated for the total tetra- to heptabrominated congener count an average (high) comprehensive total daily intake of 1.2 ng/kg b.w. (2.5 ng/kg b.w.). Overall, our results suggest that dietary exposure is the dominant intake pathway at least in our study population, responsible for 97% (average intake) and 95% (high intake) of the total intake of an adult population.     

A new general mechanistic river model for radionuclides from single pulse fallouts which can be run by readily accessible driving variables

This paper presents a new general, process-based river model for substances such as radionuclides from single pulse fallouts. The new model has been critically tested using data from 13 European rivers contaminated by radiocesium from the Chernobyl accident. This modelling approach gives radionuclide concentrations in water (total, dissolved and particulate phases; and also concentrations in sediments and fish, but the latter aspects are not discussed in this paper) at defined river sites. The model is based on processes in the upstream river stretch and in the upstream catchment area. The catchment area is differentiated into inflow ( approximately dry land) areas and outflow ( approximately wetland) areas. The model also accounts for time-dependent fixation of substances in the catchment. The catchment area sub-model is based on a previous catchment model, which has been tested with very good results for radiocesium, radiostrontium and Ca-concentrations (from liming operations). The new river model is simple to apply in practice since all driving variables may be readily accessed from maps and standard monitoring programs. The driving variables are: latitude, altitude, continentality, catchment area, mean annual precipitation, soil type (percentages or organic and sandy soils), fallout and month of fallout. Modelled values have been compared to independent empirical data from 10 rivers sites (91 data on radiocesium in water) covering a wide domain (catchment areas from 4000 to 180 000 km(2), precipitation from 500 to 960 mm/yr and fallout from 1700 to 660 000 Bq/m(2)). The new model predicts very well--when modelled values are compared to empirical data, the slope is perfect (1.0) and the r(2)-value is 0.90. This is good giving the fact that there are also uncertainties in the empirical data, which set a limit to the achieved predictive power, as expressed by the r(2)-value.     

Conservation, commercialisation and confusion: harvesting of Ischyrolepis in a coastal forest, South Africa

Harvesting of non-timber forest products is an integral component of rural livelihoods throughout the developing world. At times this is at odds with conservation objectives. Reconciliation of the two requires examination of local level contexts and needs. This paper reports on the harvesting needs for Ischyrolepis by a rural community in South Africa, against the setting that they had recently been prohibited from harvesting by the local conservation officials. Interviews were conducted with conservation officials to understand the reasoning for the prohibition. Local demand for Ischyrolepis was assessed by household surveys, as well as in-depth interviews with traders. The density and size class distribution of Ischyrolepis was determined using transects. The total annual demand for Ischyrolepis was determined to be approximately only 2.7% of the standing crop. The bulk of the annual demand was for small-scale trade, the income from which was a primary source of income for the few harvesters. Very little evidence could be found indicating that harvesting was damaging the resource or its habitat, and local knowledge suggested that the abundance of the species was stimulated by harvesting. Even if market demand were to increase, the size of the shoots required means that less than 20% of the standing crop could be harvested annually. Current regulations around harvesting are in a state of revision, and hence confusion prevails regarding if harvesting is permissible, and if so, under what conditions, which is detrimental to both conservation and livelihoods. Readers should send their comments on this paper to: BhaskarNath@aol.com within 3 months of publication of this issue.     

Radionuclide content of building materials and associated gamma dose rates in Egyptian dwellings

Studies have been carried out to determine the natural radioactivity in some building materials (bricks, tiles, marble and ceramics) and their associated radiation hazard. The radioactivity concentrations of ²²⁶Ra ²³²Th and ⁴⁰K were measured using a gamma spectrometer with a Hp–Ge detector. The activities of ²³⁸U and ²³⁴U were measured using an alpha-spectrometer with a surface barrier detector after applying a radiochemical procedure. The ²³⁴U/²³⁸U isotopic ratios were calculated. The radium equivalent activities and the radiation hazard index associated with the natural radionuclides were calculated. A computer program was developed and applied to calculate the dose rate a person will receive from the walls of a room constructed from the studied building materials.     

Education for Sustainable Development: The Johannesburg Summit and Beyond

The World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD), held in Johannesburg during 26 August and 4 September 2002, was a truly remarkable event, not least because it identified and committed the world community to what has to be done to realise Agenda 21 objectives. Discussion begins with the "means of implementation" of the Johannesburg Plan of Implementation (JPI). Education for, and raising awareness of, sustainable development are the key commitments in the "means of implementation". The issues central to these commitments are discussed. The crucial role of moral philosophy in education for sustainable development is then discussed. Defining the "problem" as lack of progress (in fact negative progress between Rio and Johannesburg) towards global sustainable development, a cause–effect relationship of the "problem" is developed based on a systematic and logical analysis. It shows that the "cause" is West's profoundly materialistic, environment-degrading and exploitative attitude and activities to satisfy grossly unsustainable, hedonistic and insatiably avaricious Western life-styles – life-styles that are held up by the West as "ideal" fruits of economic "development" to be aspired by all. The "effects" are pollution of air, water and soil; mounting loss of biodiversity, ecosystems and species; relentlessly widening north–south divide, etc. It is argued that while science and technology can address some of the "effects", they cannot address the "cause". Only moral philosophy can by fundamentally re-orienting moral values genuinely to respect nature and the environment. Based on sound and tested principles of Educational Psychology, a proposal is then made for including moral philosophy in the formal curricula (content and pedagogy) of primary, secondary and higher education for instilling in children and young people genuinely environment-respecting moral values. To this end a generic syllabus for the secondary level is proposed. Finally, it is argued that if the scientific community really believes that science or technology alone can radically change the pervasive environment-degrading moral values to those that genuinely respect the environment, thus paving the way to real global sustainability, then it must demonstrate how this could be done and explain why, despite their abundant science and technology, the developed nations are the biggest polluters and consumers with grossly unsustainable life-styles. Certainly, examples would be much more convincing than rhetoric or tired old clichés about how science and technology alone could deliver global sustainable development.