陕西安康移民搬迁农户的生计适应策略与适应力感知

从社会-生态系统适应性理论出发,借鉴脆弱性研究中的适应性理论来研究我国易地移民搬迁农户的适应策略和适应力,构建了移民搬迁农户的生计适应性分析框架,并以陕西安康移民搬迁工程为例,通过实地调查和访谈获取了安康搬迁农户的调查数据,分析了安康移民搬迁农户的生计适应策略、适应力感知及其影响因素。分析发现安康移民搬迁农户在搬迁之后采用了四种生计适应策略,即传统生计专业化型、非农专业化、补贴依赖型和多样化生计,这四种类型占全部搬迁农户样本的比例分别为:28.6%、34.3%、18.3%和18.8%。搬迁农户的适应力感知类型与搬迁类型、安置类型存在着统计上的显著差异。尤其是搬迁农户收入等级类型与适应力感知之间存在显著差异,越是高收入户,越表示收入增加,搬迁后"稳得住、能致富"的情况则越好;而贫困户搬迁之后的生计适应、生计安全状况令人担忧。此外,搬迁农户不同的生计适应策略与其适应力感知也存在着统计上的显著差异。总体上看,搬迁之后,非农专业化和传统生计专业化的农户收入减少的更少、表示收入增加的更多、适应力更好,而补贴依赖型、生计多样化型农户的适应状况要差一些。本文进一步采用MULTINOMINAL LOGISTICS回归模型分析了安康移民搬迁农户适应力感知的影响因素。结果显示,政府主导的移民安置方式、搬迁类型、搬迁农户所获得的扶贫项目数对搬迁农户生计适应情况并没有显著的影响,搬迁农户也没有随着搬迁时间的增加而提高其适应力;当地搬迁农户劳动力也存在一些闲置、土地林地需要进一步提高生产经营效率等。当地地方政府仍需要进一步完善移民搬迁方案和对移民搬迁农户的精准帮扶措施,发展后续产业,提高其适应力。     

农户生计多样性发展阶段研究——基于脆弱性与适应性维度

为了观察农户生计活动复杂化过程,分析弹性在可持续生计中发挥的作用,推动扶贫开发战略从识别贫困人口向防御贫困转变,本文采用曲线拟合、核密度函数非参数估计算法等实证研究方法,利用陕西省安康农户生计与环境调查数据,基于脆弱性、适应性维度对农户生计多样性发展阶段进行了识别、划分,系统分析了弹性在农户、社区不同尺度上、阶段上对于农户生计脆弱性与适应性的作用过程。研究发现:生计多样性发展阶段随尺度有所不同,随着适应性提高,在社区尺度上,生计活动多样性指数先增加后减小,在农户尺度上,则是先减小后增加;农户生计活动存在高脆弱性、低适应性的尝试阶段,在经历了这个阶段之后,伴随着农户适应性的提高,脆弱性会同时增加;在社区尺度上,弹性作用下伴随着收入提高,脆弱性会逐步降低,在农户尺度上,弹性作用下伴随着收入提高,生计活动脆弱性会提高,形成"高风险、高收益"的情况。研究发现说明农户、社区存在着"多样性尝试"发展阶段,在一定尺度上保持适度脆弱性有利于社区、地域的可持续发展,作为联系不同尺度生计活动脆弱性、适应性的关键,农户在这个阶段完成生计多样性水平专业化过程,社区在这个阶段形成地区特色的生计活动。扶贫开发工作应把握好这一时机,提高工作措施效果和绩效。在扶贫开发工作实践中,在目标制定上不仅需要考虑收入因素,还需要考虑生计活动复杂性因素,政策措施充分利用"多样性尝试"发展时机,同时主动开展替代生计研究、落实工作,提高贫困防御能力,推动农户、社区可持续发展。     

城镇安置模式对陕南移民搬迁农户生计活动影响研究——基于广义精确匹配模型

城镇安置日益成为我国政府推进易地扶贫搬迁过程中主导的安置模式。本文首先简要探讨了我国移民安置模式的演进,在深入分析城镇安置模式三个层次的内涵及其对搬迁户生计活动影响机制的基础上,结合陕南安康移民搬迁地区搬迁农户的一手调查数据,运用广义精确匹配模型,控制了观测数据中混杂因素对评估结果的影响。在此基础上采用无序多分类logistic回归模型深入分析了城镇安置模式对搬迁农户以及贫困搬迁户生计活动的影响和作用。结果表明:①城镇安置模式对搬迁农户从事非农型生计具有显著的促进作用,从事非农型生计的概率显著提升1. 863个对数发生比。在贫困的搬迁农户样本中,城镇安置模式使贫困的搬迁农户从事非农型生计的概率显著提升了1. 823个对数发生比。②在全部搬迁户样本中,医疗设施对搬迁农户从事非农型生计有显著的促进作用;针对贫困搬迁户,便利的交通设施更有助于其从事外出务工等非农型生计;是否获得产业、就业扶持或培训无论对全部搬迁户或贫困搬迁户都无统计上的显著作用。③家庭劳动力数量、通讯费用对全部搬迁户以及贫困的搬迁户从事兼业、非农型生计有着显著的促进作用;搬迁时间对搬迁农户生计选择有一定的影响,但对贫困搬迁户无显著作用。最后,提出以下建议:城镇安置需要综合配套,逐步完善城乡一体化的体制机制;完善产业帮扶措施及提高农户的人力资本,帮助搬迁农户实现非农就业;流转土地,盘活搬迁农户在迁出区的资产,增加农户收入;要充分考虑搬迁人口在家庭结构和能力等方面的差异,实施差异化的精准扶持等。     

社会资本、收入多样化与农户贫困脆弱性

运用陕西省秦巴山区的实地调研数据,基于两阶段最小二乘法(2SLS)和内生转换回归模型,解决了样本选择偏差以及异质性等问题,对农户的社会资本、收入多样化和农户贫困脆弱性三者之间的关系进行了探讨,并在反事实假设的基础上估计了收入多样化和收入专业化对贫困脆弱性影响的平均处理效应。研究结果表明,社会资本对收入多样化具有显著的正向影响,对贫困脆弱性有显著负向影响,社会资本每增加一个单位,贫困脆弱性下降7. 95%。相较于收入多样化,收入专业化有助于降低未来发生贫困的可能性。其中,当收入多样化农户选择采用收入专业化时,贫困脆弱性将下降0. 135 9,当专业化农户选择收入多样化时,贫困脆弱性将上升0. 114 8。根据上述结论提出以下政策建议:(1)社会资本能够有效降低贫困脆弱性,因此在对贫困地区农户进行精准扶贫时,应注重农户社会资本培育,加强农村文化建设,丰富农民日常生活娱乐,充分重视非正规风险承担网络有效降低贫困脆弱性的作用。(2)正规风险制度的不完善会促使农民选取收入多样化来抵御风险,但就长期来讲收入多样化并不能帮助农民有效脱贫。因此,政府应加强正规风险制度的培育和建设,注重提升农户抵御风险的能力,降低收入多样化在贫困地区的保险功能。(3)相较于收入多样化,收入专业化有助于降低未来发生贫困的可能性。政府应针对当地资源经济特征,落实和推进"一乡一业、一村一品"战略,逐步形成专业化生产格局,建立起产业扶贫的长效机制。通过加强农户技术培训,提升农户技能型人力资本,使其持久性地融入产业化扶贫项目中,提高内生性生计能力,实现永久性脱贫目标。本文的研究对于帮助农户有效脱贫,实现乡村振兴有着重要意义。     

生计资本对甘南高原农牧民生计活动的影响

甘南高原是典型的生态环境脆弱区,农牧民采取的不合理生计活动已成为该区生态环境退化的主要因素,目前亟需塑建可持续生计方式.本文采用参与性农户评估方法对甘南高原115户农牧民家庭进行了调查,基于农户调查资料,分析了甘南高原纯牧区、半农半牧区和农区农户的生计资本现状、生计活动特点.阐释了生计资本对生计活动的影响.研究结果表明:①纯牧区农户的生计资本总值最高、半农半牧区次之、农区最低.且纯牧区农户缺乏金融资本、半农半牧区农户缺乏物质资本、农区农户缺乏自然资本:②农区农户的生计活动多样化指数最高、半农半牧区次之、纯牧区最低,农区外出打工和从事非农活动的农户比例远高于半农半牧区和纯牧区;③农户的生计资本影响着生计活动的选择,自然资本缺乏迫使农户寻求其他谋生方式,但受教育程度低、物质资本与金融资本缺乏以及封闭而狭窄的亲缘与地缘关系限制了农户生计多样化.最后提出了提高农牧民生计资本存量、塑建可持续生计方式的政策建议.     

耕地经营规模、家庭生命周期与农户生计策略

农户作为农村社会中最基本的决策单位,其生计问题影响到农村经济发展的质量和方向。在新型城镇化和农村产业融合的复合背景下,农户生计策略逐渐显现出多样性和差异性的特点。加强对于农户生计策略的研究,有利于帮助农户提高自身发展能力、促进农村经济可持续发展,实现乡村振兴战略目标。本文以可持续生计分析框架为研究基础,基于湖北省宜昌市和荆门市的595份农户抽样调查资料,重点研究了农户耕地经营规模、家庭生命周期对农户生计策略的影响。研究结果表明:①耕地经营规模对农户生计策略产生显著性影响。耕地经营规模越大,农户在农业生产中投入的资金、技术、劳动力越多,农户生计策略越偏向于纯农化。在控制了其他解释变量的情况下,耕地经营规模每提高一个单位,农户农业收入占总收入比重上升0. 008。②家庭生命周期同样也会对农户生计策略产生显著性影响。随着家庭生命周期的不断演进,农户家庭在人口负担、劳动力数量、生产生活需求等方面都会发生改变,农户生计策略逐渐偏向于纯农化。同样控制了解释变量后,家庭生命周期每提高一个阶段,农户农业收入占总收入比重上升0. 140。③耕地经营规模和家庭生命周期共同影响着农户的生计策略。最后根据研究结果提出建议:一是地方政府应该根据实际情况制定土地流转政策,鼓励农户进行土地流转,推进耕地适度规模经营。二是依据不同生命周期阶段家庭的就业意愿,开展差异化的指导与帮扶。三是应更加关注农户生计问题,促进农户生计策略多样化发展。     

农牧交错区域农户生计资本与生计策略关系研究——以内蒙古东部四个旗为例

本文基于可持续性生计分析框架,利用本内蒙古东部四个旗的农户调查数据,从生计资本的视角,实证研究了农户生计资本与生计策略的依存关系。研究表明,农户牲畜数量、户主高中教育程度与生计多样化选择负相关,农户社会交往的职业种类与生计多样化正相关。最后提出了提升农户生计资本和扩大生计多样化的可行路径。     

农户贫困恢复力测度、影响效应及对策研究——基于农户家庭结构的视角

集中连片贫困地区扶贫开发与农户脱贫问题关系社会稳定与和谐,而恢复力概念为贫困领域研究提供了新的视角。研究利用抽样调查的321户家庭问卷数据,基于生计恢复力理论框架,构建农户贫困恢复力指标体系,从农户家庭结构分类出发,采用探索性统计和主成分分析判定不同人口、生计结构农户缓冲力资本、贫困恢复力差异,运用多层次模型探究农户家庭因素(生计、人口)与贫困恢复力内在结构效应。研究主要结论:1研究区不同家庭结构农户经济类资本分布极不均衡,资本积累水平低;2影响贫困地区农户个体恢复力的主要因素包括物质资本、经济收入、文化教育、劳动力、交通条件、社会资源等;3高质量劳动力人口结构以及合理多样化收入方式的生计结构对农户贫困恢复力才具有正向效应。最后,针对研究区农户家庭结构贫困恢复力差异和关键影响因子,提出相关恢复力建设对策。     

农地流转与农户生计策略联合决策研究

基于中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)2014年农村住户数据,采用多元probit模型实证检验了农户土地流转决策、农户种植经济作物决策和非农劳动力转移决策之间的相互影响。研究发现:①农户土地流转与劳动力非农转移和经济作物种植生计决策相互关联。总体而言,土地转入与种植经济作物决策正相关,与非农劳动力转移决策负相关。土地转出与非农劳动力转移决策正相关,与种植经济作物决策负相关。②土地流转与农户非农劳动力转移和经济作物种植等生计策略的关系与农地流转规模相关,小规模和中等规模的土地转入与非农劳动力转移之间未有显著关系,与经济作物种植决策具有显著正向关系,但大规模的土地转入与农户经济作物种植决策和非农就业决策显著负相关。③土地流转是否影响农户生计多样化决策还取决于地区机械化程度。机械化程度较高的平原地区土地转入决策与农户非农劳动力转移和经济作物种植决策未有显著关系,而机械化程度较低的高山、丘陵、高原等地区土地转入决策与农户种植经济作物和非农就业决策分别存在正相关和负相关关系,表明随着机械化对农业劳动力替代程度的增强,土地流转对农户劳动力配置的影响效应减弱。政策建议是:①统筹推进农村土地、劳动力市场发展,推动农户土地流转参与,促进转出户生计向非农专业化转移,促进转入户农地适度规模经营;②完善农机社会化服务市场,提高农机和农技融合使用深度和广度,提高农机对农业劳动力的替代弹性,增强转入户农业劳动力农地规模经营的能力,增加农业生产比较收益。     

不同生计资产配置的农户宅基地流转家庭福利变化研究

在已有研究农户家庭生计资产和家庭福利理论的基础上,采用农户生计资产量化法和模糊综合评价法,通过对武汉城市圈典型区域宅基地流转农户家庭的实证研究,分析了宅基地流转对被流转农户的家庭福利影响。运用生计资产量化分析法,研究了被流转农户的家庭生计资产配置,得出农户的家庭生计资产分值,将农户划分为资产缺乏型农户和资产均衡性农户。在阿玛蒂亚·森的可行能力及家庭福利评价框架下,运用模糊综合评价法,研究宅基地流转对不同生计资产配置的农户家庭福利影响,研究表明,从总体和资产均衡型农户家庭来看,宅基地流转有助于被流转农户的家庭福利的改善和提高,其模糊指数分别为0.533和0.547,高于流转前设定的模糊状态0.5,而使资产缺乏型农户的家庭总体福利下降,模糊指数从0.5下降到0.464;从影响福利的因素来看,宅基地流转对资产均衡型农户家庭的经济状况、居住条件、社会保障及发展机会有所改善,对社区环境、心理福利有所下降,但对资产缺乏型农户家庭的经济状况、社区环境、发展机会及心理福利有所降低,对社会保障和居住条件有所改善。基于农户家庭生计的可持续和福利改进,由此可得出相应的结论:在宅基地流转中,要实施差异化的流转保障、扶持政策,做到对被流转农户家庭的瞄准补偿与支助;加强对新安置点的选址、规划,新居民点要有利于农户的生活、就业与发展;注重农户参与与生存发展,提高农户自我认可与精神改变,确保宅基地流转后,农户精神福利随着物质福利提高而逐步改善。     

Formaldehyde in conventional homes in Taiwan

A survey was conducted in the humid environment of Taipei City during April and May of 1991, to investigate the indoor formaldehyde exposure and its health effects on 117 conventional households. The levels of formaldehyde were measured by the pararosaniline method. The details regarding construction, ventilation, combustion of fuel, burning of Chinese incense, and the complaints concerning the respiratory system were obtained by a questionnaire. The results show that the age of the pressed wood used in furniture and indoor decoration, the ventilation rate, the combustion of fuel, and the burning of Chinese incense significantly affect the levels of formaldehyde. The respiratory complaints found in this study were concluded here to be only partially accounted for by exposure to formaldehyde.     

Natural radionuclides in bottled water in Austria

Concentration levels of 226Ra, 222Rn and 210Pb were analyzed in domestic bottled waters commercially available in Austria. Concentrations up to 0.23 Bq/l, with a geometric mean of 0.041 Bq/l were found for 226Ra. Concentrations for 222Rn ranged from <0.12-18 Bq/l, the geometric mean being 0.54 Bq/l. Lead-210 was analyzed in selected samples, the concentrations ranging from <2 to 34 mBq/l, with a geometric mean of 4.7 mBq/l. Ingestion doses resulting from consumption of these waters were calculated for the geometric mean and the maximum concentrations of the three radionuclides. The effective dose equivalents for different age groups of the population due to the intake of 226Ra range from 0.001 to 0.22 mSv/y and of 210Pb from 0.0003 to 0.05 mSv/y. Ingestion doses from 222Rn are low compared to those from 226Ra and 210Pb, ranging from 0.0001 to 0.011 mSv/y for adults and children, respectively. The doses are compared to the total ingestion dose from dietary intake of natural radionuclides on an annual basis.     

Precipitation-driven decrease in wildfires in British Columbia

Trends of summer precipitation and summer temperature and their influence on trends in summer drought and area burned in British Columbia (BC) were investigated for the period 1920–2000. The complexity imposed by topography was taken into account by incorporating high spatial resolution climate and fire data. Considerable regional variation in trends and in climate–fire relationships was observed. A weak but significant increase in summer temperature was detected in northeastern and coastal BC, whereas summer precipitation increased significantly in all regions—by up to 45.9 %. A significant decrease in province-wide area burned and at the level of sub-units was strongly related to increasing precipitation, more so than to changing temperature or drought severity. A stronger dependence of area burned on precipitation, a variable difficult to predict, implies that projected changes in future area burned in this region may yield higher uncertainties than in regions where temperature is predominantly the limiting factor for fire activity. We argue that analyses of fire–climate relationships must be undertaken at a sufficiently high resolution such that spatial variability in limiting factors on area burned like precipitation, temperature, and drought is captured within units.     

Radon concentrations in a spa in Serbia

The paper presents the results of indoor radon concentration survey in 201 homes and offices in Niska Banja (the Spa of Nis), a well-known health resort and a spa in the South-East of Serbia. Radon indoor concentrations were determined by active charcoal method, according to standard EPA procedure. The indoor radon concentrations were in the range of up to 200 Bq/m(3) (47%), from 200-600 Bq/m(3) (26%) and over 600 Bq/m(3) (27%). Three areas of extremely high average radon concentrations were found (1,340-4,340 Bq/m(3)), with a maximum above 13,000 Bq/m(3). The content of natural radionuclides ((226)Ra, (214)Pb, (214)Bi, (235)U, (228)Ac, (212)Pb, (212)Bi, (208)Tl, (40)K) and (137)Cs, as well as the content of total uranium, thorium and potassium in mud used in peloidotherapy in the Health Institute "Niska Banja" was determined, too. The activities of the radionuclides were determined on an HPGe detector, by standard gamma spectroscopy. The results indicated considerably high amounts of total uranium and thorium (0.021 g/kg mud and 0.003 g/kg mud, respectively), due to the karsts origin of the soil.     

Trends in lung cancer in London in relation to exposure to diesel fumes

Mortality from lung cancer among males in England and Wales is now beginning to decline, and the urban excess that has persisted for many years is also becoming smaller. There is nothing in these national trends to suggest that pollution from diesel vehicles, which has been increasing in recent decades, would be involved. Some preliminary results are presented from a long-term study of the incidence of lung cancer among London Transport staff, including men who work in bus garages where there are high concentrations of smoke from diesel buses. Over the 25 year period from 1950–1974 the numbers of cases reported in each of the several job categories have been below those expected on the basis of Greater London rates. The absence of data on smoking habits makes it difficult to determine whether the small differences in rates between job categories are of any importance, but the standardised mortality ratios are all well within the range of those found in national studies of lung cancer mortality and smoking in relation to occupation.     

Seasonal changes in radon concentrations in buildings in the region of northeastern Poland

In this study, seasonal observations of radon concentration changes inside buildings carried out in the northeastern region of Poland is presented. One-year measurements of radon concentrations were performed in chosen buildings. The integral method of Cr-39 trace detectors in diffusive chambers was used. Mean values of radon concentrations were determined in monthly, 2-, 3-, 6-month, and annual observations. The fraction of a mean annual concentration of the value obtained in a shorter observation was calculated. Monthly concentration values were from about 0.2 to 14.9 of the annual mean. All buildings revealed seasonal fluctuation of radon concentration. Negative correlation of indoor radon concentration in the buildings and the mean temperature outside was observed in most examined buildings. The lowest coefficient range, determining which part of the annual mean value would be obtained in the 6-month observation, was gained for exposure begun in April or October.     

Participatory approach in vision setting: emerging initiatives in local municipalities in Japan

In this paper, we present the emerging practices in Japanese local municipalities, in which participatory methods are applied to envision sustainable future and relevant target settings. We selected three local cases: Higashiomi city, Kizugawa city and Nagakute city as emerging initiatives. A comparative analysis was carried out to identify commonalities and differences, and to derive lessons for appropriate governance and systems for participatory deliberation in future visioning. We argue that the deliberation processes served as a platform for effective communication, and that installing a mechanism that allows reflexive deliberation processes is the key to make participatory methods fully functional.     

Natural radionuclide content in building materials and gamma dose rate in dwellings in Cuba

An extensive research project to investigate the radioactive properties of Cuban building materials was carried out because there is a lack of information on the radioactivity of such materials in Cuba. In the framework of this project 44 samples of commonly used raw materials and building products were collected in five Cuban provinces. The activity concentrations of natural radionuclides were determined by gamma ray spectrometry using a p-type coaxial high purity germanium detector and their mean values were in the ranges: 9-857Bqkg(-1) for (40)K; 6-57Bqkg(-1) for (226)Ra; and 1.2-22Bqkg(-1) for (232)Th. The radium equivalent activity in the 44 samples varied from 4Bqkg(-1) (wood) to 272Bqkg(-1) (brick). A high pressure ionisation chamber was used to measure the indoor absorbed dose rate in 543 dwellings and workplaces in five Cuban provinces. The average absorbed dose rates in air ranged from 43nGyh(-1) (Holguín) to 73nGyh(-1) (Camagüey) and the corresponding population-weighted annual effective dose due to external gamma radiation was estimated to be 145+/-40microSv. This value is 51% lower than the effective dose due to internal exposure from inhalation of decay products of (222)Rn and (220)Rn and it is 16% higher than the calculated value for the typical room geometry of a Cuban house.     

Lead content in new decorative paints in India

The paint industry in India is broadly classified into two categories: organized sector and unorganized sector. Multinational and big Indian companies form the organized sector, whereas the small- and medium-scale industries which produce paints for the local market form the unorganized sector. The present study was undertaken to determine the level of lead in decorative paints in India. A total of 148 paint samples sourced from four organized sector companies and six unorganized sector companies were analyzed for the total lead content. Results of this study reveal that 39 % of the total paints tested (n = 148) contain lead more than 300 ppm, the voluntary limit prescribed by Bureau of Indian Standards, BIS (IS 15489:2011), and 45 % of the tested paints contain lead more than 90 ppm, the US limit. Further analysis of the data indicates that only 5 % of the tested paints manufactured by organized sector companies contain lead more than 300 ppm (n = 91), whereas 93 % of the tested paints manufactured by unorganized sector companies contain lead more than 300 ppm (n = 57). Comparison with earlier reported data suggests that while organized sector companies are gradually abandoning the use of lead-based compounds in their paints, the unorganized sector companies are still adding lead-based compounds intentionally in their paints despite the potential health hazards associated with it. The maximum concentration of lead obtained was 80,350 ppm in one of the paints manufactured by an unorganized sector company. The presence of high concentration of lead in yellow and green color paints indicates that color can be a predictor of lead content in decorative paints.