流域生态服务市场化补偿管理制度

为平衡流域上下游之间经济发展与环境保护利益的矛盾，解决依赖政府支出补偿能力有限的问题，我国许多地方尝试着在流域生态补偿中引入市场机制，各地涌现出大量的生态服务市场化补偿案例，成为目前中小流域生态服务补偿的有益探索和重要补充。为保障流域生态服务市场的健康发展和有效运行，对其管理制度的研究显得尤为重要。鉴于此，在总结国际生态服务市场管理实践和政策经验的基础上，对我国当前流域生态补偿相关的管理实践、政策和法律制度进行评价，并以此为基础，从管理政策、法律制度和市场机制3个层面，给出我国生态服务市场管理制度的框架设计     

基于价值创造的环境管理理论研究

环境问题已经成为当今重要课题,企业是环境问题的产生与解决方案的重要参与者,环境管理并不意味着企业的经济效益的下降,或者说企业价值的降低。基于价值创造的环境管理理论告诉我们,环境绩效可以增加财务绩效,环境的投入可以创造价值。当企业认识到环境问题的经济价值的时候,有助于企业加强环境管理,实现环境与财务的双赢。     

三峡库区资源与环境一体化管理的机构、法律、制度初探

流域管理在国家区域开发和环境保护中具有极为重要的地位，国外在流域管理方面有成熟的经验和新的发展趋势。通过分析国外流域管理的经验和发展趋势，结合三峡 区管理的现状以及建库后可能因管理而出现的问题，就如何在三峡库区更加有效的实行资源与环境的综合管理，如何建立和完善适合三峡库区实行更为有效的管理框架和模式等方面的构想。     

国际河流整体开发和管理及两大理论依据

概括了国际河流开发和管理特征、存在的主要问题和“流域整体开发和管理”的演进过程 ,分析了系统理论和可持续发展理论的具体体现 ,提出国际河流整体开发和管理主要体现在以下三个方面内容 :(1)强调区域之间的联系 ,要求从全流域的角度 ,而不是仅仅从国家的角度来进行开发和管理。在资源开发和管理中兼顾各流域国的目标 ,体现公平合理性 ,要求一国的开发利用对其它流域国不造成重大损害 ;要求各流域国加强合作。 (2 )强调流域内各要素的相关性 ,要求资源的开发和管理中考虑相关资源的利用问题 ,如与水资源相关的土地资源利用问题 ,以及国家之间的制度协调等社会人文因素。 (3)要求考虑河道生态系统的可持续性 ,维护流域的可持续发展。     

基于演化博弈的流域生态补偿利益冲突分析

资源合理利用与环境保护是维护当今经济平稳、健康、较快发展的重要前提。生态补偿是缓解经济快速发展与环境污染、生态环境破坏之间利益矛盾冲突的重要手段。它是为了制止生态破坏而征收或补偿的费用,所以不同于一般排污费和资源补偿费。本文根据补偿的类型不同,将生态补偿分为资源型生态补偿和环境型生态补偿。本文以流域生态补偿为例,将流域上游政府的策略简化为保护或不保护河流,下游政府针对上游的情况,选择"自主型"或"接受型",运用演化博弈的方法,分析流域生态补偿的特点和结果。结果表明:流域生态补偿需要中央政府的适度干预,而且关键点是保证上游地方政府收益始终最大化;中央政府干预的程度是使上游政府群的收益在保护的情况下比不保护的收益要大,而干预的结果则是使流域上下游的(保护,补偿)策略成为演化博弈的长期稳定均衡。最后本文针对我国现行流域管理体制,为我国流域生态补偿提供了政策建议,以推广我国生态补偿政策。     

基于能值拓展的流域生态外溢价值补偿研究——以渭河流域上游为例

流域上、下游间环境保护成本和收益的区域错配问题严重影响我国流域整体发展的公平与效率,下游地区对上游地区给予适当的经济补偿已成为解决流域区域间经济发展失衡、实现流域水资源可持续发展的重要手段。文章首先构建基于能值拓展的流域生态外溢价值计量模型,从能量投入和能级转化的角度,以能值的形式反映流域客观存在的社会、经济和生态的功能服务价值,利用能值分析法测算流域生态系统服务能值与水足迹法确定流域自身消费的生态能值,通过比较流域生态系统服务能值和流域生态能值自身消费情况,判断流域的生态盈亏状态,并进一步利用能值-货币比率将生态外溢能值转化为生态外溢价值,得到相对客观和稳健的补偿标准。然后以渭河流域上游为例,测算得到2013年渭河流域上游的生态外溢能值为1.16×1022sej,可知流域上游在扣除自身消费的生态能值后还为流域下游提供生态服务,处于生态盈余的状态。为激励上游地区加大流域生态环境保护力度,同时也为实现区域发展的公平与效率和流域水资源的可持续发展,下游地区应对上游地区支付水资源生态环境补偿,根据能值-货币比率得到上游应获得16.31亿元的补偿金额,并根据水资源可利用量进一步分配,得到定西市和天水市应分别获得7.50亿元和8.81亿元的补偿金额。基于该研究结果,建议通过扩大对流域上游地区的转移支付、完善水资源市场构建、健全流域生态补偿立法等政策提高上游地方政府的生态保护努力水平,优化水资源配置,实现流域整体的可持续发展。     

生态公益林建设管理的环境经济政策分析--以广州市为例

根据环境经济学的外部性理论 ,生态公益林建设管理具有外部经济性。使生态公益林建设管理外部性内部化的主要手段是“调节市场”型的环境经济政策 ,即由政府向公众征收生态公益林建设管理费用 ,而“建立市场”型的环境经济政策———明晰生态公益林的产权、承包经营权 ,则是生态公益林建设管理外部性内部化和生态公益林有效管理的需要。广州市生态公益林建设管理中存在的建设管理资金不足、林地的使用权分散、对林农补偿的数量难以确定等问题 ,有待于上述两种环境经济政策来解决     

Trans-jurisdictional River Basin Water Pollution Management and Cooperation in China: Case Study of Jiangsu/Zhejiang Province in Comparative Global Context

The deterioration of water pollution drainage in China is caused by poor administrative capabilities as well as natural forces. Low efficiency, even inefficacy in trans-jurisdictional water pollution management by local governments, has resulted in environmental damage accompanying economic development, conflicts between people living up- and down-stream, and potential hidden problems for social stabilization. By examining the process of policy evolution and reform of water pollution management and cooperation between Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces, this paper tries to learn from successful global experiences in domestic trans-boundary water management. The study shows that resolution of the conflict between watershed management and regional management based on “Tiao-Kuai-System” (China's system of vertical and horizontal relations between central and local government and within government) is the highest priority. The integrated reform of trans-jurisdictional water pollution management of river basin in China should include insitutional and law reforms.     

国外流域管理的成功经验对雅砻江流域管理的启示

世界各国对流域管理的不断探索，大大丰富了流域管理的理论和实践，流域管理已成为国家和地区水资源管理的一种行之有效的模式。我国的流域管理尚处于最初的探索阶段，如何借鉴国外流域管理的成功经验，形成有效的流域管理模式已成为我国水资源管理的主要任务之一。为了给国内流域管理实践提供一些有益的借鉴，分析总结了具有代表性的美国田纳西河流域管理模式、澳大利亚墨累 达令河流域管理模式和英国泰晤士河流域管理模式的成功经验和存在的问题。以雅砻江流域水电开发为实例，在对该流域的实际情况进行全面分析的基础上，将该流域与上述三条流域进行比较，充分借鉴三条流域管理模式成功经验，提出了雅砻江流域管理的相关对策和建议。     

鄱阳湖流域基本特征、面临挑战和关键科学问题

鄱阳湖流域总面积占长江流域面积的9%，占江西省国土面积的939%，鄱阳湖流域的生态健康维系着流域内，特别是长江中下游的生态安全，是区域经济、社会、生态可持续发展的重要保障。在全面认识鄱阳湖流域基本特征和面临挑战的基础上，探讨了鄱阳湖流域面临的五大科学问题：“山 江 湖”的相互关系与流域的生态健康；全球变化背景下流域生态系统的响应；流域生物多样性地理格局与社会经济合理分区；长江流域环境演变对鄱阳湖流域的影响；流域科学管理的理论与实践。为鄱阳湖生态经济区的建设和全流域的综合管理提供科学的建议和对策     

基于COD通量的钱塘江流域水污染生态补偿量化研究

水污染生态补偿是解决流域跨界水污染纠纷的重要措施。以行政单元为补偿主体，通过交界断面水质目标确立上下游政府间的水污染生态补偿责任，建立基于污染物通量的生态补偿量化计算方法，并提出了生态补偿运作模式。以钱塘江流域为例，根据2004年钱塘江流域水质状况，在75%保证率的水文条件下，基于COD通量估算了流域内各县（市）间水污染生态补偿量。结果表明，生态补偿量反映区域污染特点，上游地区基本上都是接受补偿者，而呈结构性污染的地区是生态补偿支付者，部分区域补偿强度超过当地经济发展水平，表明其发展不具有可持续性。钱塘江流域水污染生态补偿模式可以是政府层面上的财政支助，也可以通过项目支持、技术支持等形式实现区域间的补偿。通过生态补偿机制的实施，将对流域水环境保护起到积极的激励作用。     

基于可持续发展的生态旅游餐饮产品的设计

文章基于可持续发展理论。以生态旅游区的餐饮为研究对象，从环境友好的角度。对生态旅游区的食品种类、包装材料、生产方式和经营管理进行设计。使餐饮企业最终获得环境效益和经济效益。     

“Organic is More of an American Term … We Are Traditional Farmers”: Discourses of Place-based Organic Farming,Community, Heritage,and Sustainability

The following study looks at how traditional, organic, cooperative farmers starting a new farming cooperative in the US Southwest communicate about their farming as a set of (sustainable) cultural practices. The study draws on environmental communication theory, the theory of the coordinated management of meaning, and Vandana Shiva’s three-tiered economic model to construct a communication-based framework through which to view farmers’ stories about sustainability. This framework is productive, showing how some Nuevo Mexicano farmers (and others) orient toward farming, sustenance, and human-nature relationships through community, family, heritage, and education. Moreover, in addition to a conceptualization of sustainability as specific practices for nurturing and enduring in environments, communities, and organizations/institutions, sustainability can be understood as embedded ecocultural and historical experience with cross-cultural parallels in land-based communities. This study advances the ethical duty of environmental communication to better understand the ways in which environmental discourse and ecocultural and material realities are imbricated, as well as the call for such discursive study to be grounded in phenomenological experience of the natural world.     

乡镇工业污染防治战略初探

本文通过对乡镇工业经济发展现状及其环境问题的评价分析,提出乡镇工业环境管理应按本地自然条件、经济发展水平和乡镇企业的特点,实施分区域、按行业、有重点地进行管理的防治战略。并建议我国环境管理在以城市和大工业为重点的同时,及早将乡镇工业污染防治工作放在战略高度加以重视,切实加强乡镇工业环境管理。     

Community-Based Integrated Watershed Management

Community-based watershed management is different from the traditional natural resources management. Traditional natural resources management is a way from up to bottom, but the community-based watershed management is from bottom to up. This approach focused on the joining of different stakeholders in integrated watershed management, especially the participation of the community who has been ignored in the past. The purpose of this paper is to outline some of the important basic definitions, concepts and operational framework for initiating community-based watershed management projects and programs as well as some successes and practical challenges associated with the approach.     

基于综合指数法的鄱阳湖流域水资源安全评价研究

从“状态 压力 响应”指标系统框架出发,建立了鄱阳湖流域水资源安全评价指标体系。采用综合指数法,构建变异系数对指标权重进行客观赋值,对鄱阳湖水资源安全进行评价。结果表明：河网密度和农业生产化肥农药施用量等指标对鄱阳湖水资源安全有较大影响。在2000～2010年鄱阳湖流域水资源安全经历了由一般状态（状态Ⅲ）到良好状态（状态Ⅳ）,再到一般状态（状态Ⅲ）,最后发展为较差状态（状态Ⅱ）的过程。从警源上分析发现,这种变化主要由区域经济不断增长,人口压力增大,工农业生产生活用水增加,化肥农药施用量增加所致。从总体趋势上看,鄱阳湖流域水资源安全状态呈现恶化的趋势,虽然近年环保意识逐渐增强,在环保投资方面有所增加,并且提高了污水处理率,加强了工业废水排放管理,但还是难以承受经济社会发展的压力,使得水资源安全暴露出逐渐恶化的趋势,最后定量地分析了水资源安全状态变化原因,并针对水资源保护提出了具体保护措施,给出经济发展的用水约束条件以保障鄱阳湖流域水资源安全。对水资源安全做出合理定量的评价,可为鄱阳湖流域水资源合理开发和可持续利用提供科学依据     

Community-Based Integrated Watershed Management

1 INTRODUCTIONIn the past, natural resources management initiatives havefocused on large but specific sector projects such as dams,reservoirs for water supply schemes, irrigation systems,crop production, at forestation, etc. Often these projectswere treated as technical and administrative issues ratherthan as a socio-economic and political one. However, thehigh social and environmental cost of such schemes haveled to a change of paradigm since the 1980s towards small-scale community projec…     

Chinese Policies and Practices regarding Payments for Ecological Services in Watersheds

Watersheds provide a variety of ecological services including soil and water conservation, carbon sequestration and biodiversity protection. However, activities in a fast-growing economy significantly impact the supply and demand of these watershed services. To mitigate these impacts, the concept of payment for environmental and ecosystem services from watersheds has emerged in global academic and policy circles. The governments and academic communities in China have increasingly described payments for ecological services from watersheds with the concept of watershed eco-compensation as it is urgent to protect watershed ecosystems. Watershed eco-compensation has proved to be one of the most economically effective means of solving environmental problems of watersheds to be adopted by the Chinese government. This paper presents an objective analysis of the Chinese market for watershed ecosystem services, including supply and demand for the services. It also summarizes Chinese policies on watershed eco-compensation, including relevant laws and regulations and fiscal policies. In addition, it presents a review of Chinese practices in watershed eco-compensation, including the analysis of an ecological construction project in Western China, inter-provincial watershed eco-compensation practices and plans, and payment for ecological services at the provincial and small watershed levels. Finally, it summarizes the key components of the process of payment in Chinese watershed eco-compensation. This discussion forms the basis of concluding suggestions for ecosystem services compensation and ecological protection in the large scale river basin.     

我国未来发展中解决环境资源问题的基本取向

我国生态环境正加速恶化,这要求对环境资源管理体系作出重大改革,其中对政府行为的调整是极其必要的和非常关键的。本文从可持续发展的观点出发,认为应当把“可持续发展”作为我国今后发展的基本原则,建议将建立有效的环境资源管理体系作为近期生态环境管理重点,并就建立支持生态环境保护的财政金融体系提出了看法     

Community-Based Integrated Watershed Management

Abstract

Community-based watershed management is different from the traditional natural resources management. Traditional natural resources management is a way from up to bottom, but the community-based watershed management is from bottom to up. This approach focused on the joining of different stakeholders in integrated watershed management, especially the participation of the community who has been ignored in the past. The purpose of this paper is to outline some of the important basic definitions, concepts and operational framework for initiating community-based watershed management projects and programs as well as some successes and practical challenges associated with the approach.