Effect of the temperature and the exclusion of UVB radiation on the phenolics and iridoids in Menyanthes trifoliata L. leaves in the subarctic

The long-term effects of UVB exclusion and temperature on the methanol extractable (ME) phenolics (flavonoids, phenolic acids) and iridoids of Menyanthes trifoliata L. (Mt) leaves were studied in northern Finland (68°N) using wooden frames covered with filters for UVB exclusion (polyester filter), control (cellulose acetate filter) and ambient (no filter) conditions. Analysis of ambient plots showed no effect of the daily mean temperature (2σ = 1.58 °C) on the leaf ME compound content and composition, but minimum temperatures decreased the flavonol content. UVB exclusion did not affect the total ME compound content but significantly decreased the proportion of flavonols concomitantly with an increase in iridoids. Due to its high iridoid content, Mt appears as an interesting model plant for studying the iridoid biosynthesis and its regulation under stress conditions.     

A Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Ultraviolet B Radiation and Its Synergistic Interactions with pH, Contaminants, and Disease on Amphibian Survival

Abstract:  Human alterations to natural systems have resulted in a loss of biological diversity around the world. Amphibian population losses have been more severe than those of birds and mammals. Amphibian population declines are likely due to many factors including habitat loss, disease, contaminants, introduced species and ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation. The effect of UVB, however, varies widely among species and can vary within populations of the same species or at different life-history stages. This variation has often led to opposing conclusions about how UVB affects amphibians. We used meta-analysis techniques to explore the overall effects of UVB radiation on survival in amphibians. We also used recently developed factorial meta-analytic techniques to quantify potential interactions between UVB radiation and other stressors on amphibians. Ultraviolet-B radiation reduced survival of amphibians by 1.9-fold compared with shielded controls. Larvae were more susceptible to damage from UVB radiation compared with embryos, and salamanders were more susceptible compared with frogs and toads. Furthermore, UVB radiation interacted synergistically with other environmental stressors and resulted in greater than additive effects on survival when 2 stressors were present. Our results suggest that UVB radiation is an important stressor in amphibians, particularly in light of potential synergisms between UVB and other stressors in amphibian habitats.     

Tolerance of an Albino Fish to Ultraviolet-B Radiation

We exposed albino and pigmented medakaOryzias latipes to simulated solar ultraviolet-B (UVB) radiation to determine if albino medaka were less tolerant of UVB radiation than medaka pigmented with melanin. There was no difference in the number of albino and pigmented medaka that died during the exposure period. Spectrophotometric analyses of the outer dorsal skin layers from albino and pigmented medaka indicated that, prior to exposure, both groups of fish had similar amounts of an apparent colorless non-melanin photoprotective substance that appears to protect other fish species from UVB radiation. Our results indicate that albino medaka were as tolerant of UVB radiation as pigmented medaka because they had similar amounts of this photoprotective substance in the outer layers of the skin.     

呼和浩特地区5种园林绿化树种UVB屏蔽效应研究

研究选取五种常见园林绿化树种:油松(Pinus tabulaeformis)、圆柏(Sabina chinensi)、龙爪槐(Sophora japonica Varpendula)、丁香(Syringa oblate)红瑞木(Comus alba)作为研究对象,利用PC-2太阳辐射记录仪测定树木遮阴及全日照条件下UV...     

鼎湖山地面臭氧、氮氧化物变化特征的分析

给出了１９９６年夏季在广东肇庆鼎湖山自然保护区对太阳紫外Ｂ辐射、地面臭氧、ＮＯ、ＮＯ２浓度的观测结果，对影响地面臭氧、ＮＯ、ＮＯ２的主要因子进行了分析，并得到了较好的结果．晴天条件下，地面臭氧浓度、ＮＯ、ＮＯ２浓度有明显的日变化；阴天条件下，地面臭氧浓度、ＮＯ、ＮＯ２浓度的日变化要复杂一些．晴天和阴天条件下，ＵＶＢ因子与ｑ１、ｑ２、ｑ３、ｑ４之间存在着很好的相关关系，其关系式为ｌｎ（ＱＵＶＢ／ｍ）＝ａ１ｑ１＋ａ２ｑ２＋ａ３ｑ３＋ａ４ｑ４＋ａ０．说明大气中的光化学反应是决定地面臭氧浓度、ＮＯ、ＮＯ２浓度变化规律的主要原因．     

北京市六种园林绿化树种对UVB的屏蔽效应

我们选取了6种在北京市具有代表性的园林绿化树种：毛白杨(Populus tomentosa Carr)、圆柏(Sabina chinensis)、国槐(Sophora japonica)、银杏(Ginkgo biloba)、大叶白蜡(Fraxinus rhychophylla)、悬铃木(Platanus acerifolia)作为研究对象，利用美国Yankee公司产紫外线日射强度计UVB-1，测得它们在有荫与无荫情况下的UVB辐射强度值，并计算了它们对UVB的屏蔽效率。结果表明：大叶白蜡的屏蔽效率最高，为88．44％；其次为银杏，为85．23％；第三为悬铃木，为72．45％；而国槐、圆柏、毛白杨的屏蔽效率则分别为62．85％，58．00％和57．37％。     

The role of the egg jelly coat in protecting<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hyla regilla</Emphasis> and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bufo canorus</Emphasis> embryos from ultraviolet B radiation during development

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have suggested that Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation may play a role in amphibian population declines. Some of these studies also indicate that egg hatching success is unaltered in some species of anurans as a result of UVB exposure. It has been proposed that the egg mass jelly provides photoprotection to the developing embryos. METHODS: Direct spectrophotometric scans of egg jelly, scans of egg jelly methanol extracts, and experimental manipulation in a solar simulator during development were all used to assess the role of egg mass jelly as a photoprotective agent. RESULTS/DISCUSSION: For Hyla regilla, scans of egg jelly and methanolic extracts (for mycosporine-like amino acid content) both displayed no absorption in the UV range. Experimental manipulation (removal of egg mass jelly) with both Hyla regilla and Bufo canorus egg masses in a solar simulator demonstrated that egg mass jelly played no apparent role in photoprotection of either of these species. CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results in this study it seems unlikely that the egg jelly coat is playing a crucial role in protecting developing embryos from the impact of UVB radiation.     

Effects of ultraviolet radiation on toad early life stages

Background  Exposure to harmful levels of ultraviolet-B radiation (UVB), a component of solar radiation, has been suggested as a potential cause of amphibian declines. Methods  We measured solar radiation (UVB, ultraviolet-A, and visible) wavebands in breeding ponds of Bufo boreas (boreal toad, a montane species that has undergone severe population declines) and Bufo woodhousii (Woodhouse’s toad, a plains toad that has not experienced declines) and examined tolerances of these species to simulated solar UVB exposures in the laboratory. Results  We found larvae of both species to be tolerant of simulated solar UVB in excess of solar UVB levels observed in their breeding ponds. B. boreas tadpoles were more tolerant of simulated solar UVB exposure than B. woodhousii tadpoles, possibly because of greater amounts of photoprotective melanin in B. boreas skin. Conclusions  UVB levels observed in B. boreas habitats do not currently appear to constitute a threat to the survival of these animals; however, long-term (>1 month) exposure to UVB levels comparable to levels associated with the water interface appears to reduce survival in B. woodhousii tadpoles. Therefore, future increases in surface and water column UVB radiation in bufonid habitats might pose significant survival risks to B. boreas or B. woodhousii populations.     

The roles of active species in photo-decomposition of organic compounds by microwave powered electrodeless discharge lamps

Knowledge of the effective radiation spectrum irradiating substrates from microwave powered electrodeless discharge lamps(MEDLs), and the active species that directly oxidize substrates in the photolytic process, is fragmentary and unclear. In this work, we conducted a comparative study using MEDLs made with quartz envelopes(MEDL-quartz) and with borosilicate Pyrex envelopes(MEDL-Pyrex) targeting the degradation of Rhodamine B(Rh B)via radical-extinguishing tests. We found that UVC/UVB radiation is essential to generate·OH and H2O2 in the MEDL-quartz system. The degradation of Rh B mostly originates from·OH species, which account for a contribution of 53.8%, while the remaining contribution is attributed to oxidation by H2O2 and direct photolysis. This degradation is influenced by several parameters. Acidic and neutral p Hs, but not extreme alkaline p H, benefit the degradation. To ensure a high intensity of UVC/UVB, the optimum ratio of the MEDL volume to the aqueous solution volume(VL/VS) is 0.4. Concentrations of 0.15–0.20 mmol/L of Rh B are suitable to obtain an effective quantum absorbance in the MEDL-quartz system,showing a high decomposition rate of 5.6 × 10-3(mmol/L)min-1. Moreover, two other substrates, Reactive Brilliant Red X-3B and Safranine T, were tested and found to be efficiently degraded in the MEDL-quartz system.     

强火山喷发对地面紫外辐照度的影响

通过辐射传输计算考察了火山气溶胶及Ｏ３变化对到达地面的不同波长紫外直射、漫射和总辐照度，以及ＵＶＢ辐照度的影响，对模拟结果与在北京西北郊实际观测到的皮纳托博火山喷发前后ＵＶＢ辐照度的变化作了比较，并就二差别的一些原因进行了讨论。