Acid Deposition in the Tuscan Appennines During the Dry Period 1988-89

The typical parameters of acid precipitation are evaluated in the forest of Vallombrosa (Tuscan Appennines) during the dry period 1988-89. Individual rain events (dry and wet deposition) were sampled in a clearing of the forest and below the canopy of an evergreen tree as well as a deciduous broadleaf tree.

In atmospheric precipitation the pH values usually vary around 4.4, with neutralization in the hot season due to calcareous material from distant sources. Relatively large concentrations of Pb and Cd are found in rain, but only in a small amount in canopy leachate. Aluminium, manganese and iron are more significantly washed off than Pb and Cd.     

维管束植物桂花树叶片对大气氮沉降的吸收研究

本文通过测定维管束植物桂花树叶片的氮含量和氮同位素组成,分析其对大气氮沉降的截留吸收机制。为期一年(2009.03～2010.03)的监测数据显示,桂花树叶片氮含量为1.33%～3.09%,平均值为2.18%;叶片δ15 N为+0.54‰～+3.78‰,均值为+2.29‰。桂花树叶片N%、δ15 N的季节性变化趋势,总体呈现春、冬高,夏、秋低的规律,这与已有的贵阳市雨水监测数据一致。对比不同树冠厚度的叶片样品,发现叶片N%随树冠厚度增加而降低,顶部叶片N%表现为最高(2.39±0.4%),说明桂花树的树冠层对大气氮沉降有明显的截留吸收作用。桂花树顶部叶片δ15 N最偏负,而上覆树冠层最厚的下方叶片的δ15 N最偏正,反映了树冠层在吸收大气氮沉降过程中存在选择性吸收,引起同位素分馏,即树冠层越厚,穿冠水δ15 N越偏正,且分馏程度与树冠厚度成正比,导致下方叶片δ15 N最高。     

Rainfall Interception Based on Indirect Methods: A Case Study in Temperate Forests in Oaxaca,Mexico

Rainfall interception represents the amount of water trapped in natural cover that is not drained directly to the ground. Intercepted rainfall may evaporate after a rain event, making it one of the main drivers of water balance and hydrologic regionalization. This process can be affected by factors such as climate, altitude, vegetation type, and topography. Here is a simple method of calculating rainfall interception in temperate forests using in Santa Maria Yavesia, Oaxaca, and Mexico as an illustrative study area. We used two rain gauges to measure net precipitation (N_p) under the canopy at each study site and one gauge outside the canopy to obtain gross precipitation (G_p). Throughfall (T_h) was indirectly measured using hemispherical photographs. Rainfall interception was obtained through a combination T_h and G_p and N_p. The mean rainfall interception was 50.6% in the Abies forests, 23%–40% in the coniferous‐mixed forests, and 27.4% in the broad‐leaved forests. We classified rainfall events by intensity to determine the effect of canopy structure and precipitation and found that 75% of the events were weak events, 24% were moderate events, and 1% were strong events. In addition, we found that rainfall interception was lower when the intensity of precipitation was higher. Our method can be replicated in different ecosystems worldwide as a tool for assessing the influence of rainfall interception in terms of ecological services.     

Quantifying local traffic contributions to NO2 and NH3 concentrations in natural habitats

NO₂ and NH₃ concentrations were measured across a Special Area for Conservation in southern England, at varying distances from the local road network. Exceedances of the critical levels for these pollutants were recorded at nearly all roadside locations, extending up to 20 m away from roads at some sites. Further, paired measurements of NH₃ and NO₂ concentrations revealed differences between ground and tree canopy levels. At “background” sites, away from the direct influence of roads, concentrations were higher within tree canopies than at ground level; the reverse pattern was, however, seen at roadside locations. Calculations of pollutant deposition rates showed that nitrogen inputs are dominated by NH₃ at roadside sites. This study demonstrates that local traffic emissions contribute substantially to the exceedance of critical levels and critical loads, and suggests that on-site monitoring is needed for sites of nature conservation value which are in close proximity to local transport routes.     

Effects of Exurban Development and Temperature on Bird Species in the Southern Appalachians

Land‐use dynamics and climatic gradients have large effects on many terrestrial systems. Exurban development, one of the fastest growing forms of land use in the United States, may affect wildlife through habitat fragmentation and building presence may alter habitat quality. We studied the effects of residential development and temperature gradients on bird species occurrence at 140 study sites in the southern Appalachian Mountains (North Carolina, U.S.A.) that varied with respect to building density and elevation. We used occupancy models to determine 36 bird species’ associations with building density, forest canopy cover, average daily mean temperature, and an interaction between building density and mean temperature. Responses varied with habitat requirement, breeding range, and migration distance. Building density and mean temperature were both included in the top occupancy models for 19 of 36 species and a building density by temperature interaction was included in models for 8 bird species. As exurban development expands in the southern Appalachians, interior forest species and Neotropical migrants are likely to decline, but shrubland or edge species are not likely to benefit. Overall, effects of building density were greater than those of forest canopy cover. Exurban development had a greater effect on birds at high elevations due to a greater abundance of sensitive forest‐interior species and Neotropical migrants. A warming climate may exacerbate these negative effects. Efectos del Desarrollo Exurbano y de la Temperatura sobre Especies de Aves en las Apalaches del Sur     

CHEMISTRY RESPONSE OF TWO FORESTED WATERSHEDS TO ACID ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION1

ABSTRACT: The deposition and chemistry of precipitation were estimated for one year in two forest ecosystems in the South-Central United States. Precipitation, throughfall, litter leachate, and soil leachate were analyzed for a small catchment of pine-hardwoods in southeastern Oklahoma and for a catchment of loblolly pines (Pinus taeda L.) in northern Mississippi. In the pine-hardwood forest, 98 percent of the acid deposition was neutralized, 50 percent in the forest canopy, and 48 percent in the forest floor. In the pine forest, 75 percent of the acid deposition was neutralized, all in the forest floor. The pine-hardwood ecosystem accumulated sulfate, nitrate, and ammonia ions, and lost base cations. During seasons of deficient precipitation, dry deposition appeared to enrich the concentrations of hydrogen, nitrate, sulfate, and ammonia ions in throughfall samples at both locations.     

管式电除尘器"伞形罩"结构特性研究

在高温、高湿窑炉烟气条件下,采用立式管式电除尘器“伞形罩”结构,能够解决其清灰不力、二次扬尘、除尘效率不稳定等问题。本研究了“伞形罩”结构的除尘机理及效率及清灰力度影响因素、抑制二次扬尘机制。研究结果表明,“伞形罩”结构除尘效率因集尘表面积的增加而提高;应用支铁框架式振打方式,振打强度明显加强;其分流机制能有效地抑制二次扬尘：从而为“伞形罩”结构的优化设计提供了依据。     

WRF-Chem与ADMS对城区尺度大气污染精细化模拟的比较

精细化模拟对城市大气污染预报、朔源和管控具有重要意义.本文以南京市江宁区为例,利用中尺度数值模式WRF-Chem和三维高斯型模式ADMS,针对典型污染个例,开展城区尺度大气污染高分辨模拟,并对其结果进行比较分析.此外,探讨了WRF-Chem中不同城市冠层方案的模拟效果以及ADMS中不同街道峡谷特征对街道内污染扩散的影响.结果表明,WRF-Chem和ADMS都可以合理模拟内外源对关心区域的影响,实现对城区尺度大气污染的高分辨和高效率模拟;相对SLAB、BEP城市冠层方案,WRF-Chem中的UCM方案表现更好,且其模拟性能较ADMS略优;ADMS模拟街道峡谷效应时,街道和建筑尺度参数对模拟结果有较大影响,街道越窄、建筑越高,越不利于街道内污染物的扩散.综合而言,对于城区尺度的大气污染精细化模拟,使用UCM方案的WRF-Chem和ADMS都具有一定的模拟能力,可以根据计算效率和分辨率的要求选用不同模型开展研究.     

土壤种子库研究方法评述

土壤种子库（soil seed bank,SSB）是指存在于土壤表面和土壤中的全部存活种子的总和。开展对土壤种子库的研究,对于分析了解过去地上植被植物群落和预示未来植被发展方向具有重要的指导意义,而对于土壤种子库研究方法的探讨则是开展土壤种子库基础实验研究的基础和支撑。本文从土壤种子库的取样时间、取样方法、取样大小和数量、鉴定方法四个方面归纳了土壤种子库的研究方法,理论分析了同位素应用于土壤种子库中种子年龄结构测定的可行性,以及植冠种子库的研究方法,并探讨了提高土壤种子库中种子萌发率的新方法。综合分析来看：（1）土壤种子库的取样时间、取样方法、取样大小和数量、鉴定方法是土壤种子库研究方法需要关注的四大关键问题,对土壤种子库的实验结果具有显著的直接影响。不同的取样时间代表的土壤种子库的内容和意义不同,取样方法、大小和数量则应根据研究区和研究内容来确定,鉴定方法也应根据具体实验区研究的物种数来考量;（2）理论上在利用同位素来测定土壤种子库中种子年龄结构是可行的,但若想广泛应用于实验中仍需进一步的深入研究;（3）目前对植冠种子库的研究方法也仅仅局限于直接计数法和间接计数法,对植冠种子库的研究方法的探讨则急需加强;（4）同时总结和提出了4种提高土壤种子库中种子萌发率的方法,未来在利用种子萌发法时,应加强注意和应用这4种方法来测定土壤种子库。     

间伐对生态公益林冠层结构及土壤养分的影响

为定量分析上海城郊生态公益林间伐后林分冠层结构变化及对林下环境的影响,2009年7月采用TRAC植物冠层分析仪研究了香樟（Cinnamomum camphora）、杜英（Elaeocarpus sylvestris）和栾树（Koelreuteria paniculata）3种生态公益林间伐2年后林分冠层结构参数,设置临时样方调查各林分林下植物分布及生物量,测定了土壤N、P、K和有机质的变化。结果表明：间伐后3种林分的LAI、丛生指数和平均接触次数均降低,而间隙分数增大。间伐增加了林分间隙和LAI的空间异质性,间伐后3个树种LAI变异系数增加了19%～45%。轻度间伐后香樟、杜英和栾树林下PPFD（Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density）分别是未间伐林分的1.6、7和2.1倍,重度间伐香樟林内PPFD增大了8.9倍。间伐后林下植物种类、总盖度和干生物量随林下PPFD增加呈增大趋势。除全P和全K含量没有变化外,林地土壤全N、速效K、速效P和有机质含量均比未间伐林地有不同程度降低,但轻度间伐杜英林地速效养分消耗显著高于香樟和栾树林分。因此,研究区生态公益林结构调控需根据树种特性和林下环境变化,确定适宜的发展模式,提高公益林的综合效益。