西安城区秋季大气中多溴联苯醚的污染特征及来源分析

为了评估西安大气中多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）的污染程度,2008年8～10月,利用大流量主动采样器采集了西安城区气态和颗粒态大气样品.分别利用GC-MS和GC/ECD对低溴PBDEs和BDE-209进行分析,12种PBDEs的总浓度（气相＋颗粒相）范围为37.43～620.30 pg/m3,平均值为216.28 pg/m...     

绵阳市大气污染物浓度变化特征及相关性分析

随着我国工业化、城市化和机动化的高速发展,大气环境质量越来越受民众关注,我国已建成国控—省控—市控—县控四级环境空气自动监测网络,监测项目包括SO2、NO2、CO、O3、PM2.5和PM10.基于2018年绵阳市环境空气监测数据、颗粒物化学组分及气象资料分析上述6个监测项目年均、季度、月均、日均及每日最大小时浓度变化特征,并进一步探讨污染物浓度与气象条件的相关性,结合颗粒物化学组分对产生原因进行剖析.结果表明:绵阳市冬季环境空气质量较差,夏季相对较好.Pearson相关性分析表明:SO2、NO2、CO和颗粒物(PM2.5和PM10)之间存在显著相关性,冬季PM2.5与SO2、NO2的相关系数分别为0.610和0.635,PM10与SO2、NO2的相关系数分别为0.655和0.655,颗粒物主要化学组分为硫酸盐、硝酸盐、铵盐和二次有机气溶胶,颗粒物二次转化尤为明显,冬季需重点管控颗粒物;春季和夏季O3与PM2.5、PM10呈显著正相关,需做好颗粒物和O3的协同管控.O3每日最大小时浓度多集中在13:00?—?18:00,其他污染物每日最大小时浓度多集中于08:00?—?12:00和20:00?—?24:00,同时NO2在20:00?—?24:00出现每日最大小时浓度的频次占67.1％,控制机动车等污染源排放尤为重要.     

Spatial concentration distributions of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides in Patras, Greece, in a winter period

An economic and quick methodology for performing a preliminary spatial assessment of a city air quality with the purpose to identify locations and zones susceptible to high pollution levels is proposed. A Patras case-study is selected, regarding the air pollutants of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and oxides of nitrogen (NO_x). A total number of 451 samples of short duration, of which 225 were randomly picked in morning rush hours and 226 within evening rush hours, were collected from 50 locations of the major Patras area during a year period, when peaks of primary air pollutants usually occur. Concentration measurements at prescribed locations used to statistically calculate spatial average concentrations approximating 1-h mean values with mean probable errors less than 25.9% for SO₂, NO and NO_x and less than 15.5% for NO₂. Then iso-concentration contour diagrams plotted indicate high pollution zones and possibly appropriate locations for continuous or random monitoring according to the European Community (EC) Directives. The 1-h mean concentrations were in good correlation to the corresponding traffic rates and useful relationships are given (0.54 ≤ r ≤ 0.63). In addition, comparisons with data available for other cities, as well as with the limit and guide values provided by the EC and the World Health Organization (WHO) were given. The present data could be useful for the design and optimization of a city network of stations for monitoring air quality, for environmental impact assessments, future reference and comparisons due to city development needs, as well as for validating dispersion models.     

MONTHLY RUNOFF DISTRIBUTION RELATED TO BASIN GEOGRAPHY1

ABSTRACT: Mean monthly runoff from ungaged drainage basins that have significant snowpacks each year can be estimated quite well by assuming that the time duration between snowfall and snowmelt is the predominant factor in temporal runoff distribution. That time span is related to basin temperatures which are, in turn, functions of basin elevation and latitude. Regional hydrologic analyses of gaged basin data create regression equations for estimating runoff distribution by month. These equations then can be applied to ungaged basins. Basin latitude and mean elevation are two independent variables that can be used in estimating monthly runoff distributions.     

Detection of selected trace elements in yogurt components

The objective of this study was to determine the concentrations of Cu, Cd, Pb, Mn, Cr, Co, Ni, Zn, and Hg in the white and fruit parts of commercially available yogurts (n = 30) from Nitra markets (Slovak Republic). The results were correlated to determine their relationships. Three yogurt fruit flavors were chosen and tested, strawberry (n = 10), blueberry (n = 10), and cherry (n = 10). The elements were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Higher concentrations of toxic elements, such as Cd and Pb, were found in the fruit parts of the yogurt, and in some cases, the tolerable limit was exceeded. The white part of the yogurt was not contaminated by toxic elements. White yogurt is a good source of nutrients for humans, but the fruit part in yogurt requires detailed monitoring and improvements in the processing techniques.     

杭州市典型雾霾期污染特征及污染源的HYSPLIT模型分析

为探究杭州市冬春季节大气污染特征与雾霾成因,本文分析了2015年12月—2016年3月市区10个空气质量监测站的PM_(2.5)、SO_2等6种污染物的浓度变化规律,对比了雾霾期和非雾霾期各污染物间的相关性,利用HYSPLIT(Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory)模型探讨了期间5次典型雾霾期污染物的潜在来源.结果表明,研究期内各污染物浓度呈现冬高春低的变化趋势(除O3浓度3月最高),颗粒物和NO_2是主要的超标污染物,其中PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)日均值分别是一级标准的2.2和2.4倍.雾霾期PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)、SO_2、NO_2和CO浓度是非雾霾期的2.4、2.3、1.3、1.5和1.6倍,PM_(2.5)与CO的正相关性最强(0.863),远高于NO_2(0.410)和SO_2(0.399),而非雾霾期三者差异不大,表明雾霾期机动车尾气的贡献更为重要.HYSPLIT后向轨迹和浓度权重轨迹CWT(Concentration-Weighted Trajectory)分析结果表明雾霾时期西南(38.3%)、西北(19.1%)方向和近距离输送(27.3%)的气团携带了较多的污染物,远距离输送是污染物的主要来源.研究结果可为长三角的雾霾污染控制提供数据支撑.     

某市城区典型时段VOCs污染特征及其与O3的相关性

通过研究某市城区4—9月臭氧污染较严重时间段71种挥发性有机物的手工监测数据和臭氧浓度自动监测数据,分析了该市挥发性有机物在典型时段的污染特征及其与臭氧浓度变化的相关性。为该市通过控制挥发性有机物排放来精准防控臭氧污染提供参考。研究结果显示：该市挥发性有机物浓度水平与活性水平变化趋势总体一致,污染物种类在不同时间段的浓度和活性有差异,从浓度和活性角度分析得到的关键物种在不同时间段有差异,挥发性有机物的污染变化与臭氧浓度变化的相关性有时显著,有时不显著。     

On-line enrichment and determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in atmospheric particulates using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence as detector

Seven polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in atmospheric particulates were determinated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detector using direction injection and an on-line enrichment trap column.The method simplified the sample pretreatment,saved time and increased the efficiency.With the on-line trap column,PAHs were separated availably even underground injecting 1.0 ml sample with relatively high column efficiency.The recoveries of the seven PAHs were from 85% to 120% for spiked atmospheric particulate sample.The limit of detection was 15.3-39.6 ng/L (S/N=3.3).There were good linear correlations between the peak areas and concentrations of the seven kinds of PAHs in the range of 1-50 ng/ml with the correlation coefficients over 0.9970.Furthermore,it also indicated that the method is available to determine PAHs in atmospheric particulates well.