A Sensitivity Analysis of an Integrated Modelling Approach to Assess the Risk of Wind-borne Spread of Foot-and-mouth Disease Virus from Infected Premises

The sensitivity of an integrated model to assess the potential for wind-borne spread of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) to variations in key parameters controlling different physical and biological processes was evaluated. The estimated number of farms at risk is sensitive to the virus strain used and the accompanying effective contact rate. The C Noville strain increased the estimated number of exposed farms ranked as high and medium risk of being infected by a factor of 5, compared to the baseline, based on the O UKG 2001 strain. The inclusion of a model for biological ageing of the virus can also have a significant effect on the concentration patterns arising from transport and dispersion of the virus. Its inclusion has the practical advantage of markedly reducing the time required for the calculations. The estimated number of farms affected by exposure to high and medium virus concentrations is not grossly sensitive to attenuation caused by temperature or relative humidity effects. Changes in susceptibility to infection, as determined by the parameter θ in the exposure-risk model, does not change the configuration of the virus plumes, but it does change the distribution of farms at risk by risk category. These findings suggest that a good understanding of characteristics (excretion rates from infected animals, susceptibility of different species to infection, virus survival, etc.) of the virus strain involved in an FMD outbreak is necessary to provide a reliable assessment of the risk of wind-borne spread. In the event of an incursion of FMD, provision for laboratory studies on the virus will be an essential component of the disease response and should be factored into contingency plans.

Characterization of sulfide oxidation and optimization of sulfate production by a thermophilic Paenibacillus naphthalenovorans LYH-3 isolated from sewage sludge composting

The sulfur-containing odor emitted from sludge composting could be controlled by sulfide oxidizing bacteria, yet mesophilic strains show inactivation during the thermophilic stage of composting. Aimed to investigate and characterize the thermotolerant bacterium that could oxidize sulfide into sulfate, a heterotrophic strain was isolated from sewage sludge composting and identified as Paenibacillus naphthalenovorans LYH-3. The effects of various environmental factors on sulfide oxidation capacities were studied to optimize the sulfate production, and the highest production rate (27.35% ± 0.86%) was obtained at pH 7.34, the rotation speed of 161.14 r/min, and the inoculation amount of 5.83% by employing Box-Behnken design. The results of serial sulfide substrates experiments indicated that strain LYH-3 could survive up to 400 mg/L of sulfide with the highest sulfide removal rate (88.79% ± 0.35%) obtained at 50 mg/L of sulfide. Growth kinetic analysis presented the maximum specific growth rate µ_m (0.5274 hr⁻¹) after 22 hr cultivation at 50°C. The highest enzyme activities of sulfide quinone oxidoreductase (0.369 ± 0.052 U/mg) and sulfur dioxygenase (0.255 ± 0.014 U/mg) were both obtained at 40°C, and the highest enzyme activity of sulfite acceptor oxidoreductase (1.302 ± 0.035 U/mg) was assessed at 50°C. The results indicated that P. naphthalenovorans possessed a rapid growth rate and efficient sulfide oxidation capacities under thermophilic conditions, promising a potential application in controlling sulfur-containing odors during the thermophilic stage of sludge composting.     

城市污水处理厂预热处理混合污泥的高温厌氧消化特性研究

针对165℃、30min预处理后的混合污泥,进行高温厌氧消化的连续试验.研究了在不同的水力停留时间(HRT)下的产气量、有机物的分解率等指标,探讨了"热处理 高温消化"实用化的可行性.结果表明,总固体(TS)为70g·L-1、预热处理后的混合污泥经高温厌氧消化,在HRT.为10、20、30d的条件下,产气率为2.82、1.70和1.19 L·L-1·d-1;降解单位COD的产气量为968、1053和1091 L·kg-1;COD分解率为47%～52%;有机物分解率与HRT的关系符合一级反应动力学关系.COD物质平衡计算结果表明,基质中50%的固态有机物被分解转化,生物气中的甲烷含量可达59.1%.本研究中的厌氧消化反应可归纳为C8.38H19.7O7.59N 3.86H2O→4.38CH4 2.99CO2 NH4 HCO3-.     

驯化菌种降解油制气废水的影响因素研究

利用筛选的3种微生物,在初步研究其对某些化合物降解能力的基础上,考察其降解油制气废水过程中一般因素如温度、pH值、供氧条件、废水浓度以及营养因素如磷源、碳源对微生物降解能力的影响。研究表明,各菌种可在自然环境条件范围内,保持对废水CODCr降解效果的稳定性。葡萄糖、乙醇的加入,可将各菌种对CODCr的去除率分别提高16.9%~26.5%、17.6%~25.6%。     

TVS／TFS去除率在ATAD污泥稳定评价的应用

在ATAD(Autothermal Thermophilic Aerobic Digestion,自升温高温好氧消化)工艺污泥稳定评价中引入TFS．提出“TVS/ TFS去除率”的概念,得出“TVS/TFS去除率”可以代替“VS(g)去除率”而成为一种新的污泥稳定指标的结论;采用数学微分的方法分析了“TVS/TFS去除率”和“VS(g)去除率”的数据误差问题,进泥TS为60g/L,TVS/TS为56％的运行条件下,前者的最大数据误差仅为3．16％,远小于后者的误差最大值15．45％,即引入TFS解决了“VS(g)去除率”数据波动大的问题;TFS的引入还节约了污泥稳定研究所需的时间和工作量。     

优势菌种对餐厨垃圾高温好氧消化的促进

为研究优势菌种对餐厨垃圾高温好氧消化(TAD)的促进作用,本研究通过淀粉水解、油脂降解及明胶液化等生化实验,从餐厨垃圾中筛选出若干对其主要成分具有显著降解效果的优势菌种。通过对样品水溶性TOC(TOCw)、水溶性凯氏氮(KNw)、水溶性C/N(KNw)、pH以及含水率等指标的分析,考察优势菌种对餐厨TAD的促进作用。研究表明,优势菌种制剂最优添加量为1%。在此剂量下,好氧消化60 h,TOCw由8.53%降低为2.49%,C/Nw由18.71降低至6.14,以上指标说明加入优势菌种可加速TAD反应。添加量1%样本的水溶性凯氏氮和pH在反应48 h后开始回升,而未添加生物制剂的样本相关参数回升时间需96 h以上,由此推断优势菌种对TAD的促进机制是加快了蛋白质等大分子有机物的降解速度。     

Enhancement of thermophilic anaerobic digestion of thickened waste activated sludge by combined microwave and alkaline pretreatment

Pretreatment of thickened waste activated sludge (TWAS) by combined microwave and alkaline pretreatment (MAP) was studied to improve thermophilic anaerobic digestion efficiency. Uniform design was applied to determine the combination of target temperature (110–210°C), microwave holding time (1–51 min), and NaOH dose (0–2.5 g NaOH/g suspended solids (SS)) in terms of their effect on volatile suspended solids (VSS) solubilization. Maximum solubilization ratio (85.1%) of VSS was observed at 210°C with 0.2 g-NaOH/g-SS and 35 min holding time. The effects of 12 different pretreatment methods were investigated in 28 thermophilic batch reactors by monitoring cumulative methane production (CMP). Improvements in methane production in the TWAS were directly related to the microwave and alkaline pretreatment of the sludge. The highest CMP was a 27% improvement over the control. In spite of the increase in soluble chemical oxygen demand concentration and the decrease in dewaterability of digested sludge, a semi-continuous thermophilic reactor fed with pretreated TWAS without neutralization (at 170°C with 1 min holding time and 0.05 g NaOH/g SS) was stable and functioned well, with volatile solid (VS) and total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD) reductions of 28% and 18%, respectively, which were higher than those of the control system. Additionally, methane yields (L@STP/g-CODadded, at standard temperature and pressure (STP) conditions of 0°C and 101.325 kPa) and (L@STP/g VSadded) increased by 17% and 13%, respectively, compared to the control reactor.     

高温好氧反硝化菌的分离鉴定及其反硝化性能研究

通过高温筛选,从燃煤电厂生物滴滤系统填料的生物膜上分离出1株高效好氧反硝化细菌TAD1.该菌株革兰氏染色呈阴性,短杆状,大小为(0.67～0.89)μm×(1.03～1.41)μm;经生理生化特性和基于16S rDNA序列分析,初步鉴定该菌为螯台球菌属(Chelatococcus 8p.).对菌株TAD1的反硝化性能进...     

零价铁对污泥高温厌氧消化过程中四环素抗性基因及第一类整合子的消减影响

为研究污泥高温厌氧消化过程中零价铁(Fe0)对抗生素抗性基因的消减影响,采用荧光定量PCR方法定量检测了7种四环素抗性基因(TC-ARGs,包括tetA、tetC、tetG、tetM、tetO、tetW和tetX)及第一类整合子int I1基因在厌氧消化过程中的丰度变化,同时检测分析了挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)的质量浓度变化,并探讨了目标基因与VFAs之间的相关关系.结果表明,适量Fe0(如0.10 g·g~(-1),以Fe0/VSS计)不仅可以强化污泥厌氧消化进程,显著提高总VFAs和乙酸的产生量,而且能够增强TCARGs和int I1基因的消减效果.尽管如此,过量Fe0(如1.17 g·g~(-1),以Fe0/VSS计)对污泥高温厌氧消化过程中TC-ARGs和int I1基因消减的增强效果并不显著,推测可能是由于基因水平转移的发生所导致的.通过相关性分析可知,TC-ARGs(除tetO基因外)和int I1基因与乙酸之间存在显著负相关性,表明乙酸可能对TC-ARGs和int I1基因的消减具有促进作用.     

壬基酚降解菌产酶条件的优化

通过单因素试验和正交试验确定了实验室保藏的壬基酚降解菌株沙雷氏菌(Serratiasp.LJ)的最佳产酶条件:以壬基酚、硫酸铵为碳源、氮源,培养基初始pH为6.8,培养温度为30℃,种子活化时间为24h,接种量为3%(体积分数)。在此条件下培养72h后,最高酶活力为1.314IU/mL,是优化前的1.77倍。