新常态下亟需树立经济发展与环境保护“共生”观

从根本上解决环境问题,特别是在新常态下,需要建立经济发展与环境保护“共生”观。本文论述了经济与环境共生观产生的背景与内涵。贯彻经济发展与环境保护共生的观念,必须采取2个行动:一是改变环境保护实施综合决策体制,建立经济发展与环境保护融合决策体制。在最高决策层,要采取经济与环境融合决策体制,在这个背景下政策环境影响评价将顺利通过。二是改变经济发展与环境保护协调运行机制,建立经济发展与环境保护协同运行机制。京津冀等地协同治理雾霾取得了一定的成绩,说明树立经济与环境共生观念,建立协同运行机制是可行的。     

悬浮载体SBR工艺处理生活污水实验室研究

以生活污水为研究对象,研究将悬浮载体生物处理技术引入SBR工艺中的可行性,以及填充率对CODcr-NH3-N去除率的影响。试验结果表明,悬浮载体生物处理技术引入SBR工艺可以使去除效率提高10个百分点以上;同时发现在30％填充率时,CODcr、NH3-N的去除率分别可达87．0％、91．5％以上。其出水CODcr和NH3-N指标可达到生活杂用水水质指标。     

神经网络用于卤代肉桂酸对羊角月牙藻毒性的预测研究

卤代肉桂酸因具有肉桂酸一样的抑菌、抗氧化和抗微生物活性作用,故被广泛应用于医药、化妆品和农药等生产行业.为了研究卤代肉桂酸对羊角月牙藻急性毒性与其分子结构之间的定量构效关系,基于分子拓扑理论,计算了14个卤代肉桂酸分子的4类分子结构参数,筛选了电性拓扑状态指数(E13)和电性距离矢量(M15)作为理论结构描述符,将其与卤代肉桂酸对羊角月牙藻急性毒性进行回归分析,并将这2种参数作为神经网络法的输入层参数,采用2-2-1的神经网络结构,构建了相关性良好的预测毒性的神经网络模型,模型的总相关系数(R总)为0.951,预测的毒性值与其相应文献实验值的相对平均误差为4.49％,吻合度较好,利用模型预测了另外12种卤代肉桂酸对羊角月牙藻急性毒性.结果表明,卤代肉桂酸对羊角月牙藻急性毒性与2种分子结构参数具有良好的非线性关系.     

Repercussions of COVID-19 pandemic on solid waste generation and management strategies

• Implication of COVID-19 on medical waste and MSW generation is studied. • Challenges and effective strategy of solid waste generation is reviewed. • 2.9 million tons of COVID-19 related medical waste has been generated until Sep. 22. • The pandemic has postponed policies related to the reduction of plastic use. • Blockade resulted in a significant drop in waste generation in some regions. It has been over ten months since the beginning of the 2019 coronavirus disease (COVID-2019), and its impact on solid waste management, especially medical waste, is becoming clearer. This study systematically reviews the potential influences of the COVID-19 pandemic on medical waste, personal protection equipment waste and municipal solid waste (MSW), and discusses the corresponding measures and policies of solid waste management in typical countries. The results show that the generation of medical waste from the pandemic increased significantly, with 18%‒425% growth. It is estimated that the daily output of COVID-19 medical waste increased from 200 t/d on Feb. 22 to over 29000 t/d at the end of September 2020 throughout the world. The use of personal protective equipment will continue to grow in the long-term, while the blockade and isolation measures greatly reduced the volume of commercial waste, especially for tourist cities, and part of this waste was transferred to household waste. Residents’ attitudes and behavior toward food waste have changed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In response to the pandemic, international organizations and several countries have issued new policies and guidelines and adjusted their management strategies for medical waste and MSW treatment. The pandemic has brought specific challenges to the disposal capacity of medical waste worldwide. It has also brought about the stagnation of policies related to the reduction of plastic products and waste recycling. This study will provide some useful information for managers and governmental officials on effective solid waste management during and after the COVID-19 pandemic.     

2种拟除虫菊酯类农药对赤子爱胜蚓消化酶的毒性效应

拟除虫菊酯类农药已经逐渐代替有机磷等农药被大量使用,给土壤动物带来潜在生态风险.本研究选择了土壤模式生物赤子爱胜蚓为受试生物,考察2种拟除虫菊酯类农药(联苯菊酯和氟氯氰菊酯)对赤子爱胜蚓消化酶活性(α-葡萄糖苷酶和蛋白酶)的影响.结果表明,α-葡萄糖苷酶(α-Glu)活性在暴露初期被联苯菊酯诱导,随着时间的延长,出现抑制作用,而氟氯氰菊酯对α-Glu活性的影响主要呈现抑制作用.3种蛋白酶活性在暴露初期被联苯菊酯显著诱导和被氟氯氰菊酯显著抑制,且随着时间的推移,影响作用减弱.研究表明,联苯菊酯和氟氯氰菊酯对消化酶的影响呈现相反趋势,3种蛋白酶活性可以作为评估2种拟除虫菊酯类农药毒性的早期指标.研究结果为阐释拟除虫菊酯类农药对土壤蚯蚓的毒性机制提供数据支撑,为评估拟除虫菊酯类农药的生态风险提供了潜在生物标志物.     

纳米TiO2对幼年小鼠血浆代谢谱影响的代谢组学研究

观察不同染毒剂量的纳米TiO2对ICR幼年小鼠血浆代谢谱变化的影响,寻找潜在的毒性效应的生物标志物.将幼年小鼠随机分为对照组以及10、30、100和300 mg·kg-1不同纳米TiO2染毒组进行28 d短期毒性试验,利用代谢组学技术初步筛选出TiO2毒性作用潜在的生物标志物,运用KEGG数据库对生物标志物进行拓扑分析;并利用靶向定量技术检测血浆胆酸、去氧胆酸、熊去氧胆酸和牛磺胆酸的含量变化,从而探究TiO2毒性作用相对应的生物标志物.从血浆中筛选出49种差异代谢物,发现纳米TiO2染毒后主要导致磷脂类及胆汁酸类化合物的异常.小鼠经过纳米TiO2 28 d染毒后,其毒性作用可能与磷脂代谢及胆汁酸代谢异常相关,血浆中的胆汁酸可以作为纳米TiO2产生肝脏毒性作用的生物标志物.     

Sensitivity analysis on the ecological bias for Seoul tuberculosis data

In ecological studies, researchers often try to convey the analysis results to individual level based on aggregate data. In order to do this correctly, the possibility of ecological bias should be studied and addressed. One of the key ideas used to address the ecological bias issue is to derive the ecological model from the individual model and to check whether the parameter of interest in the individual model is identifiable in the ecological model. However, the procedure depends on unverifiable assumptions, and we recommend checking how sensitive the results are to these unverifiable assumptions. We analyzed the tuberculosis data that was collected in Seoul in 2005 using a spatial ecological regression model for the aggregate count data with spatial correlation, and found that the deprivation index is likely to have a small positive effect on the occurrence risk of tuberculosis in individual level in Seoul. We considered this finding in various aspects by performing in depth sensitivity analyses. In particular, our findings are shown to be robust to the distribution assumptions for the individual exposure and missing binary covariate across various scenarios.     

A non-negative and high-resolution finite volume method for the depth-integrated solute transport equation using an unstructured triangular mesh

This paper proposes a new high-resolution finite volume method for solving the two-dimensional (2D) solute transport equation using an unstructured mesh. A new simple r-factor algorithm is introduced into the Total Variation Diminishing flux limiter to achieve a more efficient yet accurate high-resolution scheme for solving the advection term. To avoid the physically-meaningless negative solutions resulted from using the Green–Gauss theorem, a nonlinear two-point flux approximation scheme is adopted to deal with the anisotropic diffusion term. The developed method can be readily coupled with a two-dimensional finite-volume-based flow models under unstructured triangular mesh. By integrating with the ELCIRC flow model, the proposed method was verified using three idealized benchmark cases (i.e., advection of a circle-shaped solute field, advection in a cyclogenesis flow field and transport of a initially square-shaped solute plume), and further applied to simulate the non-reactive solute transport process driven by irregular tides in the Deep Bay, eastern Pearl River Estuary of China. These cases are also simulated by models using other existing methods, including different r-factor for advection term and the Green–Gauss theorem for diffusion term. The comparison between the results from the new method and those from other existing methods demonstrated the new method could describe advection induced concentration shock and discontinuities, and anisotropic diffusion at high resolution without providing spurious oscillations and negative values.     

磺胺和四环素类抗生素对大肠杆菌联合突变效应的研究

抗生素的滥用造成的环境安全问题已不可忽视,关于抗生素联合毒性效应研究较多,但联合突变效应研究较少。因此,本文以大肠杆菌为受试生物,研究了2种磺胺类抗生素(磺胺氯哒嗪(SCP)、磺胺二甲嘧啶(SMZ))和3种四环素类抗生素(二甲胺四环素(MH)、盐酸四环素(TH)和盐酸强力霉素(DH))单一及联合暴露时对大肠杆菌的突变效应。结果表明:在单一暴露下,磺胺类抗生素会促进大肠杆菌的突变效应,四环素类抗生素没有明显的促进作用;联合暴露下,磺胺类抗生素对大肠杆菌突变效应为相加,磺胺和四环素类抗生素对大肠杆菌突变效应为拮抗。本研究初步探索了抗生素对大肠杆菌的联合致突变风险,为今后环境中抗生素混合暴露的生态风险评价和抗生素污染控制标准制定提供一种理论支撑。     

增塑剂邻苯二甲酸二异癸酯致小鼠肺组织氧化损伤作用

探究邻苯二甲酸二异癸酯(diisodecyl phthalate,DIDP)对小鼠肺组织的氧化损伤。以BALB/c小鼠为受试动物,随机分为7组,包括1个阴性对照组(生理盐水)、4个DIDP染毒组(0.15,1.5,15,150 mg·kg~(-1))、1个维生素E(100 mg·kg~(-1))组和1个高剂量DIDP(150 mg·kg~(-1))加维生素E(100 mg·kg~(-1))组,灌胃染毒14 d。处死小鼠,制备肺组织匀浆样品,以化学荧光法检测活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)含量,以分光光度试剂盒法检测还原型谷胱甘肽(glutathione,GSH)的含量、以硫代巴比妥酸(TBA)法检测丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)的含量、以酶联免疫吸附(EILSA)试剂盒法检测8-羟基脱氧鸟苷(8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine,8-OHdG)的含量,同时观察肺组织的病理变化与荧光染色结果。随着DIDP染毒剂量的升高,肺组织的ROS、MDA、8-OHdG含量逐渐上升,GSH含量逐渐降低,各指标呈一定的剂量-效应关系。染毒剂量为15 mg·kg~(-1)时,ROS、GSH、8-OHdG含量差异有统计学意义(P 0.05,P 0.01);染毒剂量为150 mg·kg~(-1)时,上述指标差异均有统计学意义(P 0.05,P 0.01)。小鼠肺组织HE染色和荧光染色观察结果表明,随着DIDP染毒剂量的增加,小鼠肺细胞的病理损伤越严重。与150 mg·kg~(-1)DIDP剂量组比较,150 mg·kg~(-1)DIDP+维生素E组的ROS、MDA和8-OHdG含量均有下降,GSH含量上升(P 0.05,P 0.01);小鼠肺组织病理损伤减轻。以上结果说明,较高剂量(≥15 mg·kg~(-1))的DIDP能造成小鼠肺组织的氧化损伤,维生素E对其损伤有拮抗作用。