混凝吸附及化学氧化深度处理焦化废水

以蒙脱石、凹凸棒石、次氯酸钙和PAC、PAM为基本材料，对焦化废水二级生化出水进行深度处理。实验结果表明：蒙脱石与凹凸棒石以4：1的比例配合使用，可明显提高焦化废水中COD和色度去除率；采用次氯酸钙作为氧化剂，可进一步提高焦化废水的脱色率和COD去除率，处理间差异达到极显著和显著水平；去除COD的最优实验条件为：粘土矿物（蒙脱石：和凹凸棒石=4：1）添加量4．0g／L、氧化剂（次氯酸钙）添加量1．0g／L、絮凝剂（聚合氯化铝：聚丙烯酰胺=15／1）添加量0．15g／L，处理后色度去除率达到97．0％，COD去除率达到69．1％；脱色的最优实验条件为：粘土矿物添加量4．0g／L、氧化剂添加量1．0g／L、絮凝剂添加量0．2g／L，处理后色度去除率达到98．5％，COD去除率达到66．4％。     

Comparative fertilizer properties of digestates from mesophilic and thermophilic anaerobic digestion of dairy manure: focusing on plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) and environmental risk

The fertilizer properties of anaerobic digestate depend on the feedstock and operating conditions of digestion. In this study, the comparative fertilizer properties of mesophilic and thermophilic digestates from dairy manure were evaluated for plant nutrient contents, and special attention was paid to plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB). Two digestates contained similar plant nutrient contents, while the thermophilic digestate contained higher contents of NH₄⁺–N. The quantity of Bacillus and Pseudomonas in the mesophilic digestate was significantly higher than in the thermophilic digestate. Furthermore, Bacillus showed siderophore production and antifungal activity (43.5–75.3%), and Pseudomonas showed siderophore and phytohormone production (4.2–75.2 µg ml^?1). One phosphate solubilizing isolate was also detected in the mesophilic digestate. These results indicated that two digestates showed different fertilizer properties with respect to nutrient contents and PGPB, and digestates had the potential to increase the availability of phosphorus and iron in the soil, both to provide phytohormones to plant roots and protect plants from fungal phytopathogens. The contents of indicator bacteria and heavy metals were analyzed to determine their environmental risk, and the results showed a high reduction in indicator bacteria and lower levels of heavy metals than in other feedstocks.     

A blessing for the Yangtze River: optimization of Chinese regional policy planning for water yield and purification in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Land use/land cover (LULC) changes impact the structure and functioning of ecosystems, which consequently influences the provisioning of a range of...     

基于模糊综合评判的汶川8.0级地震重灾区滑坡泥石流气候风险评估

用1971-2000年的30年逐日降水量资料,按旬统计汶川地震重灾县5-12月各旬的雨日、中雨日、大雨日、暴雨日的平均日数和气候概率,根据地震重灾区实际地质环境条件,降低强降雨强度条件,基于模糊综合评判法,按照最大隶属度原则对汶川特大地震重灾区的39个县进行地质灾害时空气候风险评估。结果表明:重灾区的地质灾害气候风险指数值存在两个高值期间,一个是5月中旬至7月上旬,另一个是8月下旬至9月下旬。而10月下旬至次年4月,重灾区降雨明显减少,绝大部分地区没有地质灾害气候风险;从地域分布来看,高风险区域主要集中在重灾区的西部和中部,风险等级为3～4级(风险较大或很大),东部地区风险等级为1～2级(中等风险或风险较小),但7月下旬高等级风险区位置集中在重灾区的南部和东部。     

Estimating vertebrate,benthic macroinvertebrate,and diatom taxa richness in raftable Pacific Northwest rivers for bioassessment purposes

The number of sites sampled must be considered when determining the effort necessary for adequately assessing taxa richness in an ecosystem for bioassessment purposes; however, there have been few studies concerning the number of sites necessary for bioassessment of large rivers. We evaluated the effect of sample size (i.e., number of sites) necessary to collect vertebrate (fish and aquatic amphibians), macroinvertebrate, and diatom taxa from seven large rivers in Oregon and Washington, USA during the summers of 2006–2008. We used Monte Carlo simulation to determine the number of sites needed to collect 90–95% of the taxa 75–95% of the time from 20 randomly located sites on each river. The river wetted widths varied from 27.8 to 126.0 m, mean substrate size varied from 1 to 10 cm, and mainstem distances sampled varied from 87 to 254 km. We sampled vertebrates at each site (i.e., 50 times the mean wetted channel width) by nearshore-raft electrofishing. We sampled benthic macroinvertebrates nearshore through the use of a 500-μm mesh kick net at 11 systematic stations. From each site composite sample, we identified a target of 500 macroinvertebrate individuals to the lowest possible taxon, usually genus. We sampled benthic diatoms nearshore at the same 11 stations from a 12-cm² area. At each station, we sucked diatoms from soft substrate into a 60-ml syringe or brushed them off a rock and rinsed them with river water into the same jar. We counted a minimum of 600 valves at 1,000× magnification for each site. We collected 120–211 diatom taxa, 98–128 macroinvertebrate taxa, and 14–33 vertebrate species per river. To collect 90-95% of the taxa 75-95% of the time that were collected at 20 sites, it was necessary to sample 11–16 randomly distributed sites for vertebrates, 13–17 sites for macroinvertebrates, and 16–18 sites for diatoms. We conclude that 12–16 randomly distributed sites are needed for cost-efficient sampling of vertebrate richness in the main stems of our study rivers, but 20 sites markedly underestimates the species richness of benthic macroinvertebrates and diatoms in those rivers.     

免水生物降解型生态厕所专用菌剂

针对免水生物降解型生态厕所专用的进口菌种成本偏高、不能长期高效运行等现状,从土壤中分离筛选得到6株降解菌并将其培养成1组复合菌,然后分别进行降解实验。结果表明,7组实验菌对人体排泄物降解效果良好,其中复合菌种更好,COD降解率达到59%。对实验菌种进行初步鉴定,显示6株菌分别是粪肠球菌、木糖葡萄球菌、蜡状芽孢杆菌、产氨棒杆菌、地衣芽孢杆菌和活动肉杆菌。优选的专用菌剂的制备及保存方法效果良好,保存半年后菌剂仍有较高活性。     

Risk Assessment of Carbon Sequestration for Terrestrial Ecosystems in China

Climate change will alter the capacity of carbon sequestration,and the risk assessment of carbon sequestration for terrestrial ecosystems will be helpful to the decision-making for climate change countermeasures and international climate negotiations.Based on the net ecosystem productivity of terrestrial ecosystems simulated by Atmosphere Vegetation Integrated Model,each grid of the risk criterion was set by time series trend analysis.Then the risks of carbon sequestration of terrestrial ecosystems were investigated.The results show that,in the IPCCSRES-B2 climate scenario,climate change will bring risks of carbon sequestration,and the high-risk level will dominate terrestrial ecosystems.The risk would expand with the increase of warming degree.By the end of the long-term of this century,about 60% of the whole country will face the risk;Northwest China,mountainous areas in Northeast China,middle and lower reaches plain of Yangtze River areas,Southwest China and Southeast China tend to be extremely vulnerable.Risk levels in most regions are likely to grow with the increase of warming degree,and this increase will mainly occur during the near-term to mid-term.Northwest China will become an area of high risks,and deciduous coniferous forests,temperate mixed forests and desert grassland tend to be extremely vulnerable.     

超声波/紫外线-Fenton反应联用去除克拉玛依土壤中石油类污染物

研究了超声波(ultrasonic)和紫外线(ultraviolet)-Fenton反应联用处理干旱区老化石油污染土壤。土壤TPH含量为30 470 mg/kg,pH值为3,H2O2与Fe比例为50∶1时,H2O2浓度为0.37%、0.74%、1.11%和1.85%在超声波处理6 h土壤TPH去除量分别为4 495、11 983、15 470和19 800 mg/kg;TPH去除量随H2O2/Fe2+增大而增大,H2O2/Fe2+为100∶1时,TPH去除量为12 699 mg/kg。溶液pH值接近中性,H2O2浓度为0.74%,H2O2/Fe2+为50∶1,超声波与UV共同作用2 h和4 h,TPH去除量分别达到14 824和21 821 mg/kg;UV单独作用2 h、4 h对土壤TPH去除量为9 253和12 845 mg/kg。超声波-Fenton反应对1,2-二甲苯降解效果最好,其次为C17-C28的直链及支链烷烃,最低为烃类衍生物。     

Stuck between the historic and modern China: A case study of children’s space in a hutong community

Physically and psychologically, children demand special-purpose space for activities. With the fast urbanization and population growth in modern China, the conflict between the needs for economic development and human-friendly environment becomes increasingly prominent. The study adopts an in-depth ethnographic research method and applies the research framework of Sudeshna Chatterjee (2005) to investigate children’s environmental friendliness of a hutong community in Beijing. The study investigated spatial preferences of those children and the characteristics and affordance of their space. This study suggests that different emotional dimensions demand different spatial attributes, which are lacking in the hutong community. The results show that in China’s historical residential areas, children’s environmental and spatial needs remain unfulfilled. The researchers suggest that improving specific environmental affordance could help enhance the overall child-friendliness.     

氧化-吸附法处理含铁废盐酸及其资源化

提出并研究了高效氧化与强化吸附相结合的含铁废酸资源化处理新工艺。系统研究了其氧化过程的适宜工艺条件并考察了吸附分离单元中的主要工艺参数对铁离子去除率的影响规律。实验结果显示,采用双氧水氧化废盐酸中Fe2+将不会引入其他污染因子,双氧水的最佳投加摩尔数为Fe2+浓度的1.2倍,氧化时间优选为2 h;氧化后的含铁废盐酸经过强碱阴离子交换树脂NDA900分离去除大部分铁离子,若采用固定床双柱串联方式运行,铁离子分离去除率可达99.9%,处理后盐酸可返回酸洗工序重复利用。吸附饱和后的树脂仅使用自来水就可以实现完全再生,再生液中三氯化铁浓度高达40~50g/L。这一工艺有望实现废盐酸及其中铁离子的综合利用,为相关行业清洁生产水平的提升提供技术支持。