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41.
Organochlorine contaminants in cormorant, darter, egret, and ibis eggs from South Africa 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
During the last 15 years, no research has been published on the levels of pesticides in bird eggs from South Africa, despite the high levels found previously. We analysed eggs from African darter, cattle egret, reed cormorant, African sacred ibis, as well as single eggs from some other species, and found HCB, DDTs, HCHs, chlordanes and PCBs at detectable levels. The presence of mirex in all species was unexpected, since this compound was never registered in South Africa. It also seemed as if terrestrial feeding birds had higher DDE:PCB ratios when compared with aquatic feeding birds. Except for chlordane, the African darter eggs had the highest levels of all other compounds (mean 370 and 300 ng g(-1) ww Sigma pesticides and Sigma PCBs, respectively). Multivariate analysis clearly distinguished the aquatic and terrestrially feeding birds on pollution profile. The African darter (aquatic feeding) and the cattle egret (terrestrial feeding) would be good indicator candidates. Eggshell thinning was detected in the African darter, and was associated with most of the compounds, including DDE and PCBs. We raise a concern that generally longer living birds in warmer climates, laying fewer eggs per clutch, might be at increased risk when compared with trophically similar birds exposed to equivalent levels of pollution in colder climates. Given the scarcity of water and the high biodiversity in Southern Africa, climate change will exert strong pressure, and any additional anthropogenic contamination at levels that can cause subtle behavioural, developmental and reproductive changes, can have serious effects. 相似文献
42.
Influence of environmental street characteristics on walking route choice of elderly people 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Hieronymus C. Borst Sanne I. de Vries Jamie M.A. Graham Jef E.F. van Dongen Ingrid Bakker Henk M.E. Miedema 《Journal of environmental psychology》2009
Walking is an important source of outdoor physical activity among elderly people. In order to devise measures aimed at encouraging walking among the elderly it is important to understand how the local environment influences the walking behaviour of elderly people. Here, a model describing the influence of environmental street characteristics on the walking route choice of elderly people is presented. Techniques adapted from the field of transportation research were employed within the model. Data concerning the walking route choice to specific destinations reported by 364 independently living elderly residents (55–80 years) from three Dutch urban districts were collected. Route choice was modelled within a ‘Geographic Information System’ (GIS) database by using ‘resistance factors’ to describe the resistance to walking of street sections (i.e. links) within the street network. These factors were optimized by minimizing the difference between the estimated and the reported number of trips along each link. This is, to the authors' knowledge the first time that this technique has been applied within this context. The influence of link characteristics on link resistance was investigated by multivariate linear regression. The first results of the route choice model and the influence of street characteristics on route choice are reported and discussed. 相似文献
43.
Henk F. van der Molen Koos A.H. Zwinderman Judith K. Sluiter Monique H.W. Frings-Dresen 《Safety Science》2011,49(8-9):1180-1186
ObjectivesThis study compares the effectiveness of two types of interventions with no intervention on the prevention of needle stick injuries (NSIs).MethodsHealth care workers, who were at risk for NSIs, were eligible for this three-armed cluster randomized controlled trial. In total, 23 hospital wards were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 intervention groups, which were given either a needle safety device and a workshop (NW; 7 wards, n = 267) or a workshop only (W; 8 wards, n = 263), or to a control group (C; 8 wards, n = 266). The primary outcome was the half-year incidence of NSIs, which was measured through questionnaires and official notification at the occupational health service at baseline (T0), 6 months (T1) and 12 months (T2) after baseline. Analysis were done by intention to treat. This study is registered as a prospective randomized trial, number NTR1207.ResultsA statistically significant difference was found between the groups for the half-year incidence of NSIs (p = 0.046) on the basis of questionnaire data with ORs for reported NSIs for the NW group compared with the control group of 0.34 (95% CI: 0.13–0.91) and 0.45 (95% CI: 0.19–1.06) for the W group compared with the control group. The officially registered NSIs during the study period showed no statistical differences between the groups.ConclusionsThe combined intervention of the introduction of needle safety devices and an interactive workshop led to the highest reduction in the number of self-reported NSIs compared to a workshop alone or no intervention. 相似文献
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Mariken H.C. Everdij Henk A.P. Blom Jelmer J. Scholte Jos W. Nollet Bert Kraan 《Safety Science》2009,47(3):405-420
The high volume of air traffic over Europe is expected to double within the next 15 years. This requires changes in the airspace structure and in the organisation of air transport operations that involve multiple stakeholders. Changes, by regulation, require a sufficient safety validation, in order to show that the changed situation is safe and will remain safe during an applicable period. Many methods and techniques exist that can be used to support such safety validation process. However, for air transport operations, the stakeholders involved are numerous and diverse, and there are no guidelines on how to address their roles, responsibilities and goals during development and validation.This paper develops a safety validation framework that emphasises the active roles and collaboration of multiple stakeholders during the development phases of air transport operations. The framework is developed in three steps: First, established validation views from literature are identified and analysed to reveal open issues when it comes to their use for multi-stakeholder changes in air transport operations. Next, validation views emerging beyond the established ones are identified, and evaluated on whether they address the open issues. Finally, the strong points of established and emerging views are combined into a novel framework. 相似文献
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47.
In this paper we try to identify the roots of the persistent contemporary problems in our modernized agriculture: overproduction, loss of biodiversity and of soil fertility, the risk of large animal disease, social controversies on the lack of animal welfare and culling of animals, etc. Attention is paid to the historical development of present-day farming in Holland as an example of European agriculture. We see a blinkered quest for efficiency in the industrialization of agriculture since the Second World War. Key factor is the cultural mindset at the foundation of our modern society, originating from the ideas of the enlightenment. It makes people vulnerable to ideologies, causing them to focus on a certain goal without considering the consequences. Due to the overemphasis on efficiency, modern industrial agriculture has never been comfortably embedded in its ecological and social context, and as a result displays the characteristics of an ideology. The cause of the inability to solve today’s problems is therefore deeper than simply a failure to apply the right mix of standard remedies. Unless stakeholders in farming start to counter this very one-sided approach to efficiency, modernization will continue to cause all kinds of friction. The implications of the results for agricultural policy, farming and further research are discussed. 相似文献
48.
Environmental Fluid Mechanics - Turbulent mixing processes in deep alpine Lake Garda (I) have not extensively been observed. Knowledge about drivers of turbulent fluxes are important for insights... 相似文献
49.
Henk M. Haitjema 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1991,27(5):791-796
ABSTRACT: Landfill siting and design guidelines or regulations differ from state to state. Most include hydrogeological criteria, referring to hydraulic conductivities, aquifers, ground water flow patterns, contaminant travel times, and distance between landfill and sensitive targets for contaminants, etc. However, almost all of the existing hydrogeological guidelines are incomplete, inconsistent, or both. The aquitard between landfill and regional aquifer frequently offers less resistance to leachate migration than compliance with regulations may suggest. Residence times of leachate, that makes it through the landfill liner, is often overestimated. Monitoring wells in the regional aquifer are unreliable detectors of local leaks in a landfill. If a landfill does leak, costly aquifer restoration is called for. For traditional landfill designs, ground water monitoring considerations suggest the siting over homogeneous sand and gravel aquifers, rather than over complex till environments. An alternative landfill design criterion is suggested, which is based on a negative hydraulic gradient underneath the landfill. This design guarantees ground water protection, simplifies landfill monitoring, and generally enhances the landfill economy. 相似文献
50.
Julia Jaenicke Henk Wösten Arif Budiman Florian Siegert 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2010,15(3):223-239
Extensive degradation of Indonesian peatlands by deforestation, drainage and recurrent fires causes release of huge amounts
of peat soil carbon to the atmosphere. Construction of drainage canals is associated with conversion to other land uses, especially
plantations of oil palm and pulpwood trees, and with widespread illegal logging to facilitate timber transport. A lowering
of the groundwater level leads to an increase in oxidation and subsidence of peat. Therefore, the groundwater level is the
main control on carbon dioxide emissions from peatlands. Restoring the peatland hydrology is the only way to prevent peat
oxidation and mitigate CO2 emissions. In this study we present a strategy for improved planning of rewetting measures by dam constructions. The study
area is a vast peatland with limited accessibility in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia. Field inventory and remote sensing data
are used to generate a detailed 3D model of the peat dome and a hydrological model predicts the rise in groundwater levels
once dams have been constructed. Successful rewetting of a 590 km2 large area of drained peat swamp forest could result in
mitigated emissions of 1.4–1.6 Mt CO2 yearly. This equates to 6% of the carbon dioxide emissions by civil aviation in the European Union in 2006 and can be achieved
with relatively small efforts and at low costs. The proposed methodology allows a detailed planning of hydrological restoration
of peatlands with interesting impacts on carbon trading for the voluntary carbon market. 相似文献