Managing Forests for Increased Regional Water Yield in the Southeastern U.S. Coastal Plain

With growing populations fueling increased groundwater abstraction and forecasts of greater water scarcity in the southeastern United States, identifying land management strategies that enhance water availability will be vital to maintaining hydrologic resources and protecting natural systems. Management of forested uplands for lower basal area, currently a priority for habitat improvement on public lands, may also increase water yield through decreased evapotranspiration (ET). To explore this hypothesis, we synthesized studies of precipitation and ET in coastal plain pine stands to develop a statistical model of water yield as a function of management strategy, stand structure, and ecosystem water use. This model allowed us to estimate changes in water yield in response to varying management strategies across spatial scales from the individual stand to a regional watershed. Results suggest that slash pine stands managed at lower basal areas can have up to 64% more cumulative water yield over a 25‐year rotation compared to systems managed for high‐density timber production, with the greatest increases in stands also managed for recurrent understory fire. Although there are important uncertainties in the magnitude of additional water yield and its final destination (i.e., surface water bodies vs. groundwater), this analysis highlights the potential for management activities on public and private timber lands to partially offset increasing demand on surface and groundwater resources.     

Simulated marine respirometry of biodegradable polymers

Eleven microorganisms were isolated from several temperate marine locations in the northeast Altantic coast of the United States and one tropical location in the Pacific Ocean (Hawaii) for the purpose of developing a rapid and accurate method of screening biodegradable materials for their susceptibility to mineralization. The materials evaluated in this study included chemically modified starch, amylose and pullulan, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate), (PHB/V), cellulose acetate, and a modified lignin/styrene. Some of the soluble, unmodified, biologically produced substrates such as starch, pullulan, and amylose mineralized rapidly. In general, the synthetic, insoluble polymers and the chemically modified polymers, such as acetylated and chlorinated amylose and pullulan, mineralized more slowly, although the ultimate mineralization of some of the substituted polysaccharides equaled or exceeded that of the unmodified substrate. The insoluble bacterial polyester, PHB/V, degraded rapidly after a short induction period. Initial respiration rate data, in general, could not be used as a predictor of ultimate mineralization. It was found that the cumulative level of carbon dioxide evolved signifies the minimum extent of biodegradation of the substrate, and the oxygen consumed is a good indicator of the maximum extent of substrate degradation.Paper presented at the Biodegradable Materials and Packaging Conference, September 22–23, 1993, Natick, Massachusetts.     

天津北塘排污河沉积物的重金属污染及评价

北塘排污河是天津市海河以北市政污水的主要受纳水体,其污染十分严重。该研究于2009年沿河采集其沉积物,调查重金属Zn、Cu、Cr、Pb、Cd和Hg的污染状况。结果表明,沉积物中这6种重金属沿河呈波浪变化,其中Cu和Zn在西碱河入河口处最高,Pb、Cd和Hg在靖江桥处最高,而Cr在京津高速路桥处最高,其平均含量的大小变化顺序为Zn﹥Cu﹥Cr﹥Pb﹥Cd﹥Hg。采用地质累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法对其评价表明,这6种重金属的整体污染和潜在生态风险均比较严重,京津高速路桥处污染最为严重;靖江桥处风险等级最高,潜在生态风险最大;就整条河而言,重金属污染程度大小顺序为Cd﹥Hg﹥Cu﹥Zn﹥Pb﹥Cr,而潜在生态风险大小顺序为Cd﹥Hg﹥Cu﹥Pb﹥Zn﹥Cr。     

重大疫情下疫苗冷链物流在物联网环境中的风险评估*

为识别和应对重大疫情下疫苗冷链过程中的风险,研究物联网环境中在人-机-环-管理下,以加工包装、储存、运输、装卸搬运、接种为风险链的评估指标体系,全面分析各个环节风险因素,提炼16个影响疫苗冷链质量安全风险点。根据因果关系将风险评价指标体系转换为贝叶斯网络结构,建立基于贝叶斯网络的风险评估模型,并使用GeNIe软件进行计算,搜索相关数据,以印度新冠疫苗冷链物流为实证案例检验模型。研究结果表明:重大疫情下疫苗冷链物流存在风险敏感点,必须明确防控重点,制定针对性控制措施,如加强人员培训、合理规划路径及接种点位置、加大设施设备检查与更新等,研究结果可为实现疫苗冷链物流的高效安全运转提供参考。     

磷酸酯酶活性对餐厨垃圾单相厌氧消化抑制的预警作用

为了研究磷酸酯酶活性对餐厨垃圾单相厌氧消化抑制的预警作用,考察了单相CSTR反应器在容积负荷2.0~8.5kgVS/(m3·d)条件下的酸性和碱性磷酸酯酶活性,并同步分析了挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)、容积产气率、pH值的变化.结果表明,酸性和碱性磷酸酯酶活性在容积负荷为2.0~4.0kgVS/(m3·d)时,平均值为14.1,9.8μgNP/(h·mL);容积负荷为5.0~7.5kgVS/(m3·d)时,其平均值为138.4,23.6μgNP/(h·mL);容积负荷为8.5kgVS/(m3·d)的超负荷阶段达到峰值318.1,51.5μgNP/(h·mL)后快速下降.磷酸酯酶活性骤升的时间较VFAs、容积产气率骤降超前2d、较pH值的骤降提前1d.磷酸酯酶活性较常规指标VFAs、容积产气率和pH值等对单相厌氧消化抑制具有一定的预警作用.     

我国部分城市和地区居民尿氟含量与饮用水氟含量的相关性

对中国22个城市、2个直辖市和饮水氟含量极高的河北省霸州地区4个村庄的饮用水氟含量与当地18岁左右居民尿氟含量进行相关性分析。结果表明,全国大部分城市饮用水氟含量处于低水平。而包括氟中毒地区在内的全国部分城市和地区饮用水氟含量与尿氟含量存在正相关关系,表明相对其它摄取氟元素渠道来说,饮用水仍然是中国居民氟的主要摄入来源。     

基于厌氧氨氧化的城镇生活污水深度脱氮工艺研究

随着城镇生活污水排放标准的日益严格,现有城市污水处理厂普遍面临提标改造的挑战,较多污水处理厂采用三级脱氮工艺降低出水中氮素含量.本研究以磁混凝预处理后的生活污水为研究对象,采用厌氧氨氧化工艺作为三级脱氮工艺,构建含有生物膜和絮体污泥的UASB反应器,处理A/O（二级生化单元）出水,研究串联、分流进水以及回流等条件下系统的脱氮及有机物去除性能,并通过微生物群落分析揭示各阶段的菌群结构变化.结果表明,当UASB串联A/O时,系统出水氨氮、TN和COD分别为1.21、10.02和30.00 mg·L^-1.当进水分流比为15%时,提升了UASB的脱氮速率（从0.04升高至0.06 kg·m^-3·d^-1）,UASB分别贡献了系统TN、NH₄⁺-N和COD去除总量的23.4%、20%和20.7%,当系统出水回流到A区时,能进一步降低出水污染物浓度,NH₄⁺-N仅为1 mg·L^-1,TN为12.03 mg·L^-1.微生物群落结构分析结果表明,在A/O反应器内Proteobacteria为主要菌门,UASB内Planctomycetes门实现富集,生物膜中Planctomycetes丰度为1.93%~8.39%,厌氧氨氧化细菌（以Candidatus Kuenenia为代表）在生物膜和污泥絮体中丰度分别为0.77%~2.19%和0.01%~1.49%.本研究结果表明,基于厌氧氨氧化的三级脱氮工艺能够实现生活污水的深度脱氮,在不增加曝气与碳源投加成本的同时高效去除氨氮、总氮,可为城市生活污水处理厂改造升级提供技术支撑.     

基于16S rRNA高通量测序的北运河水体及沉积物微生物群落组成对比分析

微生物群落在沉积物和水生态系统中的物质循环中发挥重要作用,是水生态系统与沉积物之间污染物质交换的桥梁.但非常规补给水源扰动和闸坝、衬砌截流为主的城市河道水体和沉积物微生物对比研究并不多见,基于此以高度人工化的北运河京津冀段为研究区域,尝试利用高通量测序结果对水体和沉积物微生物群落组成差异进行分析.结果表明,北运河沉积物较水体具有更高的微生物群落α多样性,β多样性则表现为水体中微生物群落较沉积物群落的相似性更高.变形杆菌门（Proteobacteria）丰度在水体与沉积物中无显著差异,且在两种生境条件下均为优势类群.α变形杆菌纲（α-Proteobacteria）、放线杆菌门（Actinobacteria）、蓝藻门（Cyanobacteria）和疣微菌门（Verrucomicrobia）在水体中的丰度较高,而γ变形杆菌纲（γ-Proteobacteria）、δ变形杆菌纲（δ-Proteobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）、厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）和酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）则在沉积物中有着更高丰度.好氧或兼性厌氧菌为主的水体类群和厌氧菌为主的沉积物类群体现出两者生境差异,沉积物中蕴含的病原菌存在二次释放到水体中的危险.研究结果为揭示高度人工化的、非常规补给水源补充下的和城市河道污染胁迫下的微生物群落变化机制提供科学依据.     

浅谈铬渣解毒技术

介绍了铬渣污染状况,对比分析了10余种铬渣解毒技术的优缺点,并且重点论述了旋风炉附烧铬渣工艺过程及其技术特性。研究表明,旋风炉附烧铬渣具有吃渣量大,解毒彻底等优点,是一种具有推广价值的新型铬渣解毒技术。      

污泥中潜在的二■■污染物质

依据国内外最近的检测结果对污泥中二■■类物质的研究进行论述,探讨其来源、组成分布、环境行为及潜在危害。研究表明,焚烧过程排放?成了环境中二■■的本底来源,除此之外的二■■主要来源于废水处理(包括生活污水与工业污水)形成的污泥,并且污泥中二■■的含量较高。鉴于二■■的毒理特性、以往的二■■污染事件及我国对污泥的处理方式,急需查明堆肥与填埋处理的污泥中的二■■现状,并以此为依据制定二■■毒物的排放标准及其在环境中的限额。