县级城市人居环境主客观指标体系与评价模型对比研究

本文对人居环境相关研究进行了阐述,并就城市人居环境指标体系与评价模型进行了分析研究。提出了人居环境质量主客观评价结合模型,其中指标体系包括四个一级指标和18个单项指标,并依据我国黄河三角洲高效经济区内14个县级城市2007年的调查统计资料,对人居环境客观建设水平和居民满意度进行了对比评价。运用因子分析法处理指标数据,问卷调查的方法进行满意度评价。评价结果科学可行,并揭示出影响县级城市人居环境的根本因素。     

Seasonal and diurnal variations of atmospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate, peroxypropionyl nitrate, and carbon tetrachloride in Beijing

Atmospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate(PAN), peroxypropionyl nitrate(PPN), and carbon tetrachloride(CCl4) were measured from September 2010 to August 2011 in Beijing. PAN exhibited low values from mid-autumn to early spring(October to March) with monthly average concentrations ranging from 0.28 to 0.73 ppbV, and increased from early spring to summer(March to August), ranging from 1.37–3.79 ppbV. The monthly variation of PPN was similar to PAN, with low values(below detection limit to 0.18 ppbV) from mid-autumn to early spring, and a monthly maximum in September(1.14 ppbV). The monthly variation of CCl4was tightly related to the variation of temperature, exhibiting a minimum in winter(69.3 pptV) and a maximum of 180.6 pptV in summer. Due to weak solar intensity and short duration, PAN and O3showed no distinct diurnal patterns from morning to night during winter, whereas for other seasons, they both exhibited maximal values in the late afternoon(ca. 15:00 to 16:00 local time) and minimal values during early morning and midnight. Good linear correlations between PAN and PPN were found in autumn(R = 0.91), spring(R = 0.94), and summer(R = 0.81), with slopes of 0.130, 0.222, and 0.133, respectively, suggesting that anthropogenic hydrocarbons dominated the photochemical formation of PANs in Beijing. Positive correlation between PAN and O3 in summer with the low slopes( O3 / PAN) ranging from 9.92 to 18.0 indicated serious air pollution in Beijing, and strong negative correlation in winter reflected strong O3consumption by NO titration and less thermal decompositin of PAN.     

Community structure and elevational diversity patterns of soil Acidobacteria

Acidobacteria is one of the most dominant and abundant phyla in soil,and was believed to have a wide range of metabolic and genetic functions. Relatively little is known about its community structure and elevational diversity patterns. We selected four elevation gradients from 1000 to 2800 m with typical vegetation types of the northern slope of Shennongjia Mountain in central China. The vegetation types were evergreen broadleaved forest,deciduous broadleaved forest,coniferous forest and sub-alpine shrubs. We analyzed the soil acidobacterial community composition,elevational patterns and the relationship between Acidobacteria subdivisions and soil enzyme activities by using the 16 S rRNA meta-sequencing technique and multivariate statistical analysis. The result found that 19 known subdivisions as well as an unclassified phylotype were presented in these forest sites,and Subdivision 6 has the highest number of detectable operational taxonomic units(OTUs). A significant single peak distribution pattern(P 0.05) between the OTU number and the elevation was observed. The Jaccard and Bray–Curtis index analysis showed that the soil Acidobacteria compositional similarity significantly decreased(P 0.01) with the increase in elevation distance. Mantel test analysis showed the most of the soil Acidobacteria subdivisions had the significant relationship(P 0.01) with different soil enzymes. Therefore,soil Acidobacteria may be involved in different ecosystem functions in global elemental cycles. Partial Mantel tests and CCA analysis showed that soil pH,soil temperature and plant diversity may be the key factors in shaping the soil Acidobacterial community structure.     

油品装卸过程静电特性研究

为了研究油品装卸过程中的静电危险性,在两个城市的油库和加油站对油品的装油、卸油过程,以及装油的油罐车从油库向加油站行驶的过程中,油罐车内油品的油面电位进行了静电检测。通过对大量油罐车内油面电位的检测数据分析可以看出,在正常装卸油过程中,油罐车内油品的油面电位远远小于标准所规定安全油面电位,有缩短稳油时间的可能性。     

宝鸡市经济增长与环境空气综合污染指数关系研究

文章以空气综合污染指数法分析了宝鸡市2006年-2011年的环境空气质量状况,分析结果表明宝鸡市环境空气质量逐年变好。以人均GDP为经济指标,以空气综合污染指数为环境指标,建立经济增长与环境空气质量之间的计量模型,进行环境库兹涅茨曲线实证研究。研究结果表明,宝鸡市经济增长和环境空气质量的关系符合库兹涅茨曲线"拐点"后的下降部分。证明该市2006年-2011年的环境空气质量与人均GDP处于良性发展状态。     

基于生产工艺的水泥工业项目竣工环保验收监测重点分析研究

基于水泥工业的生产工艺特点,说明新型干法生产时代,水泥生产的主要产污环节及特征污染物,并分析其对生态环境的影响和危害,表明该行业属高能耗、高污染的产能过剩行业.根据建设项目竣工环境保护验收规范要求和工作实践经验,结合生产工艺、特征污染物和污染物总量控制等要求,从废水监测、废气监测、噪声监测等方面阐明水泥行业项目竣工环保验收的侧重点和注意事项,并指出污染防治设施、总量控制等几方面应重点关注的问题.     

居民对垃圾焚烧发电态度的实证研究——以泰安市垃圾焚烧电厂为例

基于对山东省泰安市垃圾焚烧发电厂周边居民的调查数据,运用SPSS20.0统计软件对数据进行二元Logistic回归分析,探讨垃圾焚烧发电厂周边居民对电厂态度的影响因素。实证结果表明,是否被征求意见、是否接受物质补偿这二个变量对周边居民的态度具有显著的正向影响;而受教育年限、是否知道二噁英、居住地与电厂距离与周边居民态度呈显著负相关关系。结合相关研究,发现本研究中影响电厂周边居民态度的因素既有普遍性,也有特殊性。     

明矾石在水体微藻去除中的应用研究

以温州市某大学校区内富营养化水体为研究对象,采用本地明矾石对含藻水体进行混凝除藻、除浊实验研究,分别进行投加量、搅拌强度、搅拌时间、静置时间及pH值对微藻去除效率的影响研究,以获得处理工艺的最佳条件,为恢复河流水体生态自净功能提供理论基础.试验中对投加明矾石前后,水体中浊度、总磷、氨氮和总氮进行了测定,结果表明：明矾石最佳投加量为0.35 g/L,最佳搅拌方式为200 rpm搅拌4 min;最佳静置时间为25 min;在碱性或中性水体的处理效果尤佳.     

澳大利亚哈龙管理对我国的启示

概述了我国履行国际公约淘汰哈龙的整体情况,分析相关管理政策执行现状,指出了我国哈龙管理中存在的问题。根据澳大利亚哈龙回收和再利用管理的经验,提出在中国设立哈龙银行并实行三级管理机制,开发替代技术以及加强回收再利用等哈龙管理建议。     

感应电芬顿降解二甲基砷的效果与机理研究

二甲基砷作为甲基砷的主要种类之一,主要由含砷废水的排放和农药滥用进入环境水体,进而严重威胁着人类的健康.通过改进电芬顿反应中Fe~(2+)的投加方式,构建了以铁棒为感应阳极、RuO_2/Ti网为阳极、2个活性炭纤维为双阴极的感应电芬顿体系.为探究感应电芬顿体系对二甲基砷的降解效果与机理,考察了反应过程中初始pH、电流密度、反应物初始浓度等因素对二甲基砷去除效果的影响.结果表明,在初始pH值为3,电流密度为2 m A·cm~(-2),二甲基砷初始浓度为5 mg·L~(-1)的最佳条件下,经感应电芬顿反应240 min后,二甲基砷去除率高达94.4%.在此体系中,感应铁电极不断释放的Fe~(2+)与阴极产生的H_2O_2发生电芬顿反应产生羟基自由基将二甲基砷降解为一甲基砷、As(Ⅲ)和As(V),同时,铁离子水解生成的铁的羟基络合物将二甲基砷、一甲基砷、As(III)和As(V)吸附在其表面,从而达到二甲基砷的高效去除.