假单胞菌No.66降解氯乙酸的研究

本文介绍从水稻土分离得一株可利用单氯乙酸和二氯乙酸作唯一碳源的假单胞菌No.66。该菌在二氯乙酸或单氯乙酸基质上生长时,会释放氯离子,并能使二氯乙酸为碳源的基质之pH值由7降至5以下。No.66菌适宜生长的氯乙酸浓度为0.4—0.5％,适宜脱氯的pH为6.0。所产生的脱氯酶与碳源种类有关。粗脱氯酶液在4℃进行聚丙烯酰胺凝胶(10.5％)电泳呈现一条酶活力带,该酶不仅能使单氯乙酸和二氯乙酸脱氯,而且也能使三氯乙酸脱氯。     

东太湖茭草资源的开发利用

本文论述了东太湖茭草资源的现状及对环境的影响,揭示其生态失调、利用价值下降的趋势,勾保护湖泊资源和水利功能,提出了开发治理对策。     

The quality of fiber counts using improved slides with relocatable fields

A parameter based on discrepancies between reported fibers and verified fibers of relocatable slides is shown to be effective in monitoring the quality of airborne fiber counts. Analysts report only the fibers in each field examined. The verified fibers were determined by two experienced analysts, and are here considered as a "true" value. Most of the verified fibers were confirmed by the reported fibers, and the disputed fibers or fiber counting errors were all located and accounted for. In this study, reference (REF) slides were manufactured from proficiency analytical test (PAT) filter samples from the American Industrial Hygiene Association containing chrysotile or amosite. The slides were made using coverglasses bearing a grid pattern to allow accurate re-examinations. These coverglasses are an improved version of those used in previous studies. Seventy-four out of 85 amosite results and 51 out of 60 chrysotile results of REF slides were within their PAT proficiency ranges. When all reported fibers were normalized against their respective verified fibers, the average fiber count was over-estimated for amosite by 38.3% and under-estimated for chrysotile by 30.4%. The error from counting short fibers (sizing-extra) was 82.6% of the extra fibers and accounted for the 38% over-estimation of amosite fibers. For chrysotile fibers, sizing-extra errors were 74.0% of the extra fibers, but by far the larger errors were oversight-missing errors, which were 96.7% of the missing fibers and accounted for the 30% under-estimation of the chrysotile fibers. The discrepancies were found to be linearly related to counting errors as had been noted in a previous study, giving further weight to a proposed score, calculated from the discrepancy parameter (SigmaD(+) + |SigmaD(-)|)/VF(total), for evaluating the proficiencies of analysts. If a proficiency score =60 is selected, 48 out of 85 amosite results and 17 out of 60 chrysotile results satisfied this criterion in this study. The number of fiber counting errors in this study was larger than could be expected by PAT proficiency criteria. It may be useful to complement existing proficiency test programs with these REF slides. At the end of each proficiency testing round, detailed reports of discrepancies can be provided to participants so that they can improve on their skills in searching and sizing fibers and minimize their counting errors. In addition, the internal quality control program of each laboratory could include counting REF slides regularly by all analysts with control charts of (SigmaD(+)/VF(total)), (SigmaD(-)/VF(total)), (SigmaD(+) + |SigmaD(-)|)/VF(total) and RF(total)/VF(total) maintained to monitor errors, proficiencies and intercounter variations. Ten percent of relocatable slides of routine samples could also be recounted to monitor intracounter variation.     

Use of tandem circulation wells to measure hydraulic conductivity without groundwater extraction

Conventional methods to measure the hydraulic conductivity of an aquifer on a relatively large scale (10-100 m) require extraction of significant quantities of groundwater. This can be expensive, and otherwise problematic, when investigating a contaminated aquifer. In this study, innovative approaches that make use of tandem circulation wells to measure hydraulic conductivity are proposed. These approaches measure conductivity on a relatively large scale, but do not require extraction of groundwater. Two basic approaches for using circulation wells to measure hydraulic conductivity are presented; one approach is based upon the dipole-flow test method, while the other approach relies on a tracer test to measure the flow of water between two recirculating wells. The approaches are tested in a relatively homogeneous and isotropic artificial aquifer, where the conductivities measured by both approaches are compared to each other and to the previously measured hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer. It was shown that both approaches have the potential to accurately measure horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivity for a relatively large subsurface volume without the need to pump groundwater to the surface. Future work is recommended to evaluate the ability of these tandem circulation wells to accurately measure hydraulic conductivity when anisotropy and heterogeneity are greater than in the artificial aquifer used for these studies.     

医院污水处理设备管理

提高废水处理设备运转率,完好率的首先问题是废水处理设备归谁管、怎样管的问题,纳入企业管理的组成部分,明确管理部门,建立以设备选型到报废更新的工作程序,制定管理制度和岗位责任制,分清职责,分工协作,齐抓共管.同时,因为废水处理设备有它的运行、操作、保养、维修规律,正确操作与维修保养才能使设备处于良好的技术状态,同时机械设备在长期运行中,因摩擦、高温、湿气和各种化学效应的作用不可避免地遣成零部件损坏,配合失调,技术状态逐渐恶化,作业效果逐渐下降.多年实践证明作好废水处理管理的五个要点,才能及时、快速、高质量地维修设备以恢复性能,处于良好的工作状态.     

珠江三角洲地区人类活动造成的水土流失及其危害──以广州市为例

以广州市为例，重点分析人类活动造成的水土流失现状与危害。广州市的水土流失类型可分为自然侵蚀和人为侵蚀，其中自然侵蚀主要有面蚀、沟蚀两种形式，在广州市范围面积分布相对较广，但侵蚀强度内并不严重；而人为侵蚀突出，侵蚀类型和强度也更为复杂多样。人为侵蚀的成因主要有：采石取土、交通道路建设、开发区建设以及坡耕地。人为侵蚀已经成为广州市水土流失灾害的主要表现形式。     

扎龙自然保护区水环境分析与保护措施探索

阐述了扎龙湿地水环境污染状况,对湿地的水质、水生生物进行分析评价,指出污染的几点原因,提出建立科学资源与环境生态水利等可持续利用的措施.     

中国降水量区域变化稳定性研究

利用中国气象中心160站点的实际观察资料,对中国半个世纪的降水变化进行了系统分析,发现中国的夏季降水变化稳定性有显著的纬度与海拔效应:纬度越高,方差值越小,降水变化的幅度也越小,稳定性越大;从海拔来看,海拔越高,降水稳定性越好,降水量的变化稳定性与海拔是成反相关关系.除过受区域水汽来源稳定性的影响,主要受全球降水稳定性的分布规律所制约;在海拔上,降水量稳定性的分布,除过受水汽来源影响外,还与水汽凝结的高度效应有一定的关系.