分光光度法测定水中六价铬的不确定度分析

文章建立了二苯碳酰二肼分光光度法测定水中六价铬的合成标准不确定度的数学模式,应用实例对标准不确定度的分量做出了详尽分析和计算,得出该法测定水中六价铬的测量扩展不确定度结果。     

东江流域典型乡镇饮用水源地重金属污染健康风险评价

为阐明东江流域典型乡镇饮用水源地重金属污染物的分布特征与风险水平,对研究区域内9个区县45个水样中的常规水质指标和铁、铜、锰、锌、砷、铬、汞、铅、镉等金属污染物浓度进行了分析检测,并应用美国环境保护署推荐的环境健康风险评价模型,对不同类型的水源地进行了健康风险评价.结果表明,该研究区域的金属致癌风险较高,其中最高的致癌风险来自水库中的铬,成人和儿童分别达到1.14×10-4.a-1和2.14×10-4.a-1,江河、水库和地下水的金属总致癌风险超过了ICRP推荐的可接受风险水平5.0×10-5.a-1;该区域金属非致癌风险较低,均在EPA推荐的可接受范围内.该研究区域金属污染物的优先控制顺序为铬>砷>铅>铁>锌,饮用水源地的风险值排序为水库>江河>地下水>山泉.     

Characterization, reactivity, source apportionment, and potential source areas of ambient volatile organic compounds in a typical tropical city

Based on one-year observation, the concentration, sources, and potential source areas of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were comprehensively analyzed to investigate the pollution characteristics of ambient VOCs in Haikou, China. The results showed that the annual average concentration of total VOCs (TVOCs) was 11.4 ppbV, and the composition was dominated by alkanes (8.2 ppbV, 71.4%) and alkenes (1.3 ppbV, 20.5%). The diurnal variation in the concentration of dominant VOC species showed a distinct bimodal distribution with peaks in the morning and evening. The greatest contribution to ozone formation potential (OFP) was made by alkenes (51.6%), followed by alkanes (27.2%). The concentrations of VOCs and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) in spring and summer were low, and it was difficult to generate high ozone (O₃) concentrations through photochemical reactions. The significant increase in O₃ concentrations in autumn and winter was mainly related to the transmission of pollutants from the northeast. Traffic sources (40.1%), industrial sources (19.4%), combustion sources (18.6%), solvent usage sources (15.5%) and plant sources (6.4%) were identified as major sources of VOCs through the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model. The southeastern coastal areas of China were identified as major potential source areas of VOCs through the potential source contribution function (PSCF) and concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT) models. Overall, the concentration of ambient VOCs in Haikou was strongly influenced by traffic sources and long-distance transport, and the control of VOCs emitted from vehicles should be strengthened to reduce the active species of ambient VOCs in Haikou, thereby reducing the generation of O₃.     

生活垃圾渗滤液处理过程中抗生素抗性基因的变化特征

抗生素抗性基因被认为是一种环境污染物,城市生活垃圾填埋场及其渗滤液中存在着多种类和高丰度的抗生素抗性基因.针对生活垃圾渗滤液处理工艺流程特点,本研究采用超高通量定量PCR技术,分析生活垃圾渗滤液处理过程中抗生素抗性基因的变化特征.结果表明,渗滤液处理使得出水抗生素抗性基因丰度减至9. 2×1010copies·L-1,降低了5个数量级,能有效消减渗滤液中的抗生素抗性基因,是一种有效消减垃圾渗滤液抗生素抗性基因丰度的方法;渗滤液出水中的抗生素抗性基因140种,检出率高达46. 7%,相较于自然环境,出水中抗生素抗性基因种类和丰度仍然维持在较高水平,直接排入市政污水管网可能造成抗生素抗性基因的二次扩散,存在着较高的生态环境风险;渗滤液中抗生素抗性基因与Cr、Cd、Ni、As、MGEs、integron和transposon呈现极显著的正相关关系,表明抗生素抗性基因的赋存和迁移传播可能受重金属元素和可移动遗传元件的共同影响.     

同位素热源热冲击入水试验方法

目的 针对空间同位素热源异常事故场景入水过程的热冲击安全性问题,研究热冲击入水试验方法.方法 通过对同位素热源入水事故场景分析,基于热边界等效、热量等效原则,研究空间同位素热源热冲击入水的试验条件和方法,明确试验样品的加载温度、人工海水体积、浓度、温度以及试验转移时间等,提出热冲击入水试验流程和试验装置要求.结果 样品的加载温度为空间同位素热源的运行温度,人工海水需要完全淹没样品,且体积在样品的20倍以上,人工海水的温度以10～30℃为宜,热冲击入水试验样品转移时间小于1 min.结论 建立的热冲击入水方法可对同位素热源的安全性评估提供支撑,也可供其他产品的热冲击入水评估提供参考.     

西南典型高原山地城市大气黑碳气溶胶污染特征及来源解析

利用大气细颗粒物采样仪器(青岛崂应2050型)和黑碳仪(Soot Scan~(TM)Model OT21),于2016年5月至2017年4月对贵阳市城区大气黑碳进行了连续采样和监测。结果表明,大气黑炭的浓度为1.17～12.77μg/m~3,平均值为5.19±1.91μg/m~3,季节变化特征呈现为冬季秋季春季≈夏季。大气黑碳气溶胶含量与大气细粒颗粒物PM_(2.5)质量浓度及钾离子含量呈显著正相关性,相关系数分别为R~2=0.64(P0.01)和R~2=0.31(P0.01)。源解析结果显示,化石燃料(51.9%)、生物质燃烧(32.4%)和餐饮油烟排放(15.7%)是大气黑碳气溶胶的主要来源。后向轨迹模型HYSPLIT显示,贵阳市全年大气污染气团主要来自我国境内,污染气团的来源与贵阳市大气主导风向有关。     

京津冀及周边地区采暖季PM2.5化学组分变化特征

利用京津冀及周边地区大气污染综合立体监测网,在京津冀大气污染传输通道城市（“2+26”城市）开展了PM_2.5及其化学组分长期连续观测,并对数据进行深入分析.结果表明:①2017年、2018年和2019年采暖季“2+26”城市PM_2.5浓度平均值分别为（84±62）（95±63）和（80±61）μg/m3,达到了京津冀及周边地区2019—2020年秋冬季PM_2.5平均浓度同比下降4%的目标;与PM_2.5浓度变化相似,其主要化学组分——有机物（OM）浓度最大值出现在2018年采暖季,但二次无机盐（硝酸盐、硫酸盐和铵盐）浓度呈逐年上升趋势,而元素碳、氯盐、地壳物质和微量元素浓度均呈逐年下降趋势.②OM、硝酸盐、硫酸盐、铵盐、地壳物质、元素碳、氯盐和微量元素浓度空间分布存在明显差异.受污染物排放、气象条件以及地形因素的共同影响,PM_2.5及其化学组分浓度高值区主要出现在太行山传输通道城市（保定市、石家庄市、邢台市、邯郸市、安阳市和新乡市）.③不同空气质量状况下,“2+26”城市PM_2.5化学组分浓度年际变化相似,即随空气污染的加重,硝酸盐、硫酸盐和铵盐占PM_2.5的比例均上升,而OM占比下降.研究显示,采暖季“2+26”城市空气质量总体得到改善,但需进一步加强对PM_2.5中二次组分的科学管控.      

Nitrated and parent PAHs in the surface water of Lake Taihu, China: Occurrence, distribution, source, and human health risk assessment

Nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) have toxic potentials that are higher than those of their corresponding parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and thus have received increasing attention in recent years. In this study, the occurrence, distribution, source, and human health risk assessment of 15 NPAHs and 16 PAHs were investigated in the surface water from 20 sampling sites of Lake Taihu during the dry, normal, and flood seasons of 2018. The ΣPAH concentrations ranged from 255 to 7298 ng/L and the ΣNPAH concentrations ranged from not-detected (ND) to 212 ng/L. Among the target analytes, 2-nitrofluorene (2-nFlu) was the predominant NPAH, with a detection frequency ranging from 85% to 90% and a maximum concentration of 56.2 ng/L. The three-ringed and four-ringed NPAHs and PAHs comprised the majority of the detected compounds. In terms of seasonal variation, the highest levels of the ΣNPAHs and ΣPAHs were in the dry season and flood season, respectively. Diagnostic ratio analysis indicated that the prime source of NPAHs was direct combustion, whereas in the case of PAHs the contribution was predominantly from a mixed pattern including pollution from unburned petroleum and petroleum combustion. The human health risk of NPAHs and PAHs was evaluated using a lifetime carcinogenic risk assessment model. The carcinogenic risk level of the targets ranged from 2.09 × 10^?7 to 5.75 × 10^?5 and some surface water samples posed a potential health risk.     

低温复合条件下救灾帐篷环境适应性试验与评价

目的研究救灾帐篷性能受恶劣环境的影响。方法建立多灾复合环境试验平台,利用其平台开展救灾帐篷不同工况下的试验研究,探究不同环境下救灾帐篷内部热环境分布和保温性能的变化。结果帐篷内部热环境分层现象只发生在温度上升阶段,而在附加风载后,分层现象减弱,在下降阶段,各内表面温度变化情况表现基本一致,当附加雪载环境温度低于–10℃时,救灾帐篷的保温性变差。利用价值函数法建立了救灾帐篷耦合环境适应性评价指标体系,提出了风&低温、雨雪复合环境下救灾帐篷适应性评价方法,得出评价得分,并与试验结果相印证。结论低温复合环境下,帐篷内环境受外界影响较大,保温性能不佳,易出现“冷室效应”,应积极寻找新型材料改善帐篷在恶劣环境下的环境适应性。     

Estimation of Avian Influenza Viruses in Water Environments of Live Poultry Markets in Changsha,China, 2014 to 2018

Food and Environmental Virology - In routine surveillance for avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in the environments of live poultry markets (LPMs), certain samples were positive for AIVs type A while...