辽河三角洲湿地植被生态状况变化特征分析

归一化植被指数（NDVI）是反映植被状况的重要指标,对植被生长和区域生态状况的研究具有重要意义。为探究辽河三角洲植被生态状况变化特征和未来发展趋势,基于1995—2009年的NOAA/AVHRR NDVI和2009—2020年FY3/MERSI NDVI数据,通过修正拟合和S-G滤波法构建了1995—2020年长时间序列NDVI数据集。利用趋势分析法、变异系数和Hurst指数分析辽河三角洲（盘锦地区）NDVI时空分布特征,重点研究了水田和沼泽湿地的植被生态状况变化规律和未来发展趋势。结果表明：（1）从时间变化上看,26 a间辽河三角洲NDVI呈波动增加趋势,年平均增长率为0.32%;NDVI年内呈典型的单峰型分布,最大值出现在7月下旬或8月上旬。（2）从空间变化上看,区域内NDVI呈西南—东北方向递增,最高值主要分布在水田区,次高值分布在沼泽区。（3）绝大部分水田植被逐年变好,且植被生态状况比较稳定,低波动变化区域占96.72%,未来植被生态状况将持续改善的区域占61.05%。（4）沼泽植被逐年变好的区域占97.67%,变好最明显的区域主要分布在南部沿海地区和双台子河口附近,且该区域未...     

Linear solvation energy relationships regarding sorption and retention properties of hydrophobic organic compounds in soil leaching column chromatography

The capacity factors of a series of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) were measured in soil leaching column chromatography (SLCC) on a soil column, and in reversed-phase liquid chromatography on a C18 column with different volumetric fractions (phi) of methanol in methanol-water mixtures. A general equation of linear solvation energy relationships, log(XYZ) XYZ0 + mV(I)/100 + spi + bbetam + aalpham, was applied to analyze capacity factors (k'), soil organic partition coefficients (Koc) and octanol-water partition coefficients (P). The analyses exhibited high accuracy. The chief solute factors that control logKoc, log P, and logk' (on soil and on C18) are the solute size (V(I)/100) and hydrogen-bond basicity (betam). Less important solute factors are the dipolarity/polarizability (pi*) and hydrogen-bond acidity (alpham). Log k' on soil and log Koc have similar signs in four fitting coefficients (m, s, b and a) and similar ratios (m:s:b:a), while log k' on C18 and logP have similar signs in coefficients (m, s, b and a) and similar ratios (m:s:b:a). Consequently, logk' values on C18 have good correlations with logP (r > 0.97), while logk' values on soil have good correlations with logKoc (r > 0.98). Two Koc estimation methods were developed, one through solute solvatochromic parameters, and the other through correlations with k' on soil. For HOCs, a linear relationship between logarithmic capacity factor and methanol composition in methanol-water mixtures could also be derived in SLCC.     

Triazines in the aquatic systems of the Eastern Chinese Rivers Liao-He and Yangtse

The results of a one-year monitoring program on the two Eastern Chinese River systems, i.e. the Liao-He and the Yangtse, with special emphasis on the presence of triazine herbicides are presented. Sediment, suspended solids and water samples from both rivers were analyzed. Additionally, recovery experiments on the SPE-in-field-enrichment procedure and the extraction methods were performed. The samples were measured by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry, electron capture detection and a newly developed mu-plasma atomic emission detector. A typical result of a one-year monitoring was obtained in case of the Liao-He: During winter, at low water period, low triazine values were found. A similar situation was found in early spring. Highest concentrations of atrazine up to 1600 ng/l were found in late spring in the water samples. Maximum concentrations of atrazine, simazine, propazine, simetryn and prometryn were observed in this season as a result of the actual use of triazines. Finally, after the high water period in autumn the triazine concentrations decreased. Additionally, atrazine adsorbed on sediment (up to 2.8 ng/g) and suspended solids was determined (up to 8 ng/l) during late spring sampling. Therefore, the logarithm of the organic carbon based sorption coefficient of atrazine could be calculated. Low levels of atrazine were measured in the water of Yangtse (up to 18.3 ng/l). The concentrations from all sampling points and sampling stations of a particular sampling date were similar, which indicates a homogeneous distribution of this herbicide. Due to the high discharge rate of up to 79,000 m3/s in case of the Yangtse a considerable mass transport of up to 57.5 kg per day atrazine may take place, even at concentrations below the European drinking water limit of 100 ng/l.     

Bioassay zur Bestimmung von TCDD-Toxizit?ts?quivalenten (TEQ) von Umweltproben und Reststoffen

Zusammenfassung  Polychlorierte aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe (PHAK), z.B. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlordibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), weisen eine Vielzahl von toxischen Wirkungen und biologischen Effekten auf. Die Substanzklasse der PHAK besitzt die Eigenschaft der Bindung an ein cytosolisches Rezeptor-Protein, gefolgt von der Synthese bestimmter Genprodukte, u.a. von Cytochrom P450 1A1 (CYP 1A1). In dieser Arbeit wird ein Bioassay beschrieben, der erlaubt, die Induktion von CYP 1A1 als Summenparameter für die biologische Wirksamkeit der kritischen, halogenierten Verbindungen in komplexen Umweltmatrizes zu bestimmen. Zur Abtrennung von Substanzen aus den Extrakten von Umweltproben (z. B. Naturstoffe und polyzyklische aromatische Kohlenwasserstoffe), die den Bioassay st?ren k?nnen, wurde ein Ein-S?ulen-Clean-up entwickelt. Die biologisch ermittelten TEQ-Werte stimmen gut mit den Resultaten der chemischen Analytik überein. Der Bioassay in Kombination mit dem Clean-up bietet eine zeitsparende und kostengünstige M?glichkeit zur Untersuchung von Umweltproben.      

Immissionsbelastungen im Umfeld des Flughafens München

The airborne immissions in the eastern surroundings to the new Munich airport have been investigated by means of different analytical methods between 1992 and 1995. For a detection of environmental impacts, bioindicators were applied to determine the pollution by PAH and to quantify the pollution by photooxidants. In addition, the PAH content in the upper soil layer was determined. During high pressure weather periods in summer the actual air pollution was investigated in the course of seven measuring campaigns. The PAH pollution of the soil is typical for rural background sites with highest concentrations in the close vicinity of busy roads, and exhibits no temporary trend. The actual input of PAH does not differ from the typical situation of rural regions in Bavaria at any measuring sites at all. Road traffic can be identified as the main PAH source in summer, whereas the considerably higher pollution in winter can be related to domestic heating. The pollution by photooxidants was found to be rather homogeneous throughout the eastern surroundings to the airport, being lowest at the sites directly influenced by road traffic. The pollution by volatile hydrocarbons at a busy road junction in the city of Erding is considerably higher than in the rural vicinity of the airport. The concentrations exhibit distinct daily courses which, among other things, can be related to atmospheric photooxidation. The hydroperoxides as secondary air pollutants exhibit an inverse course similar to that of ozone, with maximum values in the afternoon.     

“一带一路”沿线非洲7个典型城市的气溶胶光学特征时空分布研究

利用AERONET（Aerosol Robotic Network）的长期观测数据,分析了“一带一路”沿线非洲地区7个典型城市气溶胶的光学和微物理特性及其年际和季节变化特征,包括气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）、波长指数（AE）、单次散射反照率（SSA）、粒子谱分布、气溶胶吸收光学厚度（AAOD）、 主要气溶胶类型、辐射强迫（ARF）及其效率（ARFE）等.结果表明：非洲地区AOD和AE虽然年变化趋势不显著,但其南北区域均值差异十分明显,北部地区的平均AOD（0.47）高于南部（0.18）,而AE则正好相反,分别为0.55和1.38. AOD和AE表现出显著的季节变化特征,非洲北部和 南部的AOD均在春季最高,分别为0.58和0.27,而在秋季最低,分别为0.36和0.12;非洲北部的AE值在秋季最高（0.63）,春季最低（0.36）,南部的AE值则在春季最高（1.51）,夏季最低（1.09）.各站年平均AAOD为0.03~0.05;AAOD冬季最大（0.04~0.10）,夏季最低（0.02~0.05）.从秋季到冬季,非洲各站点SSA均有明显下降趋势,平均值从0.91下降至0.87.DAK站（Dakar）的夏、冬季分别出现SSA的最高、最低值.从气溶胶类型来看,非洲北部地区以粗模态的沙尘型气溶胶为主,南部地区以细模态的生物质燃烧型气溶胶为主.气溶胶辐射强迫计算表明,整层ARF的范围为22.26~70.82 W·m^-2,其中,ILO站（Ilorin）对大气的加热作用最大.此外,以细粒子为主的非洲南部大气底部ARFE高于以沙尘为主的北部, 平均值分别为-217.76和-161.91 W·m^-2.     

Bioconcentration of superlipophilic persistent chemicals

According to present understanding, persistent superlipophilic chemicals — such as octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, octachlorodibenzofuran, Mirex etc — with log K_ow > 6 and cross sections > 9.5 Å, bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms only little from ambient water. The most convincing argument against it is that in bioconcentration experiments with superlipophilic chemicals amounts applied exceeded water solubility by several orders of magnitude. This paper describes various methods for determining bioconcentration factors (BCF) of superlipophilic compounds. As exemplified with octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, BCF values evaluated by these methods match well with those calculated by QSARs for fish and mussels based on log K_ow and water solubility. As expected, these BCF values exceed previous values by several orders of magnitude. For BCF evaluation of superlipophilic chemicals in aquatic organisms we recommend:

1. flow-through systems, kinetic method (OECD guideline No. 305 E)
2. ambient concentrations < water solubility
3. during the uptake and especially during the elimination phase no toxic effects of the test organisms should occur.

     

Phytoremediation of contaminants of emerging concern from soil with industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.): a review

Environment, Development and Sustainability - The presence of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in wastewater treatment plant effluents is a significant underlying health risk and...     

磺胺甲噁唑对堆肥过程中酶活性及微生物群落功能多样性的影响

为了探讨磺胺甲噁唑(Sulfamethoxazole,SMZ)对猪粪堆肥过程的影响,以猪粪、小麦秸秆为试验材料,研究了SMZ对好氧高温堆肥过程中温度、脱氢酶活性及微生物群落功能多样性的影响.结果表明,在整个堆腐过程中,SMZ含量为50 mg·kg-1的处理中脱氢酶活性受到不同程度的抑制作用;SMZ含量为95 mg·kg-1时对脱氢酶活性有激活作用.SMZ含量为95 mg·kg-1的处理中AWCD值与未添加SMZ的处理差异不显著,Simpson指数显著高于其他处理,有利于提高微生物的优势度,Shannon多样性指数显著高于未添加SMZ的处理,提高了微生物群落的丰富度和均匀度.SMZ含量为50 mg·kg-1的处理中AWCD值显著低于其他处理,对微生物活性具有一定的抑制作用.SMZ含量为50 mg·kg-1的堆料中微生物对多酚化合物类和多胺类等物质利用率显著低于其他处理,SMZ含量为95 mg·kg-1的堆料中微生物对糖类、多聚物类及多胺类等物质利用率较低.主成分分析表明,堆料中微生物中起分异作用的碳源主要为糖类、羧酸类及AA酸类.     

用废砖制作利废型轻质墙体材料试验研究

采用正交试验的方法,研究了废砖、废聚苯粒及天然砂的不同配比对利废型轻质墙材性能的影响,配制出了抗压强度5.0 MPa以上,表观密度1 100 kg/m3以下,导热系数0.2 W(/m.K)以下,50次冻循环强度损失率20%以下,质量损失率5%以下的利废型轻质墙材,并讨论了骨料的不同配比与性能的关系。