对河流生态健康状况进行评价,可为河流治理和生态修复提供依据.基于2018年8—9月天津市河流现场调查获取的物理、化学和生物群落指标（浮游动物、浮游植物、底栖动物、鱼类、水生大型植物、陆生植物）数据,构建包含物理完整性、化学完整性和生物完整性在内的河流IEI（index of ecological integrity,生态完整性指数）评价体系,对天津市河流生态健康状况进行评价.根据生物栖息地评分和水质状况确定参照点位,采用标准化方法筛选候选指标,应用层次分析法计算三部分指标权重,最终得出天津市河流生态健康评价结果.结果表明:①IEI评价结果显示,天津市河流生态健康状况等级为“健康”的样点占18.8%,“较好”的样点占28.1%,“一般”的样点占40.6%,“较差”的样点占6.3%,“差”的样点占6.3%,天津市河流生态健康状况整体处于“一般”水平.②相关性分析表明,ρ（NH4+-N）和ρ（CODMn）超标是造成天津市水质达不到功能区标准的主要原因,同时也是影响河流生态健康的主要因素.研究显示,IEI评价法能够较为敏感地响应研究区面临的环境压力,适用于评价研究区河流生态健康. 相似文献
Both China’s national subsidy policies for plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) purchasers and passenger cars corporate average fuel consumption and new vehicle credit regulation (dual-credit policy) favor long-range 300+ km battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and 80+ km plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). However, these electric vehicles tend to have lower energy efficiency and higher purchase and operation costs. Vehicle with larger batteries can also be less equitable because the subsidies are often provided to more expensive vehicles and wealthier owners. This study takes advantage of a novel dataset of daily driving data from 39,854 conventional gasoline vehicles in Beijing and 4999 PHEVs in Shanghai to determine the optimal range of BEVs and PHEVs within their respective cities. We simulate a model to explore ranges with which PEVs emit less GHGs than that of a baseline hybrid and conventional gasoline vehicle while ensuring that all daily travel demands are met. Our findings indicate that in both cities, the optimal ranges to balance cost and travel demand for BEVs are 350 km or less and for PHEVs are 60 km or less in Beijing and 80 km or less in Shanghai. We also find that to minimize carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, the ranges are even lower 10 km in Beijing and 30 km in Shanghai. Our study suggests that instead of encouraging long-range PEVs, governments should subsidize PEV models with shorter ranges. Parallel efforts should also be made to both increase renewable energy over fossil fuels and expand charging facilities. Although individual mobility demand varies, the government could reduce occasional long-distance driving by subsidizing alternative transportation choices. Providing week-long driving trials to consumers before their purchases may help decrease the demand of very long range PEVs by alleviating the range anxiety through a learning process.
