深圳市城区VOCs对PM2.5和O3耦合生成影响研究

为了探究珠江三角洲城市大气PM_2.5和O₃的协同污染特征,在深圳市大学城开展了秋季光化学反应活跃季大气污染加强观测.发现O₃日最大8h平均值(O₃_8h)和PM_2.5在日间具有较强的正相关关系,且O₃_8h与典型挥发性有机物(VOCs)甲醛的相关性显著高于NO₂.利用气溶胶质谱仪在线测量了亚微米气溶胶化学组成,并利用正交矩阵因子模型(PMF)对其中有机气溶胶进行来源解析,解析出5类因子,其中二次有机气溶胶(SOA)占总有机物浓度的50%.通过对污染物之间的相关性分析发现,O₃_8h和SOA具有良好的相关性,但与硝酸盐(NO₃^-)未表现出相关性,说明VOCs在深圳城区大气PM_2.5和O₃耦合生成过程中的作用比NOx明显,VOCs减排是深圳市协同控制PM_2.5和O₃污染的关键.     

北京市秋冬季环流型下的细颗粒物传输

利用Models-3/CMAQ模式系统对北京市2013~2018年秋冬季（即当年11、12月和次年1、2月份）细颗粒物（PM_2.5）进行模拟,计算北京周边4个截面的PM_2.5传输通量,结合流场、浓度的分析,总结11种大气环流型下北京市的PM_2.5传输特征.污染严重的西南（SW）和西（W）环流型下,北京地区受强烈的PM_2.5传输作用,0.6km以下南部平原的输入产生了非常强的输入累积作用,加重了北京地区PM_2.5的污染程度.污染严重的南（S）环流型下,0.6km以下东部平原和0.6km以上南部平原的输入都产生了较强的输入累积作用,京津冀东部和南部地区的污染物通过不同高度范围传输影响北京地区的PM_2.5水平.污染同样严重的均压（UM）和气旋（C）环流型下,各方向的传输都没有产生明显的输入累积作用,本地排放的削减对于污染的控制尤为重要.污染中等的东（E）、东南（SE）环流型下,北京地区在近地层（0.2km以下）通过南部平原截面对保定等城市有较大的输出通量,对北京污染具有较强的输出消散作用.污染轻的北（N）、东北（NE）和西北（NW）环流型下,北京地区在1km以下通过东部平原截面对廊坊、天津等城市有很大的输出通量,对北京污染具有很强的输出消散作用.污染轻的A环流型下,北京地区没有明显的PM_2.5输入输出现象.     

福州盆地钻孔沉积物记录的MIS3以来海侵—海退过程

通过对福州盆地首山路ZKCS钻孔岩芯的AMS 14C及光释光(OSL)年代测试、岩性特征、黏土浑浊水电导率值和地球化学元素测定、粒度分析以及硅藻鉴定,对钻孔沉积物的沉积环境进行分析,并与ZK004钻孔结果进行对比,结合全球古气候及区域构造记录,确认首山路ZKCS钻孔记录了两次完整的海侵—海退旋回,第一次海侵结束时间约50 ka,第二次海侵发生在全新世期间.两次海侵发生的主要原因不同,第一次海侵发生在MIS3早期,对应于前人命名的"福州海侵",主要原因是区域构造下沉,加之此时古气候变暖引发海面上升;之后由于盆地内部的不均匀沉降,再次发生抬升,导致ZKCS钻孔记录的海侵较早结束、海侵层埋深较浅;全新世海侵即前人命名的"长乐海进",强度比前一期强,为冰后期全球气候变暖和海面上升共同作用的结果,其次可能还伴随着盆地的下陷.     

Study on the role of copper converter slag in simultaneously removing SO2 and NOx using KMnO4/copper converter slag slurry

To achieve “waste controlled by waste”, a novel wet process using KMnO4/copper converter slag slurry for simultaneously removing SO2 and NOx from acid-making tail gas was proposed. Through the solid-liquid separation for copper slag slurry, the liquid-phase part has a critical influence on removing NOx and SO2. Also, the leached metal ions played a crucial role in the absorption of SO2 and NOx. Subsequently, the effects of single/multi-metal ions on NOx removal was investigated. The results showed that the leached metal from copper converter slag (Al3+, Cu2+, and Mg2+) and KMnO4 had a synergistic effect on NOx removal, thereby improving the NOx removal efficiency. Whereas Fe2+ had an inhibitory effect on the NOx removal owing to the reaction between Fe2+ and KMnO4, thereby consuming the KMnO4. Besides, SO2 was converted to SO42? completely partly due to the liquid catalytic oxidation by metal ions. The XRD and XPS results indicated that the Fe (II) species (Fe2SiO4, Fe3O4) in copper slag can react with H+ ions with the generation of Fe2+, and further consumed the KMnO4, thereby resulting in a decrease in the NOx removal. The characterization of the slags and solutions before and after reaction led us to propose the possible mechanisms. The role of copper slag is as follows: (1) the alkaline substances in copper slag can absorb SO2 and NO2 by KMnO4 oxidation. (2) copper slag may function as a catalyst to accelerate SO2 conversion and improve NOx removal by synergistic effect between leached metal ions and KMnO4.     

Removal of elemental mercury by photocatalytic oxidation over La2O3/Bi2O3 composite

La₂O₃/Bi₂O₃ photocatalysts were prepared by impregnation of Bi₂O₃ with an aqueous solution of lanthanum precursor followed by calcination at different temperatures. The composite materials were used for the first time for the photocatalytic removal of Hg⁰ from a simulated flue gas under UV light irradiation. The results showed that the sample containing 6 wt.% La₂O₃ and calcined at 500°C has the highest dispersion of the active sites, which was promoted by the strong interaction with the support (i.e., the formation of Bi-O-La species). Since they are fully accessible on the surface, the material also exhibits excellent optical properties while the heterojunction formed in La₂O₃/Bi₂O₃ promotes the separation and migration of photoelectron-hole pairs and thus Hg⁰ oxidation efficiency is enhanced. The effects of the various factors (e.g., the reaction temperature and composition of the simulated flue gas (i.e., O₂, NO, H₂O, and SO₂)) on the efficiency of the Hg⁰ photocatalytic oxidation were investigated. The results demonstrated that O₂ and SO₂ enhanced the efficiency of the reaction while the reaction temperature, NO, and H₂O had an inhibitory effect.     

Yearly variation in characteristics and health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nitro-PAHs in urban shanghai from 2010–2018

This study encompassed the regular observation of nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and three nitro-PAHs (NPAHs) in particulate matter (PM) in Shanghai in summer and winter from 2010 to 2018. The results showed that the mean concentrations of ?PAHs in summer decreased by 24.7% in 2013 and 18.1% in 2017 but increased by 10.2% in 2015 compared to the data in 2010. However, the mean concentrations of ?PAHs in winter decreased by 39.7% from 2010 (12.8 ± 4.55 ng/m³) to 2018 (7.72 ± 3.33 ng/m³), and the mean concentrations of 1-nitropyrene in winter decreased by 79.0% from 2010 (42.3 ± 16.1 pg/m³) to 2018 (8.90 ± 2.09 pg/m³). Correlation analysis with meteorological conditions revealed that the PAH and NPAH concentrations were both influenced by ambient temperature. The diagnostic ratios of PAHs and factor analysis showed that they were mainly affected by traffic emissions with some coal and/or biomass combustion. The ratio of 2-nitrofluoranthene to 2-nitropyrene was near 10, which indicated that the OH radical-initiated reaction was the main pathway leading to their secondary formation. Moreover, backward trajectories revealed different air mass routes in each sampling period, indicating a high possibility of source effects from the northern area in winter in addition to local and surrounding influences. Meanwhile, the mean total benzo[a]pyrene-equivalent concentrations in Shanghai in winter decreased by 50.8% from 2010 (1860 ± 645 pg/m³) to 2018 (916 ± 363 pg/m³). These results indicated the positive effects of the various policies and regulations issued by Chinese authorities.     

污水厂尾水受纳河段沉积物磷形态及释放风险效应

2018年10月～2019年4月,在合肥市板桥河的蔡田铺污水厂尾水排放口上、下游河道4个采样点位,按照每两个月采样一次的频率采集沉积物和上覆水样,分析尾水排放对河道沉积物磷形态及磷平衡浓度(EPC_0)的影响,解析沉积物磷平衡浓度及磷释放风险的外源碳(乙酸钠)响应.结果表明,板桥河水体沉积物磷素受污水厂尾水影响较大,排放口上、下游沉积物总磷均值分别为789. 39 mg·kg~(-1)和854. 41 mg·kg~(-1),生物有效性磷均值分别为157. 19 mg·kg~(-1)和173. 37 mg·kg~(-1); 4个采样点的EPC_0值大小排序为:SP1 SP2 SP3 CP,表明尾水排入提高了河流EPC_0,致使河流沉积物磷释放风险增加;外源碳的添加明显降低沉积物的EPC_0值,特别是紧邻排放口的SP1下降最为显著,表明外源碳添加对降低沉积物磷释放风险有效.     

西藏日太阳总辐射估算模型的优化与时间尺度效应

根据2012～2014年拉萨站点的日太阳辐射观测数据,对3种日太阳总辐射估算模型(左大康、Prescoff和王炳忠等提出的估算模型)的估算结果和实际观测结果进行误差检验分析,结果表明:3种模型都通过了显著性检验,其平均绝对误差(MAE)分别为6.17 MJ/(m~2·d)、6.42 MJ/(m~2·d)和12.31 MJ/(m~2·d),均方根误差(RMSE)分别为1.60 MJ/(m~2·d)、1.65 MJ/(m~2·d)和2.78 MJ/(m~2·d),表明利用地理位置信息和日照时数的左大康估算模型对拉萨日太阳总辐射的估算效果优于Prescoff和王炳忠估算模型。利用左大康估算模型分别估算得到2015年拉萨、那曲和葛尔地区的日太阳总辐射值,并进行模型验证。通过分析拉萨1971～2015年的太阳总辐射变化和周期性特征,研究日太阳总辐射估算模型的时间尺度效应。按照11年和四季两种不同的时间尺度,利用线性回归法对日太阳总辐射估算结果和实际观测结果进行误差和相关性分析,得到经验参数a和b的值与时间尺度有一定关系。11年和四季两种时间尺度除夏季以外,其他时间拟合模型的精度均得到了提高。通过线性回归法得出45年的西藏日太阳总辐射优化估算模型,该模型估算日太阳总辐射的误差小于左大康模型,估算精度较高。     

格子玻尔兹曼方法(LBM)及其在微通道绕流中的应用

介绍了格子玻尔兹曼方法基本理论与计算方法,并建立了D2Q9计算模型,对宏观尺度及微通道中的非稳态绕流进行了数值模拟,得到了绕流过程的速度分布和涡量分布等信息,对流场结构、固体阻力、尾涡脱落等变化规律进行了分析。结果表明,格子玻尔兹曼方法以其计算稳定、效率高等优势能够应用于微反应器领域的数值模拟;同等液相停留时间条件下,微反应器中的圆柱绕流湍动程度明显降低,未形成周期性涡流,流动更加均匀稳定,有助于实现化学反应的精确控制。     

阻抗管法隔声量测试试样密封方法探究

阻抗管法法向入射隔声量测试过程中,试样与阻抗管间的密封方式是测量结果的一个重要的影响因素。介绍了阻抗管测量法向入射隔声量的方法,重点介绍在阻抗管中的试样安装和密封方法,通过实施4种不同的密封方法,得出密封效果的排序,对阻抗法测量隔声量的试验实施具有参考价值。