清洁发展机制在石油行业的潜力分析

系统分析了石油行业清洁发展机制项目的潜力,并提出了建议。在统计与石油行业相关的清洁发展机制方法学及其注册项目和温室气体减排量的基础上,给出了各方法学与石油行业的相关性。从勘探与生产、天然气与管道、炼油与化工三大领域,分析了石油行业潜在的清洁发展机制项目领域。最后,提出了对石油行业开展清洁发展机制相关工作的建议。     

中国煤矿安全事故损失计算模型研究

分析了煤矿安全事故处理过程中可能发生的各项经济损失,根据它们的特征和性质将其划分为直接价值因素损失、间接价值因素损失和非价值性因素损失3大类.引入伤害分级比例系数法进行事故人员伤亡价值损失的估算,有利于对伤亡矿工赔付额的界定.建立了煤矿事故损失计算模型,同时给出了各项费用的计算公式,并将该模型应用于我国辽宁孙家湾"2.14"煤矿事故的损失计算,对计算结果进行了分析,并进行经济损失程度分级.结果显示,模型计算得到损失大小和损失组成特点符合实际.     

An Interval-Parameter Waste-Load-Allocation Model for River Water Quality Management Under Uncertainty

A simulation-based interval quadratic waste load allocation (IQWLA) model was developed for supporting river water quality management. A multi-segment simulation model was developed to generate water-quality transformation matrices and vectors under steady-state river flow conditions. The established matrices and vectors were then used to establish the water-quality constraints that were included in a water quality management model. Uncertainties associated with water quality parameters, cost functions, and environmental guidelines were described as intervals. The cost functions of wastewater treatment units were expressed in quadratic forms. A water-quality planning problem in the Changsha section of Xiangjiang River in China was used as a study case to demonstrate applicability of the proposed method. The study results demonstrated that IQWLA model could effectively communicate the interval-format uncertainties into optimization process, and generate inexact solutions that contain a spectrum of potential wastewater treatment options. Decision alternatives can be generated by adjusting different combinations of the decision variables within their solution intervals. The results are valuable for supporting local decision makers in generating cost-effective water quality management strategies.     

Joint Impact of Scaling and Hysteresis on NAPL Flow Simulation

The hysteresis of capillary pressure versus saturation (P–S) relation is an important constitutive relation in multiphase flow, since the P–S relation is widely used to predict P–S relations in the simulation of the non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs). This work examined the performance of the scaling rule on predicting the P–S relationship and then studied the joint impact of the scaling and hysteresis on the multiphase NAPL flow simulation. Various experimental P–S values of distinct fluid pairs were compared with the scaled P–S curves using the scaling rule. The comparison indicated that the prediction of P–S is more accurate when the water–air P–S curve is used to scale other P–S curves. The joint impact of the scaling and hysteresis on the NAPLs flow simulation was then investigated by numerical simulation studies. The NAPL simulator was used to simulate the outcome of several scenarios based on a system with water–NAPL–air in a hypothetical sand tank. For both gasoline and trichloroethylene, the difference of the injected NAPL volume between no hysteretic and hysteretic simulations over a given time period was the smallest when the water–air P–S curve was used to scale other P–S curves. Simulation results of this study are valuable references for predicting the distribution of NAPLs.     

Gender differences in relation to wayfinding strategies, navigational support design, and wayfinding task difficulty

This study investigated user wayfinding navigational performance in terms of two navigational support designs (guide sign and you-are-here map, i.e., YAH), wayfinding strategies (egocentric/route and allocentric/survey), task difficulty (terrestrial/2D or weightless/3D), and gender differences. Eighty participants (40 males and 40 females) were recruited for the wayfinding experiment. The experimental results and statistical analysis indicated that, in the weightless VR scene, navigation time for the terrestrial/2D task type was significantly shorter than for the weightless/3D task type. The guide sign support was significantly more effective than YAH map support. Moreover, the interactions between support style and gender difference indicated that males exhibit better wayfinding performance than females, but that appropriate support can improve navigational performance and eliminate gender differences. In addition, the Way-Finding Strategy Scale result showed that the females were more likely to adopt the egocentric strategy while males were more likely to adopt the allocentric strategy, and that their scores were negatively correlated with navigational performance. Our results can be used to evaluate the interface designs of navigational support systems taking into consideration gender differences with respect to 3D VR games, including VR diving or flying navigational systems.     

China''s Total Emission Control Policy:a Critical Review

As part of a comprehensive environmental management system, many countries establish emission control targets for mass emissions of a pollutant. Such targets are often the key objective of an environmental policy, such as an emission trading program. In China, however, it is more than just an objective of one particular policy; it has become a concept that has influenced many national environmental policies and activities. The objective of this article is to review the implementation of the total emission c...     

Levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and hexabromocyclododecane in the atmosphere and tree bark from Beijing, China

Air samples in four seasons at one site and tree bark samples from four districts were determined to investigate seasonal variation and regional distribution of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) in Beijing, China. The total concentrations of PBDEs (∑PBDE) and HBCD (∑HBCD) were in the range of 57-470 and 20-1800 pg m⁻³ in the atmosphere, respectively. The ∑PBDE and ∑HBCD concentrations were significantly influenced by the total suspended particulate matter in atmosphere. The total concentrations of PBDEs and HBCD in tree bark samples were in the range of 99-3700 and 26-3400 ng g⁻¹ lipid weight. It was found that regional distribution of PBDEs and HBCD was related to the function of each district. In addition, the study found that weeping willow bark was an ideal atmospheric PBDEs and HBCD passive sampler. Finally, atmospheric levels of BDE-209 and HBCD at tree bark sampling districts were estimated via applying an established bark/air partitioning model, which had been verified by the measured concentrations in tree bark and atmosphere in Beijing.     

间歇运行式生物滴滤池处理油漆废气中试研究

为研究间歇运行式生物滴滤池对油漆生产厂废气净化能力，建立一座中试规模生物滴滤池（BTF），接种降解菌群，采用8 h/d运行方式净化某油漆厂包装车间废气，并用PCR-DGGE技术揭示BTF细菌群落结构与工艺运行条件间的联系。油漆厂包装车间废气中挥发性有机物（VOCs）主要为甲苯、乙苯、混合二甲苯（间、对和邻二甲苯），BTF对甲苯、乙苯、混合二甲苯最大去除率分别为88.8%、83.7%和86.3%。DGGE分析显示，BTF稳定运行时，主要优势菌相对丰度较为稳定（F，P>0.05），其细菌多样性显著低于启动期（F，P>0.05）；同时，下层填料细菌多样性高于上层填料，其细菌结构变化也较上层明显；另外，提升培养液浓度至2倍和4倍对菌群结构亦无显著影响。     

膜电解法在线再生酸性蚀刻液及回收铜新技术

采用极化曲线法研究了酸性蚀刻液阴、阳极电化学行为，并构建了离子膜电解反应体系，考察了在线再生酸性蚀刻液及回收铜的效果。结果表明，阳极氧化过程发生浓差极化，存在极限电流密度，Cu＋含量越高，极限电流密度越大；阴极还原分4步反应进行，存在极限电流密度；强化溶液传质可有效提高阴、阳极极限电流密度，有利于避免电解过程中析出氯气和氢气；在线实验表明，通过监控阳极液ORP，可避免析出氯气；分步降低电流电解有利于避免析出氢气，形成致密的金属铜块；在电流为9～24A范围内分4步电解23．5h可再生酸性蚀刻液23．5L，同时电沉积回收510g铜，纯度高达99．98％。阴极电流效率达到95．2％，吨铜电耗3251kWh。电解过程中无氯气和氢气析出，无废液排放，表明膜电解法在线再生酸性蚀刻液具有良好的应用前景。     

The drivers of risk to water security in Shanghai

Big cities are often said to have big water problems, and Shanghai is no exception. In this paper, we examine and compare the influence of the major factors that give rise to the risk of water insecurity in Shanghai. There is an extensive and diverse literature on these issues, dealt with in isolation, and here, we provide a synthesis of the literature, together with our own assessments and calculations, to assess what are the risks to Shanghai’s water supply and what is our degree of confidence in this assessment. We describe the systems that supply water to the city, and past and future changes in the systems, including changes in the glaciers that supply some water to the river, changes in climate, changes in land use, the construction of dams, and water diversions. We show how, at the same time as Shanghai is increasing its dependence on the Yangtze river, water diversions and sea level rise are increasing the risk that this water will be too saline to consume at certain times of the year. This analysis suggests that most of the major drivers of the risk to water security in Shanghai are within the power of environmental managers to control.