柴油/甲醇组合燃烧(DMCC)减少重载柴油机烟度排放的试验研究

在一台满足国三排放法规要求的重载车用增压中冷电控单体泵柴油机上,将其改造成柴油/甲醇组合燃烧(DMCC)发动机并进行台架试验.利用电控单元控制向进气歧管喷射的甲醇量及其喷射时刻,原柴油机供油系统保持不变.试验主要研究在稳定工况时,不同的负荷以及不同的甲醇对柴油的比例情况下,经催化转化后发动机干炭烟烟度(415烟度)和不透光烟度(439烟度)排放的情况.试验结果表明,在燃用现有市售的燃油条件下,与原机相比,相同工况下采用DMCC的干炭烟烟度和不透光烟度都有大幅度的减少.干炭烟的最大降幅达95%,平均降幅达到50%以上.在柴油喷射量不变的情况下,增加甲醇喷射量,干炭烟烟度会持续减小,而不透光烟度呈先减少后增加的趋势.同负荷时的甲醇对柴油替代率为44.88%到56.73%时,不透光烟度存在最低点,并且发动机的烟度排放存在最优值.在同一工况下,随着柴油对甲醇的比例增加,发动机的干炭烟烟度和不透光烟度排放都逐渐增加.     

VOCs污染场地挖掘过程的环境健康风险评价

开展了在典型污染场地修复过程中VOCs散逸浓度检测实验,并且建立了3条暴露途径对修复过程进行健康风险评价.结果表明,单污染物多途径累计非致癌指数最高的是四氯化碳,高达8.86E+01,其对综合非致癌影响贡献率为74.45%.多污染物质同一暴露途径危害指数最高的是呼吸暴露途径:1.01E+02,占综合危害指数的84.87%,非致癌综合危害指数为1.19E+02.单污染物多途径累计致癌指数最高的是1,2-二氯乙烷:3.08E-02,其对综合致癌影响贡献率为69.53%.多污染物质同一暴露途径危害指数最高的是呼吸暴露途径:3.96E-02,占综合致癌指数的89.39%,总致癌危害指数达到4.43E-02.     

滇池与红枫湖沉积物中磷的地球化学特征比较研究

对比研究了滇池与红枫湖表层沉积物中磷的形态含量及其生物有效性.结果表明,两湖沉积物总磷含量相当,分别为1373.8～ 4616.3mg·kg-1、1194.4 ～4324.3 mg·kg-1.HCl-P、Res-P为滇池沉积物中主要的磷形态,占总磷的62.9％ ～86.4％;而红枫湖中磷形态顺序为NaOH-P＞ Res-P＞ HCl-P＞ BD-P＞ NH4Cl-P;两湖沉积物中有机磷均以低活性态为主.红枫湖沉积物中NH4Cl-P、BD-P、NaOH-rP及生物有效磷等平均含量明显高于滇池,表明其内源磷释放对上覆水体富营养化的贡献更大.Olsen-P与NH4Cl-P、BD-P、NaOH-rP等活性磷形态呈显著正相关,而与NaOH-nrP、HCl-P、Res-P、TP等相关性不显著,因此,可作为评价两湖沉积物释磷能力及其潜在环境风险的重要指标.     

O_3催化氧化深度处理兰炭废水的试验研究

采用O3催化氧化法深度处理兰炭废水,提出了兰炭废水达标排放的新处理方法。以铜为活性组分,氧化铝为载体采用浸渍法制备CuO/γ-Al2O3催化剂,并采用XRD对其进行表征,利用催化剂结合O3催化氧化法去除兰炭废水中经生化处理后残留的污染物。设计了催化氧化试验装置,考察了催化剂投加量、反应时间、O3用量以及pH等因素对处理效果的影响。实验结果表明,pH在酸性条件下有利于COD去除率的提高,O3用量提高有助于COD去除率的提高,将催化剂用量和反应时间控制在一定范围内有利于污染物的去除;最佳条件下催化剂投加量300 g,反应时间1 h,O3用量0.08 m3/h,pH为7左右时COD去除率可达到95%左右。另外,催化剂在20次反应过程中表现出较高的催化活性及较强的稳定性。     

皇甫川流域百里香光合和蒸腾作用日进程及影响因子分析

采用Li-6400光合系统测定仪,测定了皇甫川流域百里香(Thymus serpyllum)的光合速率和蒸腾速率日变化特征及生理生态因子对其的影响.结果表明:百里香的光合和蒸腾速率日进程曲线为双峰型,其光合“午休”现象是受到气孔因素限制.百里香光合和蒸腾速率主要受到气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度的影响.     

城市大气污染分析及综合防治

城市大气污染已成为世界各国面临日益严重的环境问题,制约各国政治经济的快速发展,同时危害了人民群众的正常健康生活.如何防止城市大气污染,减轻其危害和影响,是当今重大而紧迫的课题.本课题系统分析了当前我国城市大气污染的状况、特点及成因,为有效防治大气污染提供了理论基础.     

一、二次风配比对75t/h循环流化床的影响

本文利用FLUENT模拟软件对75t/h循环流化床进行数值模拟,研究了一、二次风配比(5∶5、5.5∶4.5和6∶4)对炉内温度场、速度场和CO2分布的影响,发现一、二次风配比为5.5∶4.5时,循环流化床运行较优,炉内温度场较均匀,且基本能达到规定运行温度,速度分布均匀,炉内烟气流速较高,出口烟气速度分别比1、3#工况要高33.42％和13.70％,炉内CO2分布较优,旋风分离器具有很高的工作效率.     

蒸发波导探测系统传感器允许误差分析

基于自主开发蒸发波导诊断分析模型,开展了蒸发波导高度敏感性数值试验研究,发现在几乎所有层结条件下,海面相对湿度是影响蒸发波导高度变化的最敏感因子,其次是海面气温、海表面水温和海面风速,气压变化影响可忽略不计。若使蒸发波导高度诊断分析均方差小于或接近于蒸发波导高度10%,则在稳定层结下要求气温和海表面水温误差不大于0.2℃、相对湿度误差不大于1%、海面风速误差不大于0.5m/s,在不稳定和中性层结下要求气温和海表面水温误差不大于0.5℃、相对湿度误差不大于3%、低风速时风速误差不大于0.5m/s、高风速时风速误差不大于1.0m/s。     

Effects of fenvalerate concentrations and its chiral isomers on bacterial community structure in the sediment environment of aquaculture ponds

To investigate the effect of chiral pesticide fenvalerate (FV) on the micro-ecological environment of aquaculture pond sediment, we used an indoor static experiment to observe the effects of FV added at different concentrations with different chiral isomers on the changes in the sediment bacterial community. The 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing technique was used to conduct sequencing and analysis of the bacterial community structure as well as changes in aquaculture pond sediments after 4 weeks of cultivation. The results showed that the microbial alpha diversity indices (Sobs and Shannon indices) of the treated groups were significantly lower than those of the control group after 4 weeks (P < 0.05), and the values in the high-concentration group were significantly lower than those of the low-concentration group (P < 0.05). In terms of bacterial group composition, the proportion of abundance of Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria in the treated groups were greater than in the control group after 4 weeks, while the proportion of abundance of Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia were lower. In the high-concentration FV treatment group, the proportion of abundance of Bacteroidetes, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi, Nitrospinae, unclassified_k_norank, Ignavibacteriae, and Nitrospirae were significantly different from those of the other groups (P < 0.05). Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and ANONISIM/Adonis analysis showed that the cis-enantiomer had a stronger effect on the bacterial community as the concentration of FV increased. In addition, the linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) results revealed differences in the level of enrichment of bacterial groups caused by FV at different concentrations and isomer levels. Collectively, this study showed that FV residue has a pronounced effect on bacterial communities in sediment, which becomes more significant with increasing exposure concentration. The effects of the cis- and trans-enantiomers of FV on the sediment environment are different; the cis-enantiomer has a stronger effect on the bacterial community.

     

Comparison analysis on simultaneous decolorization of Congo red and electricity generation in microbial fuel cell (MFC) with l-threonine-/conductive polymer-modified anodes

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - l-Threonine and three kinds of conductive polymers were applied for anode modification in microbial fuel cells (MFCs) for decolorization of Congo red...