Facing the water framework directive challenges: A baseline of stakeholder participation in the European Union

Public participation is a key element of Integrated Water Resources Management and, in the European Union (EU), is a major challenge in the implementation of the Water Framework Directive (WFD), which was adopted in December 2000. When new legislation enters into force it is essential to set a baseline against which to measure the progress towards the established goals at significant milestones of its implementation. This paper presents an assessment of the quality of stakeholder participation at the beginning of the WFD implementation in twenty countries belonging to or with close institutional relationships with the EU. The evaluation was completed by environmental non-governmental organizations and it shows that already in 2003 there were positive examples of stakeholder participation in several countries but that, in general, the WFD implementation will require significant efforts to improve on participatory practices throughout Europe.     

改性粉煤灰净化含磷废水的研究

采用改性粉煤灰对含磷废水进行净化,考察了pH、吸附剂用量、吸附时间和吸附温度对净化效果的影响。结果表明:(1)当pH为9时,磷净化率达到最大值。(2)当改性粉煤灰用量为30g/L时,磷净化率可达99.53%,磷净化后质量浓度为0.91mg/L,达到《污水综合排放标准》(GB8978—1996)中二级标准限值(1.0mg/L);当改性粉煤灰用量为40g/L时,磷净化率可达99.75%,磷净化后质量浓度为0.48mg/L,达到GB8978—1996中一级标准限值(0.5mg/L)。(3)改性粉煤灰对废水中磷的净化速度较快,吸附5min即可使吸附过程达到平衡;进一步提高吸附时间,磷净化率及净化后浓度几乎不再变化。(4)吸附温度对磷净化率的影响较小,当吸附温度为20～40℃时,磷净化率为97.00%～98.62%。(5)改性粉煤灰对磷的吸附等温线较符合Freundlich方程,且1/n=0.374,吸附过程易进行,改性粉煤灰可作为磷的吸附剂用于废水中磷的净化。     

大容积无缝气瓶瓶口外螺纹修复方法及安全分析

为确定不同瓶口壁厚气瓶的外螺纹修复方式，采用数值和理论方法，通过分析外螺纹修复后气瓶的瓶体应力分布、周向转动和轴向窜动情况，对直接加工和采用热套工艺加装衬环2种瓶口外螺纹修复方式的安全性进行评价。结果表明:针对内螺纹规格为3-1/4″-8UN的气瓶，当采用直接加工方式将外螺纹修复至4-1/2″-8UN时，气瓶最大应力位于气瓶筒体上，此时气瓶可安全使用；当已修复至4-1/2″-8UN的瓶口外螺纹再次出现磨损时，直接加工的修复方式会对气瓶的安全使用造成影响，应采用热套工艺加装衬环方式修复瓶口螺纹。     

Multi-level interactions in a context of political decentralization and evolving water-policy goals: the case of Spain

Regional Environmental Change - Spain is a highly decentralized country where water governance is a multi-level institutional endeavor requiring effective intergovernmental coordination—in...     

应急状态下矿井瓦斯爆炸致灾因子传播快速分类器研究*

为了在矿井瓦斯爆炸灾变发生后，快速确定瓦斯爆炸冲击波的压力、温度、有毒有害气体等致灾因子在井巷网络中的传播情况。利用CFD数值模拟或爆炸实验获得瓦斯爆炸冲击波的压力、温度、有毒有害气体等致灾因子传播大数据，将影响瓦斯爆炸传播的因素以及观测点等参数作为人工神经网络的输入节点，压力、温度等致灾因子作为输出节点，建立瓦斯爆炸致灾因子传播快速预测机器学习模型，解决CFD数值模拟的建模、计算及数据分析处理等过程耗时大、不适应灾变应急的快速响应等问题。研究结果表明:在给定爆炸位置和爆炸当量的均直巷道，获得任一点的爆炸冲击波压力、温度以及有毒有害气体所需时间是瞬时的，人工神经网络平均训练误差为6.92 %，有训练样本的验证误差为5.24 %，无训练样本的验证误差为6.88 %。     

高水无机材料防灭火性能影响因素研究与实践*

为进一步揭示高水无机材料抑制煤自燃机理，将其更好地应用于煤矿防灭火领域，开展高水无机材料流动渗透性能实验与高水无机材料抑制煤堆自燃实验，研究不同水灰比和不同空隙率条件下高水无机材料浆液流动渗透规律和高水无机材料浆液煤堆自燃降温规律。结果表明:高水无机材料浆液的水灰比和煤块间的间隙宽度对其流动渗透性能有显著影响，煤堆不同径向距离处的温度均呈现出开始迅速降低、之后缓慢降低的2个降温阶段。三河尖矿防灭火工程实践应用表明水灰比28∶1的高水无机材料浆液有较好的防灭火效果。     

Integrated Ambient and Microenvironment Model for Estimation of PM10 Exposures of Children in Annual and Episode Settings

Particulate matter air pollution is estimated to cause in the order of 350,000 excess deaths in the European Union calling for policy development and evaluation tools. In the current work, a model for PM₁₀ exposures of children is developed using microenvironment time activities and infiltration of ambient pollution indoors, both evaluated against observations earlier and integrated with city-wide air quality models in the current work. The model is demonstrated using data from two cities in Italy. High-end short-term exposures are characterized by an episode-day situation in Turin, and annual mean exposures in downtown Bologna. The air quality model was unable to capture the highest levels during the episode, and therefore, the exposure model was adjusted using observed–modeled ratio from a monitoring station. Air quality model performance for the annual levels was significantly better. Annual exposure variability within the target population was 1.5-fold in the downtown area Bologna and tenfold during the episode day in Turin.     

软岩地区喷射混凝土边坡变形分析——温度场与应力场的耦合效应

由于混凝土材料与岩土材料的热传导系数、比热容与热膨胀系数的差异,使得喷射混凝土边坡在温度的循环变化下,容易在喷层与岩土层的结合面处产生应力集中而开裂.提出考虑地应力与温度应力耦合作用的有限元分析方法,分析了不同边界温度作用下,边坡喷层面水平位移、垂直位移的规律;指出在温度应力与地应力的共同作用下,喷射混凝土边坡的坡顶与坡脚都是容易发生破坏的部位,通常坡顶的破坏形式为拉张破坏而坡脚则为剪切破坏.当温度变化剧烈时,边坡的防护必须考虑温度应力的影响.     

The relation between the estimated dietary intake of PCDD/Fs and levels in blood in a Flemish population (50-65 years)

Dioxin-like activity was measured in the serum of 1425 Flemish men and women via the CALUX assay. The adults, aged between 50 and 65 years, participated in a large biomonitoring program, executed by the Flemish Center of Expertise for Environment and Health between 2002 and 2006. Within the context of this biomonitoring program also dietary intake of dioxin-like contaminants was assessed through a food frequency questionnaire. The relation between the estimated dietary intake and the dioxin-like activity in serum was evaluated using multivariate analyses: a logistic model was performed on the total population, while a linear regression analysis was done on the subsample with quantifiable dioxin activity levels in serum. Region, gender, age, BMI, smoking status, as well as dietary habits were entered in the model, with dioxin level as an outcome estimate. Both the logistic and linear model confirmed the contribution of dietary intake to the dioxin activity measured in serum. Also BMI and region were found to be associated with dioxin activity levels.     

Place attachment,identification and environment perception: An empirical study

The relationship between people and places is characterized by affective and cognitive dimensions, defined, respectively, as place attachment and identification. This paper aims at clarifying differences between place attachment and identification by (1) identifying their predictors in a structural equation model and (2) exploring their association with the environmental perception. To this purpose, we conducted a research on a sample of 328 residents of a city in the north of Italy. Results show that the affective and the cognitive dimensions (1) are directly predicted by different demographical and psychosocial variables and (2) are strictly associated to the perception of the place and its inhabitants. Place attachment and identification are two distinct but correlated components. Semantic contents related to the environmental perception are described in respect to different levels of attachment and identification.