基于GIS的唐山地区大气污染物时空分布研究

应用数据统计和ArcGIS对北方重工业城市唐山地区2014年14个县(区)18个空气自动监测站的数据进行时空分布特征分析,监测的污染物为PM_(10)、SO_2、NO_2、PM_(2.5)、O_3、CO共6项。利用ArcGIS对各个自动监测站污染物数据建立网格模型,采用反距离权重法分别对年均、采暖期、非采暖期的环境空气质量综合指数和6项污染因子浓度的空间分布进行估算,直观比较了污染物在不同时期内的空间分布状况。结果表明,空气质量时间分布较为明显,非采暖期明显好于采暖期。同时,计算出每个网格单元污染指数的标准偏差,结合气象气候、地形地势、工业发展等情况,分析得出北部山区、市中心区附近区域空气质量波动较大。为区域大气污染有针对性的综合防治、联防联控及污染物区域削减计划打下数据基础。     

Simulation of Urban-Scale Air Pollution Patterns in Luxembourg: Contributing Sources and Emission Scenarios

The aim of this study is to investigate the air pollution situation in an urban area in southwestern Luxembourg and to simulate annual NO₂ and PM₁₀ concentrations in response to changes in meteorological conditions and emissions using a Gaussian dispersion model. Simulations are carried out for the years 1998–2006. Emission scenarios related to road transport and nonindustrial combustion are performed in order to predict changes of air pollution levels. Road transport is by far the most important local emission source in the study area. Scenarios with more stringent emission standards for vehicles, less traffic, and fewer heavy-duty vehicles lead to reductions of NO_x and primary PM₁₀ emissions. As a result, the annual NO₂ concentrations are decreasing in most parts of the study area and are below the European annual limit value of 40 μg?m^?3. In contrast, a scenario with increased use of wood pellets for domestic heating shows an increase in urban PM₁₀ concentration. The year-to-year variability of meteorological conditions accounts for the same magnitude of absolute NO₂ and PM₁₀ concentration changes as the emission scenarios. The comparison with measurements located in the study area shows that the model is able to predict urban-scale annual average air pollution. The proposed application results show that the model can be appropriate for policy-driven air quality management and planning queries.     

Overview of particulate exposures in the US trucking industry

As part of a large epidemiologic study of lung cancer, 55,000 subjects, we have conducted a nation-wide survey of particulate exposures in the US trucking industry. The goal is to differentiate the risks from various types of particulate exposures, such as traffic emissions and general air pollution. We hypothesize that exposures defined by job and work site characteristics can be linked with subjects using their personal job histories. This report covers exposures at 36 randomly chosen large truck freight terminals in the US. Measurements were made of PM2.5, elemental carbon (EC), and organic carbon (OC) upwind of the terminal (background) and in work areas, and by personal samples. Significant differences in exposure intensity, microg m(-3), were found for work locations and jobs relative to background levels (GM[GSD]) at terminal sites: PM2.5 9.8[2.34], EC 0.5[3.24], and OC 5.0[1.76]. Using EC as a marker for diesel particles, work locations varied significantly: office 0.3[3.7], dock area 0.7[2.89] and shop area 1.5[3.52]), as did job titles (non-smokers): clerk 0.1[9.98], dock worker 0.8[2.13], and mechanic 2.0[3.82]. Cigarette smoking contributed substantially to personal exposures, approximately doubling PM2.5 and OC, but having less of an effect on EC. Large differences were seen across the terminal sites due to differences in local regional air pollution levels from traffic and other sources. We conclude that it will be possible to estimate current exposures of the cohort using an exposure assignment matrix based on job title, work location, and terminal site. This distribution overlaps substantially with the general public's exposure to these sources.     

Preparation and Validation of Gridded Emission Inventory of Criteria Air Pollutants and Identification of Emission Hotspots for Megacity Delhi

Delhi is one of the many megacities struggling with punishing levels of pollution from industrial, residential, and transportation sources. Over the years, pollution abatement in Delhi has become an important constituent of state policies. In the past one decade a lot of policies and regulations have been implemented which have had a noticeable effect on pollution levels. In this context, air quality models provide a powerful tool to study the impact of development plans on the expected air pollution levels and thus aid the regulating and planning authorities in decision-making process. In air quality modeling, emissions in the modeling domain at regular interval are one of the most important inputs. From the annual emission data of over a decade (1990–2000), emission inventory is prepared for the megacity Delhi. Four criteria pollutants namely, CO, SO₂, PM, and NO _x are considered and a gridded emission inventory over Delhi has been prepared taking into account land use pattern, population density, traffic density, industrial areas, etc. A top down approach is used for this purpose. Emission isopleths are drawn and annual emission patterns are discussed mainly for the years 1990, 1996 and 2000. Primary and secondary areas of emission hotspots are identified and emission variations discussed during the study period. Validation of estimated values is desired from the available data. There is a direct relationship of pollution levels and emission strength in a given area. Hence, an attempt has been made to validate the emission inventory for all criteria pollutants by analyzing emissions in various sampling zones with the ambient pollution levels. For validation purpose, the geographical region encompassing the study area (Delhi) has been divided into seven emission zones as per the air quality monitoring stations using Voronoi polygon concept. Dispersion modeling is also used for continuous elevated sources to have the contributing emissions at the ground level to facilitate validation. A good correlation between emission estimates and concentration has been found. Correlation coefficient of 0.82, 0.77, 0.58 and 0.68 for CO, SO₂, PM and NO _x respectively shows a reasonably satisfactory performance of the present estimates.     

Health impact assessment of air pollution using a dynamic exposure profile: Implications for exposure and health impact estimates

In both ambient air pollution epidemiology and health impact assessment an accurate assessment of the population exposure is crucial. Although considerable advances have been made in assessing human exposure outdoors, the assessments often do not consider the impact of individual travel behavior on such exposures.Population-based exposures to NO₂ and O₃ using only home addresses were compared with models that integrate all time-activity patterns—including time in commute—for Flanders and Brussels. The exposure estimates were used to estimate the air pollution impact on years of life lost due to respiratory mortality.Health impact of NO₂ using an exposure that integrates time-activity information was on average 1.2% higher than when assuming that people are always at their home address. For ozone the overall estimated health impact was 0.8% lower. Local differences could be much larger, with estimates that differ up to 12% from the exposure using residential addresses only. Depending on age and gender, deviations from the population average were seen.Our results showed modest differences on a regional level. At the local level, however, time-activity patterns indicated larger differences in exposure and health impact estimates, mainly for people living in more rural areas. These results suggest that for local analyses the dynamic approach can contribute to an improved assessment of the health impact of various types of pollution and to the understanding of exposure differences between population groups.     

西藏自治区“十二五”和“十三五”环境空气质量变化特征

"十二五"以来中国先后颁布了一系列大气污染防治政策并实施相应的大气污染治理措施以提高环境空气质量。为研究西藏自治区"十二五"(2011-2015年)和"十三五"(2016 -2020年)时期环境空气质量变化状况,评估大气污染防治措施实施效果,笔者对2011-2020年西藏自治区7个城市(地区)主要大气污染物浓度和优良天数比例变化进行分析。结果表明:随着一系列大气污染防治措施的实施,西藏自治区环境空气质量显著提升,与"十二五"时期相比,"十三五"时期西藏自治区年平均优良天数比例由97.5%±2.0%提升至99.3%±0.4%,SO₂、 NO₂、 PM₁₀、 PM_2.5浓度年均值和CO 浓度第95百分位数均呈下降趋势,其中CO、PM₁₀和PM_2.5浓度下降幅度较大,O₃日最大8h滑动平均值第90百分位数略有上升。西藏自治区环境空气质量与人口、经济发展程度呈负相关关系。受污染源排放、气象条件和区域传输等因素影响,西藏自治区O₃浓度春、夏季较高,而其余污染物浓度冬季较高。     

黑龙江省“十三五”时期生态环境质量变化及趋势预测

以黑龙江省生态环境监测网监测结果为基础,总结归纳了"十三五"期间黑龙江省生态环境质量变化特征,并采用随机森林和GM(1,1)预测模型对"十四五"期间黑龙江省生态环境质量状况进行了预测。结果表明:"十三五"期间,黑龙江省环境空气、水环境和声环境质量全面好转。其中,环境空气主要污染物PM_2.5、PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂和CO的年均质量浓度均呈现出明显下降的趋势,"哈大绥"重点区域PM₁₀、SO₂、NO₂和CO年均质量浓度呈现下降趋势。地表水水质总体呈波动变化趋势,水质状况均为轻度污染。"十四五"期间,黑龙江省生态环境质量将处于稳中向好的趋势。环境空气主要污染物及地表水主要污染指标年均质量浓度均呈现明显的下降趋势,道路交通声环境质量也将得到进一步改善。     

重庆市北碚区空气质量改善效果评估分析

基于2014—2020年重庆市中心城区北碚区环境监测数据及地面观测气象要素,分析了北碚区大气污染特征,利用KNN算法建立大气污染的评估模型,对空气质量改善效果进行评估。结果表明,重庆市中心城区北碚区的PM_2.5浓度逐年呈明显下降趋势,O₃浓度除夏季有一个弱的下降趋势外,其余3个季节和年平均值整体均呈上升趋势。全年以优良天气为主且呈增加趋势。O₃与气温、日照时间呈正相关,与相对湿度呈负相关性,PM_2.5与气温、降水及风速呈负相关。基于KNN算法对空气质量改善状况评估表明,减排对O₃污染平均贡献率在-4.7%左右,对PM_2.5污染平均贡献率为-52%,气象条件对O₃污染的平均贡献率在17%左右,对PM_2.5污染的平均贡献率在-7%左右。该大气污染评估模型能够有效地评估空气改善效果。     

Assessment of Urban Air Quality in South Estonia by Simple Measures

In countries having limited resources, it is difficult to assess urban air quality on contemporaneously, due to the absence of on-line information about air pollution levels and emission rates. An alternative approach is recommended for smaller cities with lower demands of resources. The applied scheme consists of a database of air pollution sources (NO _x and CO from industry, traffic, and domestic heating), the simple Gaussian-plume model AEROPOL and a series of measurements by passive monitors. This method was used in Tartu, a small city situated in the valley of the river Emajõgi, within a landscape with noteworthy topographical variations. Simulations of annual average and maximal concentrations were performed, and a fair agreement obtained with NO₂ monitoring results from passive Palmes monitors. Inventories of pollution sources in 1998 revealed that official statistics of stationary sources covered 64% of SO₂,36% of CO, 37% of NO _x and 32% of total particulate matter emissions. Recommendations for measures for reducing air pollution levels and for further investigations towards improving air quality assessment and management, are given.     

中国城市PM2.5空气质量改善分阶段目标研究

中国城市细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))空气质量达标率低,且城市间的污染程度差异较大。为了整体改善PM_(2.5)空气质量,需要针对不同污染程度的城市,制定分阶段改善目标加以考核和管理,研究探讨了城市PM_(2.5)空气质量改善目标体系及不同污染程度城市各阶段目标值。首先运用文献综述法、国内外对比分析法梳理评述了WHO、欧美等发达国家PM_(2.5)的空气质量标准和达标要求,提出中国城市PM_(2.5)空气质量改善的考核目标体系,包括PM_(2.5)浓度目标值或下降率、严重污染天数上限、达标天数下限等指标。通过历史数据分析法研究了2000—2013年美国、日本一些城市和2013—2016年中国74个环保城市PM_(2.5)年均浓度的变化趋势,推论出中国城市PM_(2.5)年均浓度年均下降5%~8%是可能实现的;结合环境保护部及各省市PM_(2.5)污染防治规划,提出PM_(2.5)空气质量改善目标的设定原则和达标天数的回归计算方法;以2014年114个城市PM_(2.5)年均浓度为基数,计算得出不同污染程度城市2020、2025、2030年PM_(2.5)年均浓度年下降率和达标天数的目标值。     

达州市城区环境空气质量变化趋势及CMAQ模型预报分析

利用Spearman秩相关系数法、污染日历图、浓度分析法和CMAQ预测模型研究了达州市城区2015—2019年空气质量状况。结果表明:2015—2019年,达州市城区O_3浓度变化趋势为显著上升(P0.05),季度变化明显,8月易发生因O_3超标导致的轻度污染状况;CO年均值变化趋势为显著降低(P0.05);NO_2年均值呈上升趋势,但尚未达到显著水平(P0.05);SO_2、PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)年均值呈下降趋势,但变化趋势不明显(P0.05)。2019年,1月和12月污染最重,PM_(2.5)超标是主因,PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)年均值达标形势严峻,全年一半以上天数的PM_(2.5)浓度超过年均值二级标准限值,PM_(10)也近半;NO_2年均值达标形势严峻,全年212 d超过年均值二级标准限值。CMAQ模型对不同污染指标的预测准确率不同,预测PM_(2.5)浓度、首要污染物和空气质量等级时的准确率不及人工预测,预测AQI时的准确率高于人工预测,更多污染指标的预测比较还有待进一步研究。     

2001年～2008年及奥运会期间天津市大气污染特征分析

根据天津市大气质量监测数据,对2001年～2008年及奥运会期间天津市大气污染特征和主要大气污染物的变化规律进行了分析。结果表明,2001年～2008年天津市的PM10、SO2和NO2污染总体呈下降趋势,但质量浓度仍相对较高。2008年8月奥运会期间天津市PM10和SO2质量浓度达到国家空气质量二级标准,NO2质量浓度达到国家空气质量一级标准,空气质量良好。天津市PM10污染相对稳定,SO2和NO2的污染分布呈现明显的季节性,时间上表现为冬强夏弱。气象条件对污染物浓度影响明显,沙尘、大雾等天气可使污染物浓度急剧升高。     

Proximity analysis of air pollution exposure and its potential risk

Proximity analysis and spatial variability of the ambient nitrogen dioxide (NO(2)) concentration in Rayong province, Thailand, were analyzed using geostatistics and spatial modeling techniques. Annual concentrations of nitrogen dioxide were predicted and spatially interpolated using various interpolation techniques (i.e. kriging, IDW and spline). Sensitivity analysis was carried out to assure the accuracy of the predicted results. The GIS-based exposure map was simulated and was assisted to identify high exposure areas. A health risk warning system was set for "action" (exceeds 100% of the annual average NO(2) guideline), for "alert" (between 66-100% of the annual average NO(2) guideline) and for "some concern" (between 33-66% of the annual average NO(2) guideline). Although no areas were exposed to an action level, many locations in the study area could have levels of "some concern". Potential risk to the population was analyzed by spatial interpolation of the nitrogen dioxide concentration with population data. The result indicated the number of people exposed to air pollution, as well as the areas which have a high risk to air pollution. About 88.3% of the total population in the study area live in areas where levels of air pollution are designated as being in the "some concern" zone. About 6.7% of the registered population have their residence in an area where action should be taken for air quality management. The study demonstrates the application of GIS-based prediction for the evaluation of exposure mapping, in order to determine the spatial extent and frequency of areas where pollution levels exceed target values, and their potential health impacts.     

Air pollution exposure monitoring and estimation. Part V. Traffic exposure in adults

In Oslo, traffic has been one of the dominating sources of air pollution in the last decade. In one part of the city where most traffic collects, two tunnels were built. A series of before and after studies was carried out in connection with the tunnels in use. Dispersion models were used as a basis for estimating exposure to nitrogen dioxide and particulate matter in two fractions. Exposure estimates were based on the results of the dispersion model providing estimates of outdoor pollutant concentrations on an hourly basis. The estimates represent concentrations in receptor points and in a square kilometre grid. The estimates were used to assess development of air pollution load in the area, compliance with air quality guidelines, and to provide a basis for quantifying exposure-effect relationships in epidemiological studies. After both tunnels were taken in use, the pollution levels in the study area were lower than when the traffic was on the surface (a drop from 50 to 40 micrograms m-3). Compliance with air quality guidelines and other prescribed values has improved, even if high exposures still exist. The most important residential areas are now much less exposed, while areas around tunnel openings can be in periods exposed to high pollutant concentrations. The daily pattern of exposure shows smaller differences between peak and minimum concentrations than prior to the traffic changes. Exposures at home (in the investigation area) were reduced most, while exposures in other locations than at home showed only a small decrease. Highest hourly exposures are encountered in traffic.     

An Assessment on Variation of Sulphur Dioxide and Particulate Matter in Erzurum (Turkey)

Sulphur dioxide and PM₁₀ levels are investigated in Erzurum during the periods of 1990–2000 heating season to assess air pollution level. For that reason, emissions of sulphur dioxide and particulate matter were calculated by using consumption of fuels and Turkish emission factors. These emission values were evaluated together with air pollution levels, which were measured at six stations in Erzurum atmosphere during 1990–2000 winter periods. Results reveal that in 1990–1994 heating period, there is an increasing trend in the emissions and air pollution levels over Erzurum, and the air quality limits were not met. The daily 24 h limit (short-term limit) was exceeded 127 days in 1992–1993 winter period. The reason for this increase was found to be the switching to use of low-quality fossil fuels instead of cleaner ones. Results also indicated that there was a considerable decrease in emissions of air pollutants and air pollution levels after 1995. This can be explained by the consumption of more high-quality fossil fuels. The correlation coefficient of SO₂ with PM₁₀ is obtained as r² = 0.85, which is a high value supporting the idea that both pollutants are emitted from the same source.     

山西省大气污染特征及对公众健康的空间影响

利用山西省11个地级市大气环境监测站的PM_2.5、PM₁₀和O₃浓度数据,分析了2015—2020年山西省PM_2.5、PM₁₀和O₃浓度时空变化特征,采用空间计量模型和岭回归方法,分析了空气污染对公众健康的空间影响。结果表明:PM_2.5和PM₁₀年均质量浓度总体下降,两者在2017年最高,2020年最低;O₃年均浓度总体增加。在季节尺度上,PM_2.5和PM₁₀质量浓度在冬季的12月和1月最高,夏季的8月最低;O₃浓度在6月最高。空间上,相较2015年,2020年山西省各地级市PM_2.5污染程度均有改善,其中长治改善效果最好;2020年山西各地级市PM₁₀污染兼有加重和减轻的情形,所有地级市PM_2.5和PM₁₀污染水平均超过国家二级污染浓度限值;2020年山西多数地级市O₃浓度升高。山西公众健康水平具有明显的空间离散特征,PM_2.5和PM₁₀浓度的局部空间自相关特征高度一致,呈现"南高北低"的格局,O₃浓度分布呈"南部高,中北部低"的格局。大气环境质量和经济发展水平均对医疗机构诊疗人数和健康体检人数的变化有正向影响,每万人卫生技术人员数量和公共财政支出比例对公众健康均有负向影响,其中经济发展水平和大气环境质量的影响最显著。山西省PM_2.5治理取得一定成效,但大部分城市PM_2.5和PM₁₀达标率较低,O₃浓度有持续升高的趋势,PM₁₀和O₃污染改善缓慢,深度减排仍面临挑战。PM_2.5和PM₁₀是危害山西公众健康的主要大气污染物,未来需要加强PM_2.5、PM₁₀和O₃的精细化管理及协同治理。     

广州市近年空气质量现状及趋势分析

为掌握广州市空气质量现状及其变化趋势,对广州市2001～2009年空气质量监测数据进行系统的分析。结果表明,近年来广州市空气质量总体良好;整体空气质量有逐步好转的趋势,尤其是SO2浓度下降明显,NO2稳中有降,PM10略有下降但2009年仍有上升趋势,且PM10超标率居于首位;污染物浓度时空分布不均匀,NO2与PM10夏季浓度较低,春冬季较高,表现出明显的季节性特征;主城区NO2浓度明显较高,但总体呈下降趋势,主城区外NO2浓度较低,但呈上升趋势。全年灰霾天数也呈现下降的趋势,变化规律与PM10浓度变化规律一致。     

Photoacoustic measurements of black carbon light absorption coefficients in Irbid city, Jordan

The goal of this work is the analysis of air quality levels in the area of Volos, a city of average size on the eastern seaboard of Central Greece. For this purpose, concentration measurements of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, and nitrogen dioxide, for a 4-year period (2001–2004) are analyzed. Air pollution data were obtained by a monitoring station, fully automated, which was established by the Hellenic Ministry of the Environment, Physical Planning, and Public Works, in order to measure air pollution levels in Volos, a medium-sized city, which faces the effects of industrialization. The main conclusions from the statistical analysis of the 4-year measurements of hourly SO₂, NO₂, and NO concentrations in the city of Volos, showed that the mean seasonal variation of the examined air pollutant concentration presents a minimum during the warm period of the year and a maximum during the cold period. Although the local geomorphology and meteorology encourage particularly the accumulation of air pollutants, the analysis shows that the SO₂ and NO₂ concentration levels remain lower than corresponding thresholds for human health protection set by the European Union, in this urban measuring site, during the examined period. The application of harmonic analysis revealed the difference between the annual variation of the SO₂ and NO _x concentrations. Regarding NO _x , the variation is mainly due to the first harmonic term (anthropogenic factor), while the SO₂ variation is interpreted by the two harmonic terms, which represent the anthropogenic and meteorological factors, respectively.     

基于SHERPA的环境空气质量减排情景模拟评估

分析了SHERPA综合评价模型的基本原理和主要建模理念,重点介绍了其在环境空气质量减排情景模拟评估方面的作用,以及在排放源与受体关系(SRR)方面的处理方法,比较了其与欧盟常用的其他情景模拟模型的优缺点。SHERPA模型的特点是空间灵活性较好,对于任何给定地点,可以快速评估不同地区对该研究地点空气质量的影响。SHERPA模型的3个主要功能为污染物来源分析、决策支持和情景模拟。基于SHERPA模型对法国环境空气中PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)和NO_2年均浓度进行污染来源分析、决策支持分析和减排情景模拟评估,展示了模型在环境治理措施优先级筛选和政府间联合治理措施协调建议方面的功能和作用,以期为中国环境空气质量预测预报、环境质量管理措施的制定和成效评估等环境服务与管理工作提供借鉴。     

Associations between self-reported odour annoyance and volatile organic compounds in ‘Chemical Valley’, Sarnia, Ontario

Annoyance produced by air pollution has been suggested as a useful proxy for determining ambient air pollution exposure. However, most of the studies, to date, have focused on nitrogen dioxide and sulphur dioxide, with no work done on volatile organic compounds (VOC). This study is aimed at examining the associations between odour annoyance and VOC in ‘Chemical Valley’, Sarnia, Ontario, Canada. Annoyance scores were extracted from a community health survey (N?=?774), and exposures to VOC were estimated from respondents’ six-digit alphanumeric postal codes using land use regression models. Univariate analyses were used to explore the relationships between odour annoyance and modelled pollutants, whilst multivariate ordinal logistic regression was utilized to examine the determinants of odour annoyance. The results indicate that odour annoyance is significantly associated with modelled benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene and (m?+?p)?xylene (BTEX) pollutants. The findings also show that the determinants of odour annoyance in the context of VOC include gender, number of relatives in the community, perception of air pollution, community satisfaction, medical checkups, ability to cope with daily life demands and general symptoms. When compared, the analysis indicates that Sarnia residents respond to considerably lower BTEX concentrations than the allowable ‘safe’ levels in the province of Ontario. In general, the results exhibit a dose–response gradient with annoyance score increasing with rising modelled pollutant concentrations. The observed relationships suggest that odour annoyance might be a function of true exposure and may serve as a proxy for air quality and ambient air pollution monitoring. However, questionnaire-based odour annoyance scores need to be longitudinally validated across different geographical scales and pollutants if they are to be adopted at the national level.