精神熵分析法的提出及应用

随着机械、电子器件可靠性的不断提高,系统的安全性越来越取决于人的行为。当人处于不良的精神状态,就可能做出本人意愿之外的失误,从而导致事故的发生。因此,针对人的无意识失误进行分析并提出改进措施,可以提高系统的安全水平,降低事故风险。本文提出的精神熵分析方法,以安全学原理、心理学、安全人机工程学为基础提出六个评价指标,结合熵权法的计算原理。通过班组人员岗前自评的形式,员工给出六项指标的分数,并计算自己的最终得分,以此来评估员工在岗时的精神状态。管理者依据一定原则对低分项进行询问,发现问题并提出解决办法,最终降低并控制无意识失误导致的事故风险。     

Hydrothermal solidification behavior of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash without any additives

Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) bottom ash could be solidified with and without slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) addition by a hydrothermal method under steam pressure of 1.56 MPa at 200 °C for up to 72 h. Experimental results showed that CSH gel or tobermorite exerted a main influence on strength development, and without any additives CSH gel was easy to form, while slaked lime addition favored to form tobermorite. Tobermorite seemed to exert a larger effect on the strength development than CSH gel. Leaching results showed that the concentrations of heavy metals dissolved from the solidified specimens were effectively reduced after hydrothermal processing. The immobilization was mainly due to the tobermorite or CSH gel formation, and Pb²⁺ and Zn²⁺ seemed to be fixed more readily than Cr⁶⁺, which might be the reason that the structural Ca²⁺ within tobermorite or CSH gel was exchanged by Pb²⁺ and Zn²⁺ more easily than Cr⁶⁺. In addition, there existed a close relationship between leaching concentration and strength enhancement, and a higher strength seemed to exert a larger effect on immobilization of heavy metals.     

板框压滤机在三元复合驱采出液废渣处理中的应用

采用调质-离心处理工艺,在已建含油污泥处理站进行三元废渣的后续处理现场试验。试验结果表明:三元废渣不易分散,在离心过程中易造成离心机内部堵塞,目前污泥处理站离心处理三元废渣的最高含聚浓度为80mg/L。利用板框压滤机对进入含油污泥处理站处理前的高含聚三元废渣进行预处理,处理后三元废渣中含聚浓度小于80mg/L,含固量25%~40%,含油量小于4%。     

基于交叉谱分析的气象干旱与农业干旱滞后响应研究

为解决干旱问题、实现区域的早期干旱预测,该文对山东省区域应用交叉谱方法分析气象干旱与农业干旱之间的联系。首先,选取1982-2014年的NDVI和降水量日数据进行5 d平均,采用Savitzky-Golay滤波对NDVI时间序列重建;其次,根据山东省降水量的时空特征,将1 a划分湿润期和干旱期两个阶段;最后,采用NDVI和降水量的交叉谱分析,分别计算干旱期和湿润期的NDVI-降水量滞后响应时间及植被滞后时间空间分布,并探讨影响NDVI-降水量滞后时间的主要因素。结果表明:山东省降水量时空分布不均,由西北至东南方向逐渐增高,且降水量主要分布在5-9月份,占全年总降水量的78%;湿润期的NDVI与降水量多年平均相关系数(平均值为0.58)大于干旱期(平均值为0.40);干旱期的多年平均滞后时间处于11~15.5 d,湿润期的多年平均滞后时间处于15~21.5 d,湿润期的滞后时间高于干旱期的滞后时间,且山地丘陵的滞后时间长度低于平原区;干旱年,鲁西北平原的NDVI-降水量滞后时间较短,湿润年,鲁南和鲁中山地的NDVI-降水量滞后时间较短,且发现植被响应滞后时间与降水量在年时间序列上存在滞后0.16 a的显著相关性。气象干旱与农业干旱传播时间的研究,在实现对农业干旱短期预报的基础上,反映了不同区域植被的干旱脆弱性,有助于管理者对水资源做出及时、合理的调度。     

入太湖河流武进港的区域景观格局与河流水质相关性分析

以武进港区域为例,通过遥感解译得到土地利用分类数据,以区域7个水质监测断面为中心生成缓冲区,并借助FRAGSTATS软件计算各用地类型面积比例以及斑块数量(NP)、面积加权斑块分型指数(FRAC_AM)、香农多样性指数(SHDI)、香农均匀度指数(SHEI)、蔓延度指数(CONTAG)等5个景观格局指数,从组成属性和空间属性两方面表征景观格局,进而分析景观格局与河流水质的相关关系.结果表明,区域景观格局与河流水质有显著相关关系:建设用地的面积比例与污染指标呈显著正相关,表明建设用地为区域污染物产生和输出的主要用地类型,也是影响河流水质的关键因素;而耕地的面积比例与污染指标呈显著负相关;各景观指数与水质均存在关联,特别是SHDI和SHEI与污染指标体现了明显的负相关,CONTAG与污染指标体现出明显的正相关.     

淮南—蚌埠段淮河流域沉积物中PAHs的分布及来源辨析

采用GC-MS对淮南至蚌埠段淮河流域水源地、支流及排污口采集沉积物中18种多环芳烃(PAHs)进行定量分析.结果表明,研究区水源地及其支流沉积物中PAHs含量范围为308.12～1090.37ng/g;排污口沉积物PAHs范围为1308.36～8793.16ng/g.沉积物PAHs组成以3～4环PAHs为主,5～6环PAHs相对较少.相对于TOC,BC与沉积物总PAHs的含量相关性更好.PAHs组成特征、主成分分析及多特征比值揭示淮南至蚌埠段淮河流域沉积物PAHs主要来源于化石燃料的不完全燃烧,还有少量石油类产品的输入.生态风险评价结果显示,研究区沉积物中多数PAHs化合物已超出ER-L值和ISQV-L值,而姚家湾排污口沉积物PAHs部分化合物已超出ER-H值和ISQV-H值,表明沉积物中的PAHs对研究区环境已造成了极大的生态风险.     

几种植物根亚细胞中菲的分配

以菲为多环芳烃(PAHs)代表物,采用温室水培试验方法,研究了黑麦草、苏丹草、墨西哥玉米、高羊茅、三叶草等5种植物根亚细胞中菲的分配作用.结果表明,经144h培养,随着培养液中菲平衡浓度由0.056mg·L-1增至0.39mg·L-1,黑麦草根、细胞壁、细胞器中菲的含量分别从26.85、20.01和36.19mg·kg-1增大到56.91、49.54和59.77mg·kg-1,富集系数则分别由357.14、479.49和649.25L·kg-1降低到145.92、127.04和153.26L·kg-1.黑麦草根及亚细胞组分中菲的含量大小为细胞器根细胞壁,其中细胞器中菲含量要比细胞壁高21%～163%.水中菲的起始浓度均为1mg·L-1时,144h后,供试5种植物根细胞器中菲的含量(48.64～145.2mg·kg-1)均大于细胞壁(15.86～74.49mg·L-1).5种植物根亚细胞中菲分配的比例大小顺序为细胞器细胞壁可溶部分;其中,根内46%～53%和31%～40%的菲分别分布在细胞器和细胞壁中.     

A Yin‐Yang approach to education policy regarding health and the environment: early‐careerists' image of the future and priority programmes

Since the inception of sustainable development (SD), there has been a somewhat ignored contradiction between paradigms that are ecosystem‐based and paradigms that are human‐based or purely economic. We suggest that this contradiction can be unified through a balance of the two. The Chinese Yin‐Yang philosophy is applied as a tool or approach to seeking balance between these ecocentric and anthropocentric paradigms. Priority education policy design for the merging of ecology and health are projected through an Ecohealth lens in response to increasing SD challenges and the intention of the international Ecohealth organization to contribute to SD goals. Meeting SD goals along the nexus of health and environment is further considered through early‐careerist cultural assessments and projections. The groups considered for their professional image of the future are: members of the Ecohealth Association Student Section and Chinese early‐careerists participating in a related conference. In response to SD goals, a problem‐based learning design is suggested as an education policy priority. Rather than approaching SD as a boolean concept, for example, by either focusing on ecosystem sustainability or economic development, we suggest education policy for programmes and curriculums that will help emerging professionals balance these paradigms, so as to best address national and global challenges.     

依据GB/T 23466-2009《护听器的选择指南》指导护听器选型

本文介绍了国家标准GB/T 23466-2009《护听器的选择指南》的实施背景及具体内容,对标准使用中噪声环境声压级测量及护听器选择原则中需要关注的事项进行了说明。     

废水中聚丙烯酰胺在H-Beta分子筛上的吸附特性

将H-Beta用于处理含聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)的驱油废水,研究了PAM在H-Beta上的吸附动力学和热力学特征,并考察了吸附条件对吸附效果的影响.结果表明,吸附过程遵循准二级动力学模型;在低PAM初始浓度(100 mg·L-1)时,吸附表观活化能40 k J·mol-1,说明H-Beta对PAM的吸附以化学吸附为主;在高PAM初始浓度(200和500 mg·L-1)时,吸附活化能降低,吸附向物理吸附转变.吸附等温线在低平衡浓度区符合Langmuir模型,25、40和50℃时的单层饱和吸附量分别达到70.2、76.9和90.9 mg·g-1;在高平衡浓度区符合Freundlich模型,表现为多层吸附.吸附主要来自氢键作用,为自发的吸热过程.p H为2~4,吸附剂用量为5 g·L-1时,具有更优的吸附效果.真实废水中油和盐类的存在对PAM在H-Beta上的吸附未产生不利影响.