36种典型除草剂对绿藻的毒性研究

近年来,农药对生态系统的初级生产者——藻类的毒性及其生态毒理学研究引起了国内外学者的广泛关注。除草剂在生产中广泛应用,对藻类的毒性作用最强,其毒性效应远高于杀虫剂和杀菌剂。论文选择市场上具有典型代表性的36种除草剂原药,分析解读除草剂在国内的登记情况,以及在作物、旱田和水田的使用情况;明晰对藻类生长抑制急性毒性效应。结果表明:1)除草剂的作用方式和化学类别对绿藻毒性影响显著;对于抑制植物细胞分裂和作用于植物叶绿体的除草剂对绿藻毒性均较高,以人工合成植物生长素为代表的除草剂对绿藻毒性均较低;2)相同作用方式,不同化学类别的除草剂,对单一绿藻的毒性差异明显。在水稻上获得登记的除草剂对藻类毒性整体低于在旱田获得登记的除草剂对藻类的毒性。开展多种农药对水生生态毒性的研究,为农药的合理安全使用、农药在淡水环境中的生态效应评价以及保护淡水生态系统提供科学依据。     

污泥循环再利用技术在油田废水处理中的应用

通过对中原油田含油污泥的再利用进行实验研究,得到结果:污泥的平均固含量为75.18%,含水量为24.82%,污泥含油量5.4%;污泥中碳酸钙含量62.15%,碳酸镁含量15.295%,氯化钠含量2.696%;在废液与污泥的掺入比例小于1:4的条件下,废液得到有效净化。污泥循环再利用技术的实施,降低了污泥产生量。     

重庆近48年来高温天气气候特征及其环流形势

利用重庆23个气象观测站1960~2007年逐日最高气温观测资料，NCEP/NCAR再分析数据集中的高度场格点资料，运用EOF、REOF等方法，探讨重庆高温日数的空间分布特征，并对多高温天气的2006年和少高温天气年7~8月的环流特征进行了分析。结果表明：重庆高温天气主要出现在7~8月份，高温日数具有显著的年代际和区域性差异，20世纪70年代最多，80年代最少，沿长江、乌江为高温多发带。一致性异常分布是重庆高温日数的最主要空间模态；高温日数的异常空间分布可分为以下3个关键区：重庆中西部、重庆东南部、重庆东北部。乌拉尔山至鄂霍次克海地区阻塞高压偏弱，东亚大槽偏浅；100 hPa 高空南亚高压偏东,500 hPa 高空副高偏北偏西，形成一种上高下高的叠加形势是重庆7~8月出现多高温天气的主要原因。     

阿特拉津在水环境中的残留及其毒理效应研究进展

阿特拉津是中国及世界上广泛使用的一种除草剂,目前已存在于某些地区的湖泊和地下水中,并对生态环境和人类饮用水源造成潜在威胁.介绍了阿特拉津的应用概况,综述了阿特拉津在水环境中的残留状况及其对生物的生理生化毒性和遗传毒性研究进展.并在此基础上,提出应加强阿特拉津对生物的"三致"(致癌、致畸、致突变)作用、生殖毒性、蓄积毒性和毒性作用机制的研究,以及阿特拉津与其他污染物对生物的联合毒性作用和毒性作用机制的研究.     

A/O和A2/O工艺对膜生物反应器处理焦化废水影响的研究

为提高膜生物反应器对焦化废水的处理效果，采用A/O和A²/O两种工艺的膜生物反应器处理焦化废水，通过对比处理效果、分析膜污染情况，寻求膜生物反应处理焦化废水的最优工艺。实验结果表明：A²/O工艺系统对酚、NH₃-N、COD的去除率分别为99%、90%和95%；A/O工艺系统对酚、NH₃-N和COD的去除率分别为97%、75%和93%。A²/O膜生物反应器系统对焦化废水中NH₃-N的去除效果明显优于A/O膜生物反应器系统，其反硝化率为50%～70%。对膜污染分析表明不同工艺对膜污染的影响不显著，A²/O工艺膜通量衰减59%，A/O工艺膜通量衰减56%。研究表明在膜生物反应器中，A²/O工艺对焦化废水的去除效果要优于A/O工艺。     

Lactate oxidation in pyrite suspension: a Fenton-like process in situ generating H2O2

Pyrite is a common mineral at many mining sites. In this study, the mineral pyrite was studied as a Fenton-like reagent for environmental concerns. We selected lactate as a model target molecule to evaluate the Fenton-like catalytic efficiency of pyrite upon organic oxidation. A complete set of control experiments in both aerobic and anaerobic atmospheres unequivocally established that the pyrite in aqueous solution could spontaneously in situ generate OH and H₂O₂, serving as a Fenton-like reagent to catalyze the oxidation of lactate to pyruvate with no need for additional H₂O₂. We called it the pyrite-only Fenton-like (PF) reagent. Monitoring concentration changes of lactate and pyruvate with the time indicated that the pyrite mediated the favorable pyruvate formation at pH 4.5, 60 °C, under air atmosphere. The PF reaction could be stimulated by visible light illumination. Under the optimum conditions, up to 50% of lactate was degraded within 10 d. The results suggest that pyrite and its Fenton-like processes may be potentially practical in wastewater treatment.     

Temporal trends (2005-2009) of PCDD/Fs, PCBs, PBDEs in rice hulls from an e-waste dismantling area after stricter environmental regulations

Primitive e-waste dismantling activities have been of increasing concern due to serious environmental and human health problems, and therefore authorities in China have strengthened the regulations on illegal e-waste recycling activities. In this work, we used rice hull as a passive sampler and investigated temporal trends of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in areas near e-waste recycling sites after the stricter regulations. Furthermore, the distribution patterns and composition profiles of these contaminants were also discussed. The average concentrations of the three groups of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in rice hulls have markedly decreased during the period of 2005-2009. Specifically, from 12.9 (average value in 2005) to 0.37 pg WHO-TEQ/g (dry weight, dw) (in 2009) for PCDD/Fs, 47.6 (2005) to 7.10 ng g⁻¹ dw (2009) for PCBs, and 2.51 (2005) to 0.89 ng g⁻¹, dw (2009) for PBDEs. The significant decrease of combustion markers 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF, 1,2,3,6,7,8HxCDF and PCB126, and the PCDD/PCDF ratio from 1:9 (2005) to 7:3 (2009) is likely a result of stricter regulations on open combustion activities. This study suggests that stricter control measures, strengthened laws and regulations and more environmental friendly techniques could be effective measures in reducing the release and formation of related POPs in typical e-waste dismantling sites, and these measures could further improve the quality of the environment and health of the local inhabitants.     

电混凝处理电镀综合废水

采用电混凝法处理酸性电镀综合废水，首先研究了不同电流密度对总氰化物、重金属和化学需氧量（COD）去除率的影响。实验结果表明，电混凝可有效去除酸性电镀综合废水中的氰化物与重金属。随着电流密度的增大，总氰化物与重金属的去除率逐渐提高。当电流密度为10mA／cm2时，废水中残留的总氰化物、Cu2＋、Ni2＋、Cr6＋和Zn2＋ 的浓度分别为23．0、25．0、4．5、0．2和0．2mg／L。为了进一步提高去除率，在电化学体系中添加H2O2，随着H2O2投量的增大，总氰化物、重金属、COD去除率不断提高。当H2O2投量为3mL／L时，处理过废水中残留总氰化物、Cu2＋、Ni2＋、Cr6＋、Zn2＋和COD的浓度分别为0．2、2．0、3．0、1．5、0．1和220mg／L。     

改性粉煤灰去除硝基苯废水的研究

粉煤灰经过废硫酸改性处理后吸附能力大大提高,用改性粉煤灰对生化后的硝基苯废水进行了实验研究,实验考察了粉煤灰的投加量、pH值、吸附时间对硝基苯去除率的影响,并对机理进行了分析.粉煤灰改性后应用于硝基苯废水处理中达到以废治废,具有一定的经济意义.