污染水体沉积物营养盐释放过程

通过实验室模拟试验,以富营养化湖泊-乌梁素海沉积物为试验材料,模拟了在零外源污染状态下沉积物中营养盐的释放特征,揭示了沉积物中TN、TP的释放规律和过程,量化了营养盐的释放速率.试验结果显示,在无扰动的静态水力条件下,沉积物中营养盐在向上覆水体的释放过程中,伴随着解吸-平衡的动态过程,其中TP的释放量是调控水体富营养化...     

受污染底泥固化/稳定化处理及营养物质释放特征研究

以广州市车陂涌受污染底泥为研究对象,通过掺杂不同比例的粉煤灰、水泥、石灰和膨润土,对底泥进行固化/稳定化处理试验,探讨底泥经处理后的产物中碳素和营养盐的释放特征。结果表明：实验条件下底泥固化/稳定化处理基本不会减少碳的释放,但会改变其释放形态,未经处理的底泥释放的TOC被迅速矿化,而底泥固化/稳定化处理产物释放的TOC稳定存在。在试验期内,底泥固化/稳定化处理对产物的硝态氮释放无明显影响;固化/稳定化处理能有效促进氮磷的稳定,固化体氨氮和磷酸盐的释放量明显降低,分别比未经处理的底泥减少了67.4%和76.4%以上。不同来源的粉煤灰由于成分不同,在底泥固化/稳定化处理中的作用存在差异,掺杂珠江电厂的粉煤灰Z对氨氮和磷酸盐的稳定化效果优于恒运电厂的粉煤灰H。固化/稳定化技术为疏浚底泥提供了一种安全的处理方法,为粉煤灰提供了一种有效的资源化途径。     

聚合氯化铝-高锰酸钾-羟基氧化铁复合强化混凝微污染原水

选用聚合氯化铝（PAC）与高锰酸钾、羟基氧化铁进行复配,强化混凝处理微污染原水。研究了复合混凝剂投加量、反应时间、进水pH、进水有机物浓度等对混凝效果的影响及絮体的沉淀性能。结果表明,PAC-KMnO4-β-FeOOH三元复合混凝剂具有显著的强化混凝效果,与相同条件下单投PAC及PAC-KMnO4二元复合混凝相比,TOC去除率分别提高了30%与20%。达到相同的浊度去除效果,三元复配混凝剂可缩短27%~50%的反应时间,减少65%~75%的沉淀时间。进水pH、有机物浓度在一定范围内变动时,PAC-KMnO4-β-FeOOH三元复合混凝剂对浊度与TOC的去除率均高于单投PAC的处理效果,三元复合混凝剂具有较强的抗水质变化冲击能力。     

鼎湖山南亚热带森林生态系统服务价值动态

以鼎湖山3个南亚热带森林演替典型阶段生态系统为对象,采用我国《森林生态系统服务功能评估规范》(LY/T 1721—2008)标准化计算公式与服务价格,量化揭示南亚热带森林生态系统演替过程中生态系统服务功能价值动态。结果表明:随着演替的进行,南亚热带森林生态系统服务功能总价值不断增大;但各分项服务功能价值则表现出不同的动态规律与变化幅度,从而使得森林生态系统服务结构呈现非线性演化特征。在南亚热带森林生态系统演替的早期阶段,生态系统服务价值的最大组分是涵养水源的功能价值,而中、后期则是保育土壤。人工林营造可以有效增强区域生态系统的水源涵养能力,而保育演替中、后期森林则对于大气CO2收和土壤保育而言尤为重要。     

柠檬酸促进土壤镉解吸的机理研究

以人工致污的广东红壤为材料,采用平衡批处理法研究了不同浓度及不同pH值的柠檬酸溶液对土壤中重金属镉解吸产生的影响,并对处理前后的土样进行了镉的形态分析。研究结果表明:柠檬酸可以促进土壤镉的解吸且促进作用随着柠檬酸浓度的增加而增加;随着溶液pH的变化,溶液中柠檬酸的形态发生变化,导致其络合土壤镉的能力发生变化;与原土相比,经过柠檬酸处理后土样中的酸可提取态镉所占比例下降,说明柠檬酸对土壤镉解吸的部分主要来自酸可提取态。     

土壤养分空间估测方法研究综述

土壤养分是土壤提供的植物生长发育所必需的营养元素。由于受到自然因素和人为因素的共同作用,土壤养分具有高度的空间变异性。土壤的这种特性不仅表现在区域尺度上,而且也表现在田块尺度上。在研究方法上经历了从传统统计学到地统计学,再到神经网络、地理信息技术以及高精度曲面建模等新方法的不断改进过程。文章从地统计学方法引入到土壤养分空间变异研究中为出发点,论述了国内外基于地统计学的土壤养分空间变异的研究现状,主要包括利用地统计学方法来确定合理的土壤采样数目,土壤养分空间变异的定量化研究,土壤养分空间变异的尺度效应;然后简述了神经网络、地理信息技术、高精度曲面建模等技术在土壤养分空间变异研究中的研究现状和应用。最后对比分析了各种研究方法在应用中存在的缺陷,同时指明了今后应加强作物生长的不同时期土壤养分的空间变异性、土壤在四维空间尺度上的演变机理以及环境信息获取的不确定性等方面的研究。     

鼎湖山20公顷森林样地单个物种对群落的构建

大型固定监测森林样地已成为研究森林群落组织机制的一个重要平台。群落里个体之间的相互作用对群落的构建有相当重要的作用。以往的研究主要针对于物种之间的相互作用,而用群落里单个物种与其它所有个体之间相互关系来解释群落构建的研究还很少。采用单个物种-面积关系(ISAR)这一指标对鼎湖山20 hm2样地和BCI 50 hm2样地数据分析,来研究不同样地单个物种是如何对森林群落进行构建的。结果显示,与BCI样地和Sinharaja样地不同,鼎湖山样地大树对周围其它个体的作用几乎是中性的;而对于小树(胸径小于10 cm)来说,鼎湖山样地和BCI样地一样,随着尺度的增加吸引型物种减少,而中性物种增加。说明了不同的群落在不同的发育阶段,单个物种对群落结构的构建有重要的作用不同,将来的研究应该结合群落其它方面的因素来分析群落内个体之间相互作用,例如从时间尺度的谱系和空间因素去分析。     

Contamination, source identification, and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in agricultural soil of Shanghai, China

The level, distribution, compositional pattern, and possible sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in agricultural soil of Shanghai were investigated. The concentrations ranged from 140.7 to 2,370.8 μg kg(?-1) for 21 PAHs and from 92.2 to 2,062.7 μg kg(?-1) for 16 priority PAHs, respectively. The higher level of PAHs was mainly distributed in the south and west of Shanghai region, and the lower concentration was found in Chongming Island. Generally, the composition pattern of PAHs was characterized with high molecular weight PAHs, the seven possible carcinogenic PAHs accounted for 4.8-50.8% of the total PAHs, and fluoranthene, pyrene, and benzo[b]fluoranthene were the most dominant components in soil samples. The correlation analysis suggested that low molecular weight PAHs and high molecular weight PAHs were originated from different sources and further corroborated that total organic carbon was a key soil property affecting the fate of persistent organic pollutants in the environment. The isomer ratios and principal component analysis indicated that PAHs in the investigated areas were derived primarily from combustion of biomass, coal, and petroleum. Compared to the soil quality standards of the Netherlands, all the target PAHs (except Ant) in most samples exceeded their target values. The Nemerow composite index based on the same soil quality standard showed that 69.4% of the soil samples were heavily polluted. The total BaP(eq) of ten Dutch target PAHs in 72% soil samples were higher than the reference total carcinogenic potency. Therefore, the agricultural soil in Shanghai is suffering from serious PAHs contamination.     

Preliminary evaluation of evaluation of the efficiency of aircraft liquid waste treatment using resolvable sanitizing liquid: a case study in Changchun

The physical, chemical, and biological indices of aircraft liquid wastes collected from multiple airplanes at Longjia Airport, Changchun, China were measured according to "Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard," evaluating treatment efficiency of resolvable sanitizing liquid. The results indicate that, after being treated by the resolvable sanitizing liquid, the indices of all first-class pollutants met the requirements of the standard, while among the second-class pollutants, the suspension content, biochemical oxygen demand after 5 days, and chemical oxygen demand as well as the contents of amino nitrogen, total phosphorus, anionic surfactants, total copper, absorbable organic halogen, and phenolic compounds did not reach the discharge standard. Particularly, the level of fecal coliform bacteria in the aircraft liquid wastes can meet the standard specification by adding more than 1 mL/L resolvable sanitizing liquid. The aircraft wastewater treated by resolvable sanitizing liquid cannot be directly discharged back into the environment as well as urban drainage systems.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and ecotoxicological characterization of sediments from the Huaihe River, China

The distribution, source, ecological risk and ecotoxicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of sediments from 7 sampling sites, named as Xinyang (XY), Huainan (HN), Bengbu (BB), Xuyi (XuY), Fuyang (FY), Mengcheng (MC) and Zhengzhou (ZZ), in the Huaihe River basin, China, have been investigated. The total concentrations of 16 USEPA priority PAHs ranged from 62.9 to 2232.4 ng g?1 dry weight (d.w.) with a mean concentration of 1056.8 ng g?1 d.w. Through the assessment of ecological risk, we found that the levels of PAHs in the Huaihe River should not exert adverse biological effects. The total benzo[a]pyrene toxicity equivalent (TEQ) values calculated for samples varied from 0.01 to 194.1 ng g?1 d.w., with an average of 65.9 ng g?1. The toxicity data were accordant with the chemical analysis results in this study. HN, BB and ZZ showed the greatest pollution extent both in the chemical analysis and the study of ecotoxicological effects.