渤黄海上空气溶胶遥感探测与分析

气溶胶的来源及变化分析对于研究气候变化和海洋环境污染都有重要意义.遥感技术能实时提供大尺度气溶胶时空变化信息,这对于估算入海通量有重要参考价值.本文利用MODIS资料,通过查算表拟合等方法对渤黄海上空的气溶胶光学厚度和Angstrom指数,进行了估算.整个空间分布结果基本合理,和台站测试结果也比较类似.研究表明遥感方法较好地展现了气溶胶光学厚度和Angstrom指数的空间变化特征,可为进一步分析气溶胶输移路径及建立人海通量估算模型等研究提供参考.     

泥浆护壁钻孔灌注桩安全施工技术

分析了泥浆护壁钻孔灌注桩施工中的安全隐患及原因,提出相应的对策.     

Review of water pollution control in China

Water resource shortage and pollution has seriously threatened the survival and development of developing countries. Because of China’s specific economical and social circumstances, complete adoption of developed countries’ experience is unrealistic. At present, China needs to develop strategies and technologies in source water pollution control and municipal environmental remediation that embrace the country’s specific need to battle the water resource problem. Among them, efficient source water pretreatment is a critical step to ensure a safe municipal water supply. Unlike developed countries, it is not yet feasible in China to treat water supplied to the household and have it meet the standard of direct drinking; therefore, it is more appropriate to refer to it as service water. As a beneficial supplement, an additional community drinking water network and household drinking water apparatus can be considered.     

墨西哥湾“深水地平线”钻井平台事故分析与反思

对美国墨西哥湾“深水地平线”钻井平台爆炸事故进行了原因分析,总结了事故的经验教训,并从技术、管理、应急救援体系、技术研发4个方面为中国石化提出了预防类似事故的建议措施。     

Migration of manganese and iron during the adsorption-regeneration cycles for arsenic removal

Fe-Mn binary oxide incorporated into porous diatomite (FMBO-diatomite) was prepared in situ and regenerated in a fixed-bed column for arsenite [As(III)] and arsenate [As(V)] removal. Four consecutive adsorption cycles were operated under the following conditions: Initial arsenic concentration of 0.1 mg·L⁻¹, empty bed contact time of 5 min, and pH 7.0. About 3000, 3300, 3800, and 4500 bed volumes of eligible effluent (arsenic concentration ⩽ 0.01 mg·L⁻¹) were obtained in four As (III) adsorption cycles; while about 2000, 2300, 2500, and 3100 bed volumes of eligible effluent were obtained in four As(V) adsorption cycles. The dissection results of FMBO-diatomite fixed-bed exhibited that small amounts of manganese and iron were transferred from the top of the fixed-bed to the bottom of the fixed-bed during As(III) removal process. Compared to the extremely low concentration of iron (<0.01 mg·L⁻¹), the fluctuation concentration of Mn²⁺ in effluent of the As(III) removal column was in a range of 0.01–0.08 mg·L⁻¹. The release of manganese suggested that manganese oxides played an important role in As(III) oxidation. Determined with the US EPA toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP), the leaching risk of As(III) on exhausted FMBO-diatomite was lower than that of As(V).     

环境质量监测常规数据管理措施的探讨

环境质量常规监测数据是指在人类活动中产生的与环境相关的原始性、基础性数据,以及按照不同需求系统加工整理的各类数据集。只有加强环境质量常规监测数据（资料）使用的规范化,才能发挥环境质量常规监测数据在各项环境建设、经济和社会发展中的作用,更好地为环境保护事业服务。     

洱海流域稻鸭共作对稻田温室气体排放和水稻产量的影响

稻季是水旱轮作生态系统温室气体排放的主要时期,探索有效措施实现稻季温室气体减排和水稻增产已成为当前研究的热点.稻鸭共作是减少稻季温室气体排放的有效措施之一,而确定合理的稻鸭共作密度对确保洱海流域水稻产量基础上实现温室气体减排具有重要意义.该研究通过设置不同稻鸭共作密度试验,采取密闭静态箱—气相色谱法研究了稻鸭共作对温室气体排放规律、排放量及全球增温潜势(GWP)的影响.结果表明:水稻生育期,CH_4和N_2O均在分蘖期和结实期出现排放峰;CH_4排放通量、累计排放量和总排放量大小均为常规处理(CT)低密度鸭处理(LDD)高密度鸭处理(HDD)空白处理(CK),而N_2O为HDDLDDCTCK.与CT相比,CK、LDD、HDD的CH_4排放总量分别降低45%、18%、25%,N_2O排放总量分别降低8%、增加11%和37%,温室气体综合增温潜势分别降低41%、14%、17%.田面水DO、NH~+_4-N、NO~-_3-N及土壤温度是引起温室气体CH_4和N_2O排放差异的主要因素.不同处理的水稻产量为LDDCKCTHDD.合理的稻鸭共作密度降低CH_4排放,增加N_2O排放,减缓全球增温潜势,提高了水稻产量.兼顾水稻产量和温室气体减排效果,LDD处理综合效益最好.     

The plant-enhanced bio-cathode: Root exudates and microbial community for nitrogen removal

A plant bio-electrochemical system(PBES) was constructed for organic pollutant removal and power generation. The bio-cathode, composed of granular activated carbon(GAC), stainless wire mesh and a plant species(Triticum aestivum L.), was able to catalyze cathodic reactions without any requirement for aeration or power input. During the 60-day-long operation, an average voltage of 516 m V(1000 Ω) and maximum power density(Pmax) of 0.83 W/m~3 were obtained in the PBES. The total nitrogen removal and total organic carbon removal in the PBES were 85% and 97%, respectively. Microbial community analyses indicated that bacteria associated with power generation and organic removal were the predominant species in the bio-cathode, and plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria were also found in the PBES. The results suggested that the coupling of plants with the GAC cathode may enhance the organicmatter degradation and energy generation from wastewater and therefore provide a new method for bio-cathode design and promote energy efficiency.     

Comparative studies on fouling of homogeneous anion exchange membranes by different structured organics in electrodialysis

Five negatively charged organic compounds with different structures, sodium methane sulfonate (MS), sodium benzene sulfonate (BS), sodium 6-hydroxynaphthalene-2-sulfonate (NSS), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS), were used to examine the fouling of an anion exchange membrane (AEM) in electrodialysis (ED), to explore the effect of molecular characteristics on the fouling behavior on the AEM and changes in the surface and electrochemical properties of the AEM. Results indicated that the fouling degree of the AEM by the different organics followed the order: SDBS?>?SDS?>?NSS?>?BS?>?MS. SDBS and SDS formed a dense fouling layer on the surface of the AEM, which was the main factor in the much more severe membrane fouling, and completely restricted the transmembrane ion migration. The other three organics caused fouling of the AEM by adsorption on the surface and /or accumulation in the interlayer of the AEM, and exhibited almost no influence on the transmembrane ion migration. It was also concluded that the organics with benzene rings caused more severe fouling of the AEM due to the stronger affinity interaction and steric effect between the organics and the AEM compared with organics with aliphatic chains.     

地下水饮水安全指标体系构建及评价

提高饮水质量,保证饮水安全,已经成为全球关注的焦点。饮水安全评价是制定水安全保障体系和进行水安全决策的前提和依据。目前,由于饮水安全涉及水质、水量及饮水工程各个方面,难以通过单一指标来反映饮水安全的程。因此如何科学选定项目评价方法并切实指导工程建设实践,已经成为水利研究必须面对的重要课题。以银川平原为例,通过水文地质调查,从水源与人类健康角度,考虑地下水质、水量和地质防护性,构建了适合银川平原特点的饮水安全评价指标体系,并运用层次分析、迭置指数等评价方法,开展了地下水饮水安全评价。评价结果表明：山前洪积倾斜平原,地下水盖层厚度大,埋藏深,大于5 m,水质相对较好,矿化度小0.5 g·L-1,但水量补给有限,开发过程有必要控制开采量;河湖积平原二级阶地大部分地区,水位埋藏浅,小于1 m,蒸发作用强烈,水质及地表防护性能较差,锰、硬度、可溶解性固体、硫酸盐等指标均已超过三类水质标准,水资源可用作农田灌溉或通过改水措施等再利用,同时应防止三废排入;河湖积平原二级阶地北部、一级阶地及黄河东岸为地下水排泄、污水聚集或原生环境氟、硫酸根等元素高含量区域,水质极差,在该区域内应加强沟渠等排水设施的管理,控制化肥农药的施用量,必要时应采取去氟去盐等改水措施。