Advanced molecular-fingerprinting analysis of dissolved organic sulfur by electrospray ionization-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry using optimal spray solvent

Molecular level characterization of dissolved organic sulfur (DOS) by electrospray ionization-Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI-FTICR MS) is necessary for further understanding of the role of DOS in the environment. Here, ESI spray solvent, a key parameter for ion production during ESI process, was investigated for its effect on the molecular characterization of DOS by ESI-FTICR MS. 100% MeOH as spray solvent was found for the first time to remarkably enhance the ionization efficiency of the majority of CHOS-molecules in NOM, which facilitated a total of 1473 CHOS-molecular formulas with one sulfur atom to be detected. The number of CHOS-molecular formulas obtained using 100%MeOH as spray solvent increased notably over 740 in comparison with those using 50% MeOH aqueous solution (731) or 50% ACN aqueous solution (653). Moreover, due to the enhancement of ionization efficiency of DOS during ESI processes, the tandem mass spectra of the NOM CHOS-molecules could be easily obtained using 100% MeOH as spray solvent, which were hardly obtained using 50% MeOH aqueous solution as spray solvent. The results of the tandem mass spectra suggested the first discovery of organosulfates or sulfonic acids in Suwannee River NOM sample. A simple method based on 100% MeOH as ESI spray solvent for advanced molecular characterization of DOS by ESI-FTICR MS was proposed and applied, and the results revealed more molecular information of DOS in sea DOM samples.     

深圳市龙岗区大气颗粒物中多溴联苯醚的污染特征研究

为了解深圳市龙岗区大气颗粒物中多溴联苯醚的污染状况,于2017年1月、4月、8月和11月分别采集龙岗区大气颗粒物样品.利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC/MS）对深圳市龙岗区4个功能区（工业区、商业区、居民区和生态区）的80个大气颗粒物样品进行检测,得到PBDEs（多溴联苯醚）8种单体（BDE-28、BDE-47、BDE-99、BDE-100、BDE-153、BDE-154、BDE-183、BDE-209）的质量浓度,同时研究了大气颗粒物中PBDEs质量浓度的时空分布特征.结果表明:①深圳市龙岗区大气颗粒物中ρ（∑₈PBDEs）（∑₈PBDEs为PBDEs 8种单体的加和）范围为0.07~77.80 pg/m3,ρ（∑₈PBDEs）年均值为（6.86±14.17）pg/m3.ρ（BDE-209）范围为0.01~76.23 pg/m3,年均值为（5.10±13.58）pg/m3,BDE-209为主要污染单体.② 4个功能区的ρ（∑₈PBDEs）平均值大小顺序依次为工业区（13.65 pg/m3）>商业区（7.75 pg/m3）>生态区（3.95 pg/m3）>居民区（2.19 pg/m3）,工业区是环境空气颗粒物中PBDEs的主要污染区.③ ρ（∑₈PBDEs）平均值的季节性变化规律为春季（13.32 pg/m3）>冬季（9.18 pg/m3）>秋季（2.17 pg/m3）>夏季（1.51 pg/m3）,符合深圳市亚热带海洋季风气温和气候对环境空气中颗粒物质量浓度的影响规律.研究显示,深圳市龙岗区大气颗粒物中PBDEs质量浓度处于较高水平,污染严重,建议减少含PBDEs产品的生产、使用和运输等活动,或找到更利于环境安全和人体健康的替代品,降低PBDEs对该地区的污染.      

长江流域2000—2015年生态系统质量及服务变化特征

分析生态系统质量与服务现状及变化特征,有助于准确了解流域生态系统状况与趋势,为流域生态保护与修复的高效管理提供参考依据.采用相对生物量密度与相对植被覆盖度指数以及生态系统服务（土壤保持、防风固沙、洪水调蓄、粮食生产）评估模型,评估2000—2015年长江流域生态系统质量及服务变化特征.结果表明:①2000—2015年,长江流域森林、灌丛以及草地生态系统质量提升显著,56.56%的森林、45.65%的灌丛以及19.26%的草地生态系统质量得到不同程度的提高.②研究期间,长江流域粮食生产、洪水调蓄、土壤保持、防风固沙均呈显著上升趋势,其中粮食生产能力增加13.7%,洪水调蓄功能提升10.1%,土壤保持服务提高19.5%,防风固沙总量增加30.0%.③长江流域生态系统质量不高,处于低与差质量等级的生态系统面积比例在25%~35%之间;受不同类型的自然和人类活动影响,长江流域生态系统质量与服务均存在局部退化现象.研究显示,在生态质量与服务评估的基础上,分区域、分类型实施不同的生态系统保护与恢复途径,是今后长江流域加强生态系统管理的重要途径.      

Effect of TiO2 nanoparticle aggregation on marine microalgae Isochrysis galbana

TiO_2 nanoparticles(NPs) could adversely impact aquatic ecosystems. However, the aggregation of these NPs could attenuate this effect. In this work, the biological effects of TiO_2 NPs on a marine microalgae Isochrysis galbana were investigated. The aggregation kinetics of TiO_2 NPs under different conditions was also investigated to determine and understand these effects. Results showed that, though TiO_2 NPs had no obvious impact on the size and reproducibility of algal cells under testing conditions, they caused a negative effect on algal chlorophyll, which led to a reduction in photosynthesis. Furthermore, fast aggregation of TiO_2 NPs occurred under all conditions, especially at the pH close to the p Hzpc. Increasing ionic strength and NP concentration also enhanced the aggregation rate.The aggregation and the following sedimentation of TiO_2 NPs reduced their adverse effects on I. galbana.     

生物活性碳反应器强化生活污水同步硝化反硝化:C/N影响研究

在生物活性碳(BAC)反应器中探究了C/N对实际生活污水同步硝化反硝化的影响。结果表明C/N对化学需氧量(COD)的去除影响不明显,然而对NH+4-N和总氮(TN)的去除影响较显著。随C/N由3.2升高至7.2,NH+4-N的去除效率由81%升高至91%,TN的去除效率也由35%升高至68%。然而继续升高C/N至9.1,NH+4-N和TN的去除效率却分别下降至87%和51%。生物活性碳反应器处置实际污水的最佳C/N为7.2。较传统SBR活性污泥反应器,BAC反应器能够依赖活性碳实现溶解氧区域化,从而有助于反硝化过程。     

膜、柱串联固相萃取-高效液相色谱法测定水中多环芳烃(PAHs)的研究

建立了用膜-柱串联固相萃取(SPE)技术,甲醇和水作为流动相进行梯度洗脱,紫外和荧光检测器串联的高效液相色谱法(HPLC)分析水中EPA优先监控的16种PAHs的方法.     

采样系统中金属氧化物对SO2测定值影响分析

通过实验与实际工程相结合，定量描述了大气采样系统中金属氧化物的存在对ＳＯ２测定值的影响，并阐述了其反应机理，提出了相应措施。     

Modeling the spatial pattern of farmland using GIS and multiple logistic regression: a case study of Maotiao River Basin, Guizhou Province, China

Land use change is an important topic in the field of global environmental change and sustainable development. Land use change modeling has attracted substantial attention because it helps researchers understand the mechanisms of land use change and assists regulatory bodies in formulating relevant policies. Maotiao River Basin is located in the province of Guizhou, China, which has a developed agricultural industry in the karst mountain areas. This paper selected biophysical and social–economic factors as independent variables, and constructed a multiple logistic regression of farmland spatial distribution probability by random sampling. Then, by using GIS technology and integrating the 2000 data, this study predicted the farmland spatial pattern. When the predicted map was compared with the actual farmland map for 2000, we noted that 71% of the simulation is in accordance with the 2000 farmland pattern. The result satisfactorily proves the reasonability and applicability of our model.     

上海汽车制造业涂装废气VOCs排放特征

于2015年10月对上海市嘉定区4家(A、B、C、D)汽车制造企业涂装废气ρ(VOCs)和组成特征进行了调查分析。结果表明,A、B、C、D厂涂装废气排放口ρ(VOCs)总为0. 743～6. 11 mg/m~3,主要检出物和最高检出值分别为:A厂二甲苯2. 06 mg/m~3、B厂二甲苯0. 578 mg/m~3、C厂甲苯2. 59 mg/m~3、D厂庚烷0. 274 mg/m~3;芳香烃类是A、B、C厂排放比例最高的VOCs组分,烷烃类是D厂排放比例最高的VOCs组分。指出,原、辅料种类影响排放物的主要成分,废气处理工艺类型影响排放物主要成分和浓度。     

人工神经网络用于铅的化学形态模拟计算

用前馈线性网络法求解水体系中Ｐｂ（２＋）与ＯＨ－之间的反应常数，不同训练算法对求解结果的精度、收敛速度及权值均有影响．结果表明，批处理算法的精度最好，权值不出现负值，但运算时间最长；在线算法的精度虽不如批处理算法，而比数据变换－在线算法好，权值有时会出现负值．运算时间较长；数据变换－在线算法的优点是运算时间短，但相对误差较大，权值出现负值的机会多。采用反馈网络模拟计算铅的各种化学形态的浓度．用物料核算的方法对反馈网络模型进行检验表明，此种模型用于平衡计算是可行的，详细分析了理论模拟和实验曲线的差异的原因，温度的影响最小，在４＜ｐＨ＜９时，ＣＯ有重要的影响．在国代检验时，ｎ值取整所引入的误差的影响亦不可忽视。从本文的结果可以看到，采用前馈网络和反馈网络相结合的方法考察水体中的化学形态是可行的．从而为解决这一类问题提供了一种可能的途径．