● Nitrifiers in WWTP were investigated at large spatial scale.● AOB populations varied greatly but NOB populations were similar among cities.● Drift dominated both AOB and NOB assembling processes.● DO did not show a significant effect on NOB.● NOB tended to cooperate with AOB and non-nitrifying microorganisms. Ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) play crucial roles in removing nitrogen from sewage in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to protect water resources. However, the differences in ecological properties and putative interactions of AOB and NOB in WWTPs at a large spatial scale remain unclear. Hence, 132 activated sludge (AS) samples collected from 11 cities across China were studied by utilizing 16S rRNA gene sequencing technology. Results indicated that Nitrosomonas and Nitrosospira accounted for similar ratios of the AOB community and might play nearly equal roles in ammonia oxidation in AS. However, Nitrospira greatly outnumbered other NOB genera, with proportions varying from 94.7% to 99.9% of the NOB community in all WWTPs. Similar compositions and, hence, a low distance–decay turnover rate of NOB (0.035) across China were observed. This scenario might have partly resulted from the high proportions of homogenizing dispersal (~13%). Additionally, drift presented dominant roles in AOB and NOB assembling mechanisms (85.2% and 81.6% for AOB and NOB, respectively). The partial Mantel test illustrated that sludge retention time and temperature were the primary environmental factors affecting AOB and NOB communities. Network results showed that NOB played a leading role in maintaining module structures and node connections in AS. Moreover, most links between NOB and other microorganisms were positive, indicating that NOB were involved in complex symbioses with bacteria in AS. 相似文献
Seasonal aerosol samples have been collected by Andersen Hi-Vol pumping system equipped with a five stage cascade impactor
and a backup filter (size range: 10–7.2 μ m, 7.2–3.0 μ m, 3.0–1.5 μ m, 1.5–0.95 μ m, 0.95–0.49 μ m, ≤0.49 μ m) in the Liwan
district, Guangzhou. n-Alkanes were measured using gas chromatography and PAHs were measured using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis.
The bimodal log-normal distributions of n-alkanes and semi-volatile PAHs were found, while for non-volatile PAHs that was unimodal, so much as the mode of semi-volatile
PAHs was similar with that of the particles. The n-alkanes and PAHs were preferably associated with fine particles. Cmax (carbon number maximum) (C22–C26), CPI (carbon preference index) (1.12–1.21), U/R (unresolved to resolved components ratio) (7.42–10.7), wax% (0.9–3.12%)
and the diagnostic ratios for PAHs revealed that vehicular emission was the major source of these organic compounds during
the study periods, while the contribution of epicuticular waxes emitted by terrestrial plants was minor. CPI2 (values for petrogenic hydrocarbons), CPI3 (values for biogenic n-alkanes) and wax% revealed that the natural preferentially accumulated in the larger aerosol while the anthropogenic in the
smaller. In addition, the different MMDs (mass median diameters) for n-alkanes and PAHs were observed in different seasons. The MMDs for n-alkanes and PAHs were higher in autumn/winter than those in spring/summer. The seasonal effect was related to the hydrocarbon
content in the individual particulate fractions, showing a preferential association of n-alkanes and PAHs with larger particles in the autumn/winter season. 相似文献
AbstractPaclobutrazol (PBZ) is a plant growth regulator (PGR) widely used in fruit and vegetable cultivation. However, due to the severe toxicity of PBZ, a sub-ppm level maximum residue limit (MRL) was established worldwide. Therefore, it is significant to propose a rapid, sensitive and high throughput screening method for monitoring the PBZ residues in foods. In this study, a simple and sensitive indirect competitive Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (icELISA) was established for PBZ detection in fruits basing polyclonal antibody. For both economy and pollution prevention, a microwave-solvent-free method was used to synthesize the PBZ hapten with high efficiency. The detection conditions, such as coating antigen concentration, antibody concentration, organic reagent concentration, ionic strength and pH, were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, this method showed high sensitivity and specificity. The detection range is 1.27-138.23?ng/mL, half-maximum inhibition concentration (IC50) is 13.26?ng/mL, and the IC20 was lower than the reported ELISAs for PBZ. Additionally, this method had high accuracy and precision. The recoveries were ranged from 88.78% to 96.80% in PBZ spiked apple samples with RSD below 4%. All the results showed that the polyclonal antibody based icELISA could be useful for PBZ screening in fruit samples. 相似文献
Using molasses wastewater as partial acidifying agent, a new Fenton-like catalyst (ACRMsm) was prepared through a simple process of acidification and calcination using red mud as main material. With molasses wastewater, both the free alkali and the chemically bonded alkali in red mud were effectively removed under the action of H2SO4 and molasses wastewater, and the prepared ACRMsm was a near-neutral catalyst. The ACRMsm preparation conditions were as follows: for 3 g of red mud, 9 mL of 0.7 mol/L H2SO4 plus 2 g of molasses wastewater as the acidifying agent, calcination temperature 573 K, and calcination time 1 h. Iron phase of ACRMsm was mainly α-Fe2O3 and trace amount of carbon existed in ACRMsm. The addition of molasses wastewater not only effectively reduced the consumption of H2SO4 in acidification of red mud but also resulted in the generation of carbon and significantly improved the distribution of macropore in prepared ACRMsm. It was found that near-neutral pH of catalyst, generated carbon, and wide distribution of macropore were the main reasons for the high catalytic activity of ACRMsm. The generated carbon and wide distribution of macropore were entirely due to the molasses wastewater added. In degradation of orange II, ACRMsm retained most of its catalytic stability and activity after five recycling times, indicating ACRMsm had an excellent long-term stability in the Fenton-like process. Furthermore, the performance test of settling showed ACRMsm had an excellent settleability. ACRMsm was a safe and green catalytic material used in Fenton-like oxidation for wastewater treatment.
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Farmland abandonment, a widespread phenomenon during land-use transition, leads to a cycling or vanishing evolution of farmland resources. As... 相似文献
Environmental Geochemistry and Health - Excessive greenhouse gas emissions might be the major culprit for environmental degradation, which have direct and indirect adverse impacts in various ways.... 相似文献
环境内分泌干扰物(endocrine disrupting chemicals,EDCs)可模仿或拮抗天然激素与核受体结合,干扰核受体的同源或异源二聚,进而通过共调节因子的招募调控转录活性,最终引起内分泌干扰效应.目前研究主要针对EDCs与核受体的结合过程,忽视了其对核受体二聚化过程的影响,而该过程的阻断可直接导致转录失活.EDCs对于不同核受体二聚化的影响不同,只有激动剂EDCs能够促进雄激素受体(androgen receptor,AR)的同源二聚化,而雌激素受体(estrogen receptor,ER)在与具有激动或拮抗活性的EDCs结合后都可诱导ER二聚体的形成,但二聚化类型不同.通过检索ToxCast和Tox21数据库发现多达227种EDCs可以诱导ER二聚化,相比于ERα-ERα同源二聚体(6.09% ~7.38%的活性率),EDCs更易诱导ERα-ERβ异源二聚体(11.25% ~12.22%的活性率)和ERβ-ERβ同源二聚体(10.02% ~11.69%的活性率).EDCs也能够差异性诱导其他核受体如维生素D受体(vitamin D receptor,VDR)与维甲酸X受体(retinoid X receptor,RXR)形成的异源二聚体,不同类型的二聚体对于研究EDCs转录活性的生理学相关性具有重要意义.基于经济合作与发展组织(Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development,OECD)报告的参考化学品研究发现,相比于配受体结合活性,二聚活性与转录活性之间有着更好的相关关系.本文从EDCs介导的核受体二聚化转录机制、二聚化与转录活性间的关系以及二聚化研究方法三方面,总结EDCs对核受体二聚化的影响,以期为深入理解EDCs的分子作用机制,推进化合物的内分泌干扰风险评估提供参考. 相似文献
Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management - The objective of this study was to use two kinds of waste oil shale ash (OSA) as partial replacements of conventional mineral filler for evaluating... 相似文献